• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.333-342
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• 1995

The resistance to air flow through fruits and vegetables in bulk was an important consideration in the design of the pressure cooling system. The amount of resistance to air flow through produce in bulk normally depended upon air flow rate, stacking depth, porosity, stacking patterns and shape and site of product. But, there was not enough information relating the effects of those factors on air flow resistance. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of stacking depth, stacking patterns, porosity and airflow rate on airflow resistance and to develop a statistical model to predict static pressure drop across the produce bed as a function of air flow rate, stacking depth, bed porosity, and product size. Mandarins and tomatoes were used in the experiment. The airflow rate were in the range of 0.1~1.0 ㎥/s.$m^2$, the porosity were in the range of 0.25~0.45, the depth were in the range of 0.3~0.9m and the equivalent diameters were 5.3cm and 6.3cm for mandarins, and 6.5cm and 8.5cm for tomatoes. Three methods of stacking arrangement were used i.e. cubic, square staggered, and staggered stacking arrangement. The results were summarized as follows. 1. The pressure drops across produce bed increased in proportion to stacking depth and superficial air velocity and decreased in proportion to porosity. 2. The increasing rates of pressure drop according to stacking patterns with the increase of superficial air velocity were different one another. The staggered stacking arrangement produced the highest increasing rate and the cubic stacking arrangement produced the lowest increasing rate. But it could be assumed that the stacking patterns had not influenced greatly on pressure drops if it was of equal porosity. 3. The statistical models to predict the pressure drop across produce bed as a function of superficial air velocity, stacking depth, porosity, and product diameter were developed from these experiments.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.225-234
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• 2014

This study was carried out to investigate the sustainable agriculture of no-tillage technique including recycling of the ridge and the furrow of a field for following crops in Korea. No-tillage systems affect soil physical properties such as three phase (solid, liquid, and air phase) and distribution of soil granular. Solid ratio of subsoil in 3-year of no-tillage (NT) treatment was remarkably lower than that in conventional (CT, 2-year of no-tillage + 1-year of tillage) treatment, while air ratio of subsoil in NT remarkably increased. Bulk density of subsoil in NT remarkably decreased. Porosity of subsoil in NT remarkably increased. Deviation of air phase, bulk density, and porosity of top soil and subsoil in NT remarkably decreased in NT compared with CT. Solid phase ratio and liquid phase ratio in NT and CT had positive (+) correlation. Solid phase ratio and air phase ratio in NT and CT had negative (-) correlation, also liquid phase ratio and air ratio had negative (-) correlation. Bulk density and liquid ratio in soil had positive (+) correlation at top soil and subsoil in NT. Bulk density and air ratio in soil had negative (-) correlation in NT and CT. Porosity and liquid phase ratio had negative (-) correlation, r =1), the significant value was lower in NT than in CT. Porosity and air phase ratio had positive (+) correlation (r =1).

• 대한치과기공학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.129-140
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the titanium castability (internal porosity) between pressure type casting machine & centrifugal casting machine with air-vent or not. Internal porosity is a well-known problem in dental titanium casting, resulting in inferior mechanical properties of dental restorations. To evaluate the castability, the square plate was chosen. 40 plate patterns($20{\times}20{\times}1.8mm$)were attached to funnel-shaped sprue. Then 20 plate patterns were attached air-vent. They were invested in titanium investment material and cast in a pressure type casting machine(20castings) and centrifugal casting machine(20castings). Each group were divided with air-vent(10castings) or not(10castings). The titanium castings were evaluated by radiographic photograph for the location of the internal porosities. The percentage porosity of each specimen was determined using standardized digital radiographs. The results were analyzed with analysis of variance and t-test for paired comparison between two groups.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.415-421
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• 2004

The voltage profile of Zinc/Air battery during discharge has very flat pattern in a given voltage range, But, if not enough the porosity in cathode, as a result of that capacity, energy and discharge voltage of batteries become low. Therefore, we focused the pore effects in activated carbon for cathode. We examined discharge voltage, specific capacity, specific energy, resistance and characteristics during the GSM pulse discharge upon different kinds of activated carbon in Zinc/Air battery, Also we measured porosity of the air cathode according to the ASTM. So we achieved improvement of specific capacity, specific energy and discharge voltage according to increase meso pores of activated carbon. We found the optimized activated carbon material for Zinc/Air battery.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.185-192
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• 1999

Effective thermal conductivities and pressure-drop-related properties of aluminum foam metals have been measured. The effects of porosity and cell size in the aluminum foam metal are investigated in detail. The porosity of the foam metal, considered in the present study, varies from 0.89 to 0.96 and the cell size from 0.65㎜ to 2.5㎜. The effective thermal conductivity is evaluated by comparing the temperature gradient of the foam metal with that of the thermal conductivity-known material. The pressure drop in the foam metal is measured by a highly precise electric manometer while air is flowing through the aluminum foam metal in the channel. The results obtained indicate that the effective thermal conductivities are found to be increased with a decrease in the porosity while the effective thermal conductivities ire little affected by the cell size at a fixed porosity. However, the pressure drop is strongly affected by the cell size as well as the porosity. It is seen that the pressure drop is increased as the cell size becomes smaller, as expected. The minimum pressure drop is obtained in the porosity 0.94 at a fixed cell size. A new correlation of the pressure drop is proposed based on the permeability and Ergun's coefficient for the aluminum foam metal.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.52-62
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• 2015

본 연구에서는 퇴비화공정에서 첨가재로 주로 사용되는 톱밥을 대상으로 톱밥 내 공기투과성 변화에 영향을 미치고 있는 요인별 특성과 총차감압력에 미치는 기여도를 평가하였다. 공기투과성 변화에의 영향요소로서 층류속도(v), 난류속도($v^2$), 수분함량(MC*v), 공기공극률(AFP*v), 입자크기(SIZE*v)를 선정하여 차감압력 산정을 위한 회귀식을 제시하였다. 차감압력에의 증가요인은 층류속도(v)와 입자크기(SIZE*v)이며, 감소요인은 난류속도($v^2$), 수분함량(MC*v), 공기공극률(AFP*v)이다. 공기유입속도를 높이면 총차감압력이 지속적으로 증가하였으며, 이러한 총차감압력 변화에 영향을 크게 미치는 증가요인은 입자크기(SIZE*v)이며, 감소요인은 공기공극률(AFP*v)이다. 또한 총차감압력에의 증가기여도는 낮은 유속에서는 층류속도(v)가 높은 유속에서는 입자크기(SIZE*v)의 기여도가 높았으며, 감소기여도는 공기공극률(AFP*v)이 가장 높았다. 반면에 수분함량 변화에 따른 총차감압력 변화는 그리 크지 않았다. 따라서 총차감압력은 증가요인보다는 감소요인인 공기공극률(AFP*v)과 수분함량(MC*v)에 의하여 영향을 받고 있음을 알 수 있다. 본 연구결과로서, 효율적 퇴비화공정을 위하여는 적정 수분함량 유지와 함께 공기공극률이 높은 첨가재를 선정하여 공기투과성을 향상시키는 방법이 적절할 것이다.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.58-64
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• 2009

This study was carried out to prepare high porosity pulp for oil and air filter media from commercial grade NBKP with 6 - 20% NaOH treatment. The fiber width of NBKP remarkably decreased by NaOH pretreatment. The air permeability of the test sheet prepared from alkali-pretreated NBKP increased with increasing NaOH concentration up to 15%. The burst factor was greatly decreased by alkali pretreatment. By 15 - 20% NaOH pretreatment of NBKP, it could be possible to prepare a high porosity pulp. It seems that the high porosity of the pulp was due to a strong swelling and a great change of the cellulose crystalline lattice from cellulose I to cellulose II with NaOH treatment of NBKP. The study suggested that alkali- pretreated NBKP could be used for manufacturing oil and air filter media.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.71-82
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• 2012

국내에서 퇴비화 첨가제로 주로 사용되는 재료로는 톱밥과 목편(woodchip)으로서, 이들 첨가제는 주로 적정 수분함량 및 C/N비의 조절에 주안점을 주고 사용되고 있다. 하지만 톱밥과 목편(woodchip)은 서로 상이한 물리적 특성을 나타내고 있으며, 첨가제의 공기투과성에 대한 연구는 활발히 이루어지지 못하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 퇴비화 첨가제로 주로 사용되고 있는 톱밥과 목편(woodchip)의 혼합비율에 따라 용적 밀도, 수분함량, 공기공극, 입자크기, 공기유속 등이 공기투과성에 미치는 영향을 파악하였다. 모든 첨가제에서 수분함량이 증가함에 따라 공기공극율은 감소하고 입자크기는 증가하였으며, 특히 목편의 혼합비율이 높아짐에 따라 이러한 효과는 더욱 증대되는 경향을 나타내었다. 공기공극율과 수분함량은 선형의 관계로서 공기투과성에 미치는 영향은 매우 유사하게 나타났다. 건조수분함량 0.25~0.43(d.b.)(습윤수분함량으로는 20~30%) 이후의 구간에서는 공기공극율이 낮아짐에도 불구하고 압력손실이 감소함으로써 공기투과성이 개선되는 현상을 보이고 있다. 특히 입자크기가 5 mm로 커질 때까지 압력손실은 지수적으로 감소하여 공기투과성이 현저히 개선되고 있다. 이는 수분함량 증가에 따라 미세입자가 입단화됨으로써 대공극이 증가하고 이에 따라 공기이동성이 원활해 졌기 때문으로 여겨진다. 따라서 첨가제의 입자크기가 공기공극율이나 수분함량에 비하여 공기투과성에 미치는 영향이 매우 높았으며, 퇴비화시에는 초기 입자크기를 5 mm 이상으로 조절하는 것이 적합하다.

• 아시안잔디학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.205-210
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• 2010

본 연구는 코스조성에 주로 사용되는 4종의 토양개량제의 혼합비율에 따른 모래상토의 물리화학적 특성변화를 조사한 결과이다. 토양개량제의 혼합비율에 따라 상토의 물리화학성을 조사한 결과 peat, humate, peatmoss 및 zeolite는 pH와 CEC에서 고도의 상관성(P<0.01)을 나타내어 토양개량제의 특성에 따라 상토의 토양화학성에 영향을 주었다. 상토의 토양물리성 결과를 통해 USGA 기준으로 평가할 때, 최적의 혼합비율은 토양개량제 peat, humate 및 peatmoss는 각각 5%, 3%, 7%이고, zeolite에서는 적합한 비율을 찾을 수 없었다. 각 토양개량제들의 혼합에 따른 토양물리성 변화에서 가장 중요한 요인은 비모세관공극으로 총공극과 수리전도도의 변화에 영향을 미쳤다. 토양개량제의 혼합비율에 따른 토양개선효과를 비교할 때, peat와 peatmoss는 토양 모세관공극 및 수리전도도에서, humate는 수리전도도에서, zeolite는 비모세관공극과 총공극에서 고도의 상관성을 나타내었다(P<0.05). 이들 결과를 통해 골프코스의 상토조성에 사용되는 토양개량제의 종류와 특성 및 혼합비율이 USGA 상토의 근권층 개량과 토양 이 화학성에 영향을 미치고 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국음향학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국음향학회 2001년도 추계학술발표대회 논문집 제20권 2호
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• pp.223-226
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• 2001

Acoustic pressure transmission coefficient and phase velocity are measured as the functions of water porosity and air porosity in sand sediment slabs with water- and air-filled pores. Pores in the sand sediment slab we modeled as the structure of circular cylindrical tube shape filled with water and air. The first kind(fast) wave and second kind (slow) wave, identified by Biot, in the solid and fluid mixed medium are affected by the presence of water and air pores. Acoustic characteristics of such porous medium in water are also theoretically investigated in terms of the modified Biot-Attenborough (MBA) model, which uses the separate treatment of viscosity effect and thermal effect in non-rigid porous medium with water- and air-filed pores. The information on the fast waves introduces new concepts of the generalized tortuosity factor and dynamic shape factor.