• 한국유체기계학회 논문집
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.50-54
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• 2016

The performance of a scroll expander is the most important factor for the efficiency of small scale Organic Rankine cycle waste heat power generation systems. In this research, a scroll compressor was purchased and operated in reverse to function as a scroll expander. With air as a working fluid, a series of performance test were conducted on this expander by varying the inlet and outlet pressure. Secondly, We have tested through 2000 to 3500 rpm rotational speed to find the maximum power and efficiency of the expander. And last, It was observed in the initial experiments that the design of the expander's orbiting scroll wrap partially blocked the fluid intake which may have caused unnecessary flow resistance. To verify this theory, a small part of the scroll wrap was removed and the performance test was redone. It was observed that the lower back pressure assure the higher efficiency and power of expander and the rotational speed that shows maximum adiabetic efficiency of scroll expander is 69% at 2500 rpm. And by modified wrap of the scroll, we could get volume flow rate for 13% to 19% and power for 5% to 18% increased. But the maximum efficiency of the modified scroll was decreased 8%.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제35권8호
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• pp.1022-1027
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• 2011

디젤 엔진은 실린더 안에 공기를 흡입·압축한 후에 액체연료를 분사하여 연소하기 때문에 압축비가 높다. 높은 압축비로 인해 높은 열효율을 가지고 있지만 국부적인 고온 반응 구간에서 NOx 생성과 PM의 배출 증가와 같은 문제점을 가지고 있다. 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위해서 연구기관, 대학 등에서 많은 연구가 이루어지고 있으며 그 중에서 수소를 흡기 중에 첨가하여 공급하는 기술이 연구되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 HHO가스를 흡기중에 첨가하여 바이오디젤 혼합 연료를 사용한 산업용 디젤기관에 미치는 영향을 분석 하였다. 실험조건은 0%, 50%, 100% 부하에서 엔진속도를 700rpm, 1000rpm, 1300rpm, 1600rpm, 1900rpm으로 구분하였다. 실험결과 최대 토크와 최대압력은 증가하는 경향을 보였으며, 연료소 모율은 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 스모크농도 및 일산화탄소의 농도는 크게 저감되었고 질소산화물의 배출은 유사한 특성을 나타내었다.

• International Journal of Automotive Technology
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.333-340
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• 2005

In order to better quantify the contribution from nonroad sources to emission inventories, it is important to understand not only the emissions rates of these engines but also activity patterns that can be used to accurately portray their in-use operation. To date, however, very little information is available on the actual activity patterns of nonroad equipment. In this study, a total of 18 pieces of nonroad equipment were instrumented with collected data including intake manifold air pressure (MAP), exhaust temperature and, on a subset of vehicles, engine rpm and throttle position. The equipment included backhoes, compactors, dozers, motor graders, loaders and scrappers used in applications such as landfilling, street maintenance and general roadwork. The activity patterns varied considerably depending on the type of equipment and the application. Daily equipment operating time ranged from less than 30 minutes to more than 8 hours, with landfill equipment having the highest daily use. The number of engine starts per day ranged from 3-11 lover the fleet with an average of 5 starts per day. The average percent idle time for the fleet was approximately $25\%$ with a range from 11 to $65\%$ for individual pieces of equipment. Duty cycles based on exhaust temperature/throttle position profiles were also developed for two graders and one dozer.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.830-836
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• 2003

The classical energy balance method was used to measure the apparent metabolisable energy (AME) of four batches of broiler starter and finisher diets produced by two commercial feed companies. The results showed there was little variation in protein content between batches, but NDF content varied from 13.3% to 15.5% between batches of diet. The batch variation in chemical composition differed between feed manufacturers. While there was no difference in AME and feed conversion ration (FCR) between batches of starter diets produced by company A, FCR and AME ranged from 1.76-1.94 (p<0.001) and 11.38-11.90 MJ/kg air dry (p<0.05), respectively, for diets produced by company B. Similar results were found in a second experiment. There was no difference in AME, dry matter digestibility (DMD) and FCR between batches for finishing diet produced by company B, but a large variation occurred for the finisher diets from company A (p<0.01), where the ranges of FCR, AME and DMD were 1.95-2.30, 10.5-12.3 (MJ/kg air dry) and 58-68%, respectively. FCR was correlated with AME. AME was negatively related to the content of fibre in the diet, but positively related to DMD. The preliminary results based on 24 samples showed that near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) has the potential to predict FCR, intake, AME and DMD of commercial broiler diets, with $R^2$ being 0.93, 0.89, 0.95 and 0.98, respectively. The standard error of cross validation was below 0.2 for AME and only 0.06 for FCR.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.110-122
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• 2006

Objective : This study was conducted to quantify chronic lead exposure from various media(ie. working environment, food, ambient air), and to certify the usefulness of exposure assessment using Monte-Carlo simulation in the fields of occupational health. Methods : Data were obtained from Korean Industrial Health Association, Korea Food and Drug Administration, and the Ministry of Environment. Then lead worker's exposure was estimated indirectly from various media and parameters (ie. volume inhaled, body weight, dietary intake, etc.). Uncertainty was analyzed by Monte Carlo simulation with Crystal Ball software. Exposure doses and hazard indices were simulated with various hypothetical scenarios including weekly working hours and respiratory protective equipment. Results : Without respiratory protective equipment, the total exposure dose per kilogram of body weight of lead workers was estimated as $5.45{\times}10^{-3}mg/kg/day$, and hazard index was estimated as 2.26, and exposure contributions were calculated as follows : working environment(82.42 %); foods(17.57 %); and ambient air(0.01 %). But, if working condition has changed - reduction of working hours and using respiratory protective equipment, the total exposure dose per kilogram of body weight was estimated between $1.34{\times}10^{-3}-1.49{\times}10^{-3}mg/kg/day$, and hazard index was estimated between 0.56 - 0.62. Conclusions : This study suggested that occurrence of hazardous impact(ie. increased blood pressure) through lifetime lead exposure would be expected, and that the Monte-Carlo simulation was useful for the fields of occupational health.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제7권8호
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• pp.91-98
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• 1999

This paper describes the air flow characteristics inside the throttle valve. Tow-dimensional steady incompressible Navier-Strokes equation are solved numerically with embedding the conceopt of the artificial compressibility and adopting the Baldwin-Lomax turbulence model. With varying the valve opening angles(the Reynolds number )such as 15$^{\circ}$(5000) , 45$^{\circ}$(3000) , 75$^{\circ}$(7000) and 90$^{\circ}$(10000), respectively. tow cases, with a valve shaft and without one, are analysed. The pressure loss between the entrance and exit is severe at 15$^{\circ}$, 100 times as larger as that of 90$^{\circ}$ case, which also depends much on the existece of the valve shaft. The counter rotating vortices are formed over the valve plate with the shaft at only 75$^{\circ}$. They are smally and very large scale in front and back of the valve shaft , respectively. The velocity profiles of 15$^{\circ}$ and 90$^{\circ}$ at the exit are almost symmetric to the horizontal center line, however, the symmetricity is no longer maintained at 45$^{\circ}$ and 75$^{\circ}$ , and in addition, the flow at 75$^{\circ}$ is enforced a lot below center line. The pressure distribution on the walls is largely changed near the valve shaft, and its magnitude becomes great as the valve angle decreases.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.31-39
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• 2010

Although driving patterns strongly influence greenhouse gas and air pollutant emission rate from light duty vehicles, emission measurements have been mainly based on chassis dynamometer testing with one standard driving pattern. And there has been limited work on quantifying the independent effect of driving parameters on emission rate because of multidimensional nature of real-world driving pattern. The objective of this study is to obtain the quantitative effect of relative positive acceleration (RPA) on vehicle emission rate. RPA has been used to define the occurrence of acceleration demanding large amounts of power in certain driving distance and shown to be a significant affecting parameter for real-world emission rate. 40 driving patterns have been developed with fixed driving parameters to investigate independent effect of RPA. For the same values of average vehicle speed and power, the trend in carbon dioxide emission rate and fuel consumption with respect to RPA is very clear. Emission rate of nitrogen oxide and particulate matter also increase with respect to RPA, but the trend is less clear. Carbon dioxide emission from diesel vehicle appear to be more affected by high accelerations compared to that from gasoline vehicle because of high intake air restriction during acceleration caused by turbocharger and intercooler. The results have implications for the possible reduction of environmental effects through better traffic planning and management, driver education and car design.

• 공학논문집
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.125-131
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• 1997

유리용해로의 축열실은 폐연소가스로 열을저장하며, 유리용해로에 유입되는 흡입공기를 예열시키는 역할을 한다. 유리용해산업에서 연료소비를 줄이기 위하여 절연법, 단열벽돌, 공기누출등이 오래 연구되었다. 또한 새로운 형태의 단열벽돌과 Rider arch가 유리용해로의 수명연장을 위하여 연구되고 있다. 본 연구는 연구대상공장의 이전설치시 유리용해로의 축열실이 5.64m에서 7.89m로 높이가 높아졌고 이에 따른 축열실 하중증가에 의하여 Rider arch가 더 높은 응력을 받게 되었다. 이런 조건에서 Rider arch의 기계적 안정성을 본 연구에서 검토하였다. 계산식에 의하면 하중증가에 따른 Rider arch의 응력은 안정한 것으로 평가되었고 Rider arch가 견딜수 있는 최대 압축응력은 163kg/$cm^2$이고, 최대전단응력은 6.37kg/$cm^2$이다.

• 항공우주시스템공학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.43-50
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• 2017

한반도의 근해는 다양한 해양변화가 있으며, 작전을 수행하는 해군함정, 함재기, 해상운용 비행기, 공군의 전투기, 해안에 위치한 공항 및 비행장 등이 영향을 받는다. 특히 해양환경의 직접적인 영향인 염분은 가스터빈엔진과 같이 고온/고속으로 운용되는 장비에 연료의 황성분과 화학적 변화로 고온부식(Hot Corrosion)이 발생시킨다. 한계값으로 정의 할 수 없지만 염분에 의한 부식은 디미스터(공기흡입구) 높이가 7m 이하일 경우 해상에서 유입되는 염분이 증가하여 부식이 급격하게 증가하였다. 또한 서해보다 동해에서 작전임무를 수행하는 무기체계는 염분도, 풍량, 파고에 의해 비산되는 염분이 상대적으로 많아 부식율이 17% 증가함을 확인하였다. 해상에서 가스터빈엔진을 운용하는 해상무기체계는 염분유입을 최소화하기 위해 해상으로부터 13m이상에서 운용되어야 급격한 고온부식을 최소화 될 것으로 본다.

• 한국추진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국추진공학회 2017년도 제48회 춘계학술대회논문집
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• pp.137-138
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• 2017

한반도의 근해는 다양한 해양변화가 있으며, 작전을 수행하는 해군함정, 함재기, 해상운용 비행기, 공군의 전투기, 해안에 위치한 공항 및 비행장 등이 영향을 받는다. 특히 해양환경의 직접적인 영향인 염분은 가스터빈엔진과 같이 고온/고속으로 운용되는 장비에 연료의 황성분과 화학적 변화로 고온부식(Hot Corrosion)이 발생시킨다. 한계값으로 정의 할 수 없지만 염분에 의한 부식은 디미스터(공기흡입구) 높이가 7m 이하일 경우 해상에서 유입되는 염분이 증가하여 부식이 급격하게 증가하였다. 또한 서해보다 동해에서 작전임무를 수행하는 무기체계는 염분도, 풍량, 파고에 의해 비산되는 염분이 상대적으로 많아 부식율이 17% 증가함을 확인하였다. 해상에서 가스터빈엔진을 운용하는 해상무기체계는 염분유입을 최소화하기 위해 해상으로부터 13m이상에서 운용되어야 급격한 고온부식을 최소화 될 것으로 본다.