• 한국생활환경학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.90-97
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze the air infections in middle and small hospitals with the facilities of large national hospitals that have air-borne infection isolation (AII) wards through actual condition investigation and airflow analysis simulation (CFD) and to provide basic data for prevention. The method and scope of the study are as follows. First, through literature review, data related to prevention of infection spread in domestic medical institutions were investigated. Second, we conducted a survey on the status of isolation facilities to prevent the spread of infectious diseases in large hospitals and small and medium - sized clinics in Korea. Third, airflow analysis simulation (CFD) was carried out using the isolation ward of the nationally designated inpatient ward and the data of the plane and facility system of the small clinic. As a result of the study, it is found that regulations applicable to small and medium-sized clinics are insufficient. In addition, the simulation results show that the infectious disease virus is likely to spread to other patients in the hospital.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.158-161
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• 1999

We determined threshold environmental factros to initiate infection of pepper plants by Botrytis cinerea, a fungal pathogen of pepper gray mold, in two greenhouse conditions. A new efficient spore-trapping method was developed to estimate population density of airborne conidia in the greenhouses, and spore release was measured using a Kerssies' selective medium. At a given day, spores were released greater during daytime (mostly from 7:30 am to 10:30 am and at 4:30 pm) than nighttime. Diurnal and nocturnal temperatures in the greenhouse-1 were about $25^{\circ}$ and $17^{\circ}$,and relative humidity was 100% for prolonged 24 h due to rain on December 17, 1997. Population density of air-borne conidia was 3.0$\times$103 conidia/ $0.5\textrm{m}^3$ after two days, and the initial infection occurred in ten days. During the same period of time in the greenhouse-2, diurnal temperature was about $25^{\circ}$ and nocturnal temperature was below $15^{\circ}$, and population density of air-borne conidia was 104 conidia/ $0.5\textrm{m}^3$. Under these conditions, the initial infection started in three days. This indicates that the early infection occurs under which diurnal temperature is approximately $25^{\circ}$, nocturnal temperature is maintained below $15^{\circ}$, and population density of air-borne conidia is 104 conidia/ $0.5\textrm{m}^3$ at saturated relative humidity condition.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.255-261
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• 2006

Experimental animals have been used to biological and medical purposes and the animals must be, for these purposes, healthy and clean to microbial infection. However, the animals can be easily exposed to pathogenic microorganism via several routes. Of the routes, environmental conditions are the most important factors to keep the animals healthy and clean, especially air condition. Monitoring of air-condition has been required to keep the animal healthy and clean. However, any guideline is not available for experimental conditions with pigs. Therefore, the sampling times and points were compared in different conditions to establish an optimal protocol for monitoring of air borne bacteria. Tryptic soy agar(TSA), blood agar containing 5% defibrinated sheep blood and Sabraud dextrose agar(SDA) were used as media to capture total bacteria, pathogenic bacteria and fungi, respectively. Two methods, compulsive capture using an air-sampler and capturing fall-down bacteria were used to capture the microorganisms in the air. The points and time of capturing were different at each experiment. Air borne microorganisms were captured at three and five points in the open and closed equipments, respectively. Air was collected using an air-sampler for 1 min and 5 min and the agar plates as open status were left from 30 min to 2hr. At first, we monitored an experimental laboratory which dealt with several pathogenic bacteria and then, a protocol obtained from the investigation was applied to open or close experimental conditions with pigs. Number of bacteria was high from 10:00 to 15:00, especially on 13:30-15:30 but sharply decreased after 17:00. The tendency of the number of bacteria was similar between two methods even though the absolute number was higher with air sampler. Critical difference in the number of cells was observed at 5 min with air sampler and 2 hr with fall-down capturing method. However, 1 min with air sampler and 1 hr with fall-down capturing were the best condition to identify bacterial species collected from the air. Number of bacteria were different depending on the sampling points in closed condition but not in opened condition. Based on our results, a guide-line was suggested for screening air-borne microorganism in the experimental conditions with pigs.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 한국균학회 2018년도 춘계학술대회 및 임시총회
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• pp.33-33
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• 2018

Air-borne plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum and seed-borne plant pathogenic bacterium Burkholderia glumae are cause similar disease symptoms in rice heads. Here we showed that two pathogens frequently co-isolated in rice heads and F. graminearum is resistant to toxoflavin produced by B. glumae while other fungal genera are sensitive to the toxin. We have tried to clarify the resistant mechanism of F. graminearum against toxoflavin and the ecological reason of co-existence of the two pathogens in rice. We found that F. graminearum carries resistance to toxoflavin as accumulating lipid in fungal cells. Co-cultivation of two pathogens resulted in increased conidia and enhanced chemical attraction and attachment of the bacterial cells to the fungal conidia. Bacteria physically attached to fungal conidia, which protected bacterium cells from UV light and allowed disease dispersal. Chemotaxis analysis showed that bacterial cells moved toward the fungal exudation compared to a control. Even enhanced the production of phytotoxic trichothecene by the fungal under presence of toxoflavin and disease severity on rice heads was significantly increased by co-inoculation rather than single inoculation. This study suggested that the undisclosed potentiality of air-born infection of bacteria using the fungal spores for survival and dispersal.

• 한국응급구조학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.69-80
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• 2008

During New year's day and Thanksgiving holiday, the 1339 Information Center in Gwangju and Jeonnam received an emergency medical situation and carried out the analysis as follows ; 1. The reason for the higher phone guidance(72%) of the hospital was based on the simple query for the pain control rather than emergency care. This was explained by the unfamiliar environment of the holiday movers. Pharmaceutical guidance(12.6%) in rural area was also given during the holidays. 2. The disease counselling(2.4%) and emergency treatment instruction(First Aid)(1.6%) decreased because of the small number of request for the diseases. This explained the decrease of the disease counselling. 3. The phone calls increased 8-13 times more than usual. Five-day holidays could have more emergency patients than three-day holidays. During New year's day and Thanksgiving day, the number of received phone calls was 6,444(25.7%) and this accounted for one fourth of the total number in 2007. 4. The number of the patients increased on New year's day and Thanksgiving day because most of the medical institutions and pharmacy were off duty. 5. The patients were centered in Internal medicine and pediatrics. This showed the food-borne diseases and air-borne infection such as common cold. 6. During Thanksgiving day, ophthalmologic patients having viral keratoconjunctivitis(Apollo eye disease) increased 8 folds than in New year's day. It was estimated from the continuous epidemic of Apollo eye disease. 7. There broke out the traffic accidents, food poisoning, infectious diseases, dermatological diseases due to seasonal and environmental changes during the holiday move.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.221-228
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• 1986

사과 점무늬낙엽병(斑點落葉病)의 초발(初發)과 초발후의 병진전을 예찰하기 위하여 기상요인중에서 적산온도(積算)와 강우빈도를 사용하여 예찰할 수 있는 경험적 모델이 3년간의 포장시험으로 작성되었다. 사과의 생육기간중 4월 20일부터 7월말까지 기상요인을 측정, 분석하었고 이들 기상요인들이 모델작성의 변량(變量)으로써 사용되었다. 하루의 평균온도에서 $10^{\circ}C$를 뺀 온도가 적산되어(CDP) 대기온도와 점무늬낙엽병초발과의 관계를 알기위한 한 모수(母數)로서 사용되었다. 병의 초발에 필요한 CDP는 약 160으로서 이 수치는 초발에 필요한 CDP의 하한(下限)온도로 사용되었다. 160 CDP가 도달된 후에는 강우 빈도가 초발을 결정하는 요인이었으며 적어도 4번의 강우가 초발에 필요하였다. 초발후의 병진전은 대체로 강우 빈도가 누적되는 모양과 유사하였다. 병진전의 일반 미분(微分)방정식모델 dx/dt=xr(1-x)에서 산출된 3개년의 병진전 직선의 명백한 감염속도(r)는 강우빈도의 누적율(Rc)과 1차(직선)기능으로서 직선방정식 r=1.06Rc-0.11($R^2=0.993$)에서 직접 추정이 가능하였다. 일정시간(t)후의 발병정도(x)는 미분방정식 모델에서 유도된 지수(指數)방정식 $[x/(1-x)]=[x_0/(1-x)]e^{(b_0+b_1R_c)t}$에서 예측될 수 있는데 이때의 $x_0$는 초발시발병정도 $b_0$와 $b_1$은 강우빈도 누적률 Rc의 모수(母數)이다. Alternaria mali 분생포자의 공기증밀도의 매일의 누적치와 병진전과는 통계상 유의적인 1차관계(linear relationship)가 있었는데 공기중 분생포자 밀도의 누적치를 독립변량으로 사용하여 병진전을 예측하였을때 예측의 정확도는 $R^2=0.3328$로서 비교적 낮았다.