• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.24-30
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• 2015

The fire on a high-rise building would possibly cause fatalities because of ineffective egress due to extended evacuation distance in huge building structure, coupled with dense population, thus requiring secured optimal evacuation method and space. The restroom located in the living space is considered to be useful refuge space which is built with wet pipe and noncombustible materials. This study aimed to develop a system that would make use of the existing restroom as a fire refuge space. Ventilation duct were installed to discharge odor during normal conditions. We could serve the air supply duct to also raise the air pressure in the restroom so as to prevent the toxic gas from gapping around the restroom. The nozzle for the water screen would be installed in restroom door facing the living room to form the water screen which would protect the door. This study is intended to replace the existing refuge space with the restroom in such a way as described above.

• International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.204-213
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• 2016

A differential game theory based approach is used to develop an automated maneuver generation algorithm for Within Visual Range (WVR) air-to-air combat of unmanned combat aerial vehicles (UCAVs). The algorithm follows hierarchical decisionmaking structure and performs scoring function matrix calculation based on differential game theory to find the optimal maneuvers against dynamic and challenging combat situation. The score, implying how much air superiority the UCAV has, is computed from the predicted relative geometry, relative distance and velocity of two aircrafts. Security strategy is applied at the decision-making step. Additionally, a barrier function is implemented to keep the airplanes above the altitude lower bound. To shorten the simulation time to make the algorithm more real-time, a moving horizon method is implemented. An F-16 pseudo 6-DOF model is used for realistic simulation. The combat maneuver generation algorithm is verified through three dimensional simulations.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.70.2-70.2
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• 2011

Ultra-high energy cosmic rays(UHECRs) refer cosmic rays with energy above 1018eV. UHECR experiments have employed air shower simulations to quantify the properties of cosmic rays. Using COSMOS and CORSIKA, we have produced a library of over 15000 thinned extensive air shower(EAS) simulations with the primary energies ranging from 1018.5eV to 1020eV and the zenith angle of primary cosmic ray particles from 0 to 45 for proton and iron primaries. We have compared the results from CORSIKA and COSMOS. The comparison has shown perceptible differences in the ground distributions, longitudinal distributions, Calorimetric energy, and Xmax distributions. We have also measured the detector response evaluated using GEANT4 simulations. Here, we discuss S(800), i.e. the signal at a distance of 800 m from the shower core, as the primary energy estimator and present the lateral distribution function(LDF) with S(800).

• The Magazine of the Society of Air-Conditioning and Refrigerating Engineers of Korea
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.249-256
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• 1988

The purpose of this paper is to research the estimations of the indoor natural temperature in a case of the earth sheltered space and the 1st basement room in comparison with a conventional housing. The result of this study can be summerized as follows: The natural temperature of the earth sheltered house Summer : $${\theta}es=27.0+1.65sin(2{\pi}/24{\cdot}T-1.34)$$ Winter : $${\theta}ew=11.5+1.15sin(2{\pi}/24{\cdot}T-1.61)$$ The natural temperature of the 1st basement space Summer : $${\theta}us=25.5+1.00sin(2{\pi}/24{\cdot}T-1.72)$$ Winter : $${\theta}uw=13.9+1.10sin(2{\pi}/24{\cdot}T-2.29)$$ From the results of the stated above, we can calculate the cooling and heating load in the earth sheltered house and the underground space exactly and easily at Taejeon City.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.18
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• pp.247-324
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• 2003

Considering Republic of Korea that is known as the worlds one of the most compact airspace, together with development of technology of aerospace and ever-strengthening weapon systems of aircraft, is, in its reality, in a dire need for more practical infrastructure against any intrusion, of course also being mindful of the situation with the North Korea, to its national airspace or other controlled airspace. Republic of Koreas current legislative regime is unable to effectively respond to such crisis on any legal ground, and responsible government members are relying heavily on relevant military laws and regulations. Naturally, there exists strong possibility of various problems when there occurs an actual intrusion to Koreas airspace and lawful and legal resolution of the aftereffect is demanded. This article categorizes Korean peninsula and its national airspace into various kinds of airspaces; KADIZ; FIR; airspace above EEZ; airspace above contiguous zone; airspace above the high sea, and attempted to research and study these respective categories, given the unique nature of airspace and the current responsive measure. Furthermore, this article will review some of the relevant legislative actions and their sense of direction as solution to the discussed problems.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.83-109
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• 2008

According to 1944 Chicago Convention aircraft are classified into public aircraft(or state aircraft) and private aircraft(or civil aircraft). However even if public aircraft owned by government are used as commercial flights, those are classified into private aircraft. But as far as space activities are concerned in the 1967 Outer Space Treaty, those are related to all activities and all space objects, thus there being no differentiation between the public spacecraft and private spacecraft. As for the institutions of air law there are ICAO, IATA, ECAC, AFCAC, ACAC, LACAC in the world. However in the field of space law there is no International Civil Space Organization like ICAO. There is only COPUOS in the United Nations. The particular institutions such as INTELSAT, INMARSAT, ITU, WIPO, ESA, ARABSAT would be helpful to space law field. In the near future there is a need to establish International Civil Space Organization to cover problems rising from all space activities. According to article 1 of the 1944 Chicago Convention the contracting States recognize that every State has complete and exclusive sovereignty over the airspace above its territory. It means that absolute airspace sovereignty is recognized by not only the treaty law and but also customary law which regulates non-contracting States to the treaty. However as for the space law in the article n of the 1967 Space Treaty outer space, including the moon and other celestial bodies, is not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any other means. It creates res extra commercium like the legal status of high seas in the law of the sea. However the 1979 Moon Agreement proclaimed Common Heritage of Mankind as far as the legal status of the outer space is concerned which is like the legal status of deep sea-bed in the 1982 United Nations Law of the Sea. As far as the liabilities of air transport system are concerned there are two kinds. One is the liabilities to passenger on board aircraft and the other is the liabilities to the third person or thing on the ground by the aircraft. The former is regulated by the Warsaw System, the latter by the Rome Convention. As for the liabilities of space law the 1972 Liability Convention applies. The Rome Convention and 1972 Liability Convention stipulate absolute liability. In the field of space transportation there would be new liability system to regulate the space passengers on board spacecraft like Warsaw System in the air transportation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.233-240
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• 2004

This paper presents a feasibility study of a fresh air load reduction system by using an underground double floor space The system was introduced into a real building and was examined by the field measurement Judging from the measurements during three years(1999~2001), the state of the system operation was very stable through this period and it was clear that the system contributes to reduction of energy consumption for air-conditioning. Futhermore, a simulation model used the simple heat diffusion equation Was developed to simulate its thermal characteristics and performances The simulations resulted m air temperature in good agreement with the measurements. Also, from the result of numerical analysis, It is clear that the amount of heat supply by using this system is more than the amount of energy loss to the room above it. Therefore, it is concluded that this systems is very useful and the proposed numerical model can be used for the prediction of system thermal performance.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.5-12
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• 2015

Recently, natural disasters have unexpectedly occurred at various places in the world and the countermeasure of them become the social issues. Many of victims in disasters need temporary residential facilities above all things and many of researches have been conducted in order to develop simple, safe, and economic designs of them. Moreover, indoor thermal comfort and air quality must be considered in the facilities against a disaster, because clean and healthy space should be provided to the suffered victims. In this research, in order to estimate the indoor environment of the developed modular building for disaster preparation, CFD simulation was conducted in the various condition. In this paper, indoor air quality such as the age of air, the concentration of $CO_2$ was estimated by the case study

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.427-468
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• 2015

To date, we have considered the theoretical views, the standpoint of states and the discourse within the international community such as the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space(COPUOS) regarding the Air/Outer Space Boundary Question which is one of the first issues of UN COPUOS established in line with marking the starting point of Outer Space Area. As above mentioned, discussions in the United Nations and among scholars of within each state regarding the delimitation issue often saw a division between those in favor of a functional approach (the functionalists) and those seeking the delineation of a boundary (the spatialists). The spatialists emphasize that the boundary between air and outer space should be delimited because the status of outer space is a type of public domain from which sovereign jurisdiction is excluded, as stated in Article 2 of Outer Space Treaty. On the contrary art. I of Chicago Convention is evidence of the acknowledgement of sovereignty over airspace existing as an international customary law, has the binding force of which exists independently of the Convention. The functionalists, backed initially by the major space powers, which viewed any boundary demarcation as possibly restricting their access to space, whether for peaceful or non-military purposes, considered it insufficient or inadequate to delimit a boundary of outer space without obvious scientific and technological evidences. Last more than 50 years there were large development in the exploration and use of outer space. But a large number states including those taking the view of a functionalist have taken on a negative attitude. As the element of location is a decisive factor for the choice of the legal regime to be applied, a purely functional approach to the regulation of activities in the space above the Earth does not offer a solution. It seems therefore to welcome the arrival of clear evidence of a growing recognition of and national practices concerning a spatial approach to the problem is gaining support both by a large number of States as well as by publicists. The search for a solution to the problem of demarcating the two different legal regimes governing the space above Earth has undoubtedly been facilitated and a number of countries including Russia have already advocated the acceptance of the lowest perigee boundary of outer space at a height of 100km. As a matter of fact the lowest perigee where space objects are still able to continue in their orbiting around the earth has already been imposed as a natural criterion for the delimitation of outer space. This delimitation of outer space has also been evidenced by the constant practice of a large number of States and their tacit consent to space activities accomplished so far at this distance and beyond it. Of course there are still numerous opposing views on the delineation of a outer space boundary by space powers like U.S.A., England, France and so on. Therefore, first of all to solve the legal issues faced by the international community in outer space activities like delimitation problem, there needs a positive and peaceful will of international cooperation. From this viewpoint, President John F. Kennedy once described the rationale behind the outer space activities in his famous "Moon speech" given at Rice University in 1962. He called upon Americans and all mankind to strive for peaceful cooperation and coexistence in our future outer space activities. And Kennedy explained, "There is no strife, ${\ldots}$ nor any international conflict in outer space as yet. But its hazards are hostile to us all: Its conquest deserves the best of all mankind, and its opportunity for peaceful cooperation may never come again." This speech seems to even present us in the contemporary era with ample suggestions for further peaceful cooperation in outer space activities including the delimitation of outer space.

• International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.50-55
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• 2006

Currently, a gas fueled diffusion flame is used for the relay torch system. It could be burned cleanly but should be stable at severe weather condition such as rain of up to 55 mm/h, winds of up to 70 km/h and also produce a highly bright yellow visible flame. This paper presents torch diffusion flame characteristics on the various wind speeds and rainfall conditions. From the results, flame lengths are controlled by the momentum flux ratio of fuel and ambient air flow and flame stability is much influenced by the mixing characteristics with air flow. Flame is fluctuated above than 200 mm/h rainfall and blow out is occurred about 300 mm/h rainfall condition.