• 한국입자에어로졸학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.65-72
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• 2020

본 연구에서는 초미세먼지 주의보가 발효된 2019년 3월 4일~7일까지 약 80시간 동안 국내 지식산업센터 사무실 내 실내 미세먼지와 초미세먼지 농도를 측정하였다. 측정이 이루어지는 동안 공기청정기와 환기장치의 구동에 의한 영향을 확인하였고, 초미세먼지 주의보 날의 실내와 실외의 입자 크기분포를 분석하였다. 사무실의 테라스 쪽 이중 창문과 복도쪽 입구 출입문을 모두 닫은 밀폐 조건에서 실외 대비 실내의 초미세먼지 농도비는 약 40% 정도를 유지했다. 초미세먼지 주의보의 시기에 중성능급 필터가 장착된 환기장치의 풍량을 1단이나 2단으로 운전한 경우에도 외기 대비 실내 초미세먼지 농도는 환기하지 않고 밀폐만 했을 때의 조건과 비슷했다. 환기장치를 구동하지 않고, 문을 닫아둔 조건에서 공기청정기를 가동하면 실내 초미세먼지 농도를 초미세먼지 주의보 시에도 대기 초미세먼지 농도대비 약 20% 수준으로 감소시킬 수 있었지만, 환기장치의 풍량을 증가시켜 가동하면, 상대적으로 환기를 통해 미세먼지를 공급하는 공기량이 증가하여, 공기청정기의 효과가 감소하였고, 실내외 농도비를 약 36%로 유지하는 것을 확인하였다. 사무실 내 실내 부유 먼지의 크기분포의 분석 결과 1 ㎛ 보다 큰 입자의 농도는 매우 낮았다. 대기의 입자 크기분포는 1 ㎛ 이하의 입자의 봉우리와 1~10 ㎛ 입자의 봉우리의 두 부분으로 나타나는데 비해, 실내 입자의 크기분포에서는 1~10 ㎛ 입자의 봉우리가 사라지고 1 ㎛ 이하의 입자의 봉우리만 남는 형태로 상대적으로 큰 입자의 농도가 미미했다. 사무실의 밀폐가 초미세먼지 농도의 감소에 효과가 있었지만, 대부분은 1 ㎛ 보다 큰 입자가 제거되었고, 인체에 더 영향을 미치는 1 ㎛ 이하의 입자는 실내로 쉽게 침투하였다. 결국 밀폐된 사무실 실내에서 공기청정기의 사용은 1 ㎛ 이하의 인체에 더 해로운 크기의 입자를 제거하는데 큰 효과를 얻을 수 있음을 확인하였다. 본 연구는 단지 80시간의 짧은 시간의 실증 데이터를 분석한 결과이지만, 초미세먼지 주의보가 1년 중 1주일 이내로 발생하는 한정된 기간에 발생한다는 점에서 측정 및 분석 데이터가 중요한 의미를 갖는다고 생각된다. 또한 실내 초미세먼지 농도에 영향을 미치는 다양한 변수들을 고려하여 측정 계획을 작성하여 실증 측정이 이루어졌기 때문에 비교적 신뢰성 있는 분석데이터를 제시할 수 있었다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.477-485
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• 2013

The major source of harmful air pollutants in Korea have been shifted as economy grows. Particulate matter(PM) and Sulfur dioxide ($SO_2$) emitted from industries and coal-fired domestic sectors were important pollutants in 1970's and later industrializing period of Korea. Then the characteristic of pollution was changed into so-called "developed country type pollution". Vehicles have been responsible for significant amount of Nitric oxide ($NO_x$) pollution and consequent Ozone formation in urban area since 1990's. Variety of control measures have been introduced to deal with the vehicle emissions in Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA). Emission control technologies have successfully reduced pollutants from vehicles. Three-way catalyst for vehicles fueled by gasoline and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), for example, has achieved large amount of pollutants. Compressed natural gas (CNG) urban bus have penetrated existing diesel bus market and reduces PM and $NO_x$ emissions in many Korean cities. However, diesel vehicles are still reaming as a critical emission source of urban area. Diesel vehicles gain more popularity than ever because of their better fuel efficiency and driving power. Unfortunately, it is widely known that the pollutant emissions of diesel vehicles are much larger than those of gasoline and LPG vehicles. In this note, we briefly introduce the trends of emission control strategies which are accomplished by automotive industries for about last ten years. Emission regulation, cleaner fuel, diesel particulate filter (DPF) and other measures are discussed from technical as well as legislative perspectives.

• 한국입자에어로졸학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.51-59
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• 2022

In this work, virion concentration and its dose changes by HVAC and air cleaners were estimated in a subway station platform to control airborne infection of SARS-CoV-2. Collection efficiencies with particle size were measured for the air filter equipped in a HVAC in one subway station in Daejeon. Indoor PM_2.5 changes according to outdoor PM_2.5 with time were also measured to estimate air infiltration rate in the subway station platform. When infected persons generate virions by 10⁴, 10⁵, 10⁶, 3 × 10⁶ and 5 × 10⁶ h^-1 in a 2,400 m³ volume platform, the concentration and dose were estimated as 9, 92, 275 and 458 virions/m³ and 4, 43, 130 and 217 virions after 1 hour exposure, respectively. The concentration and dose were reduced by 70%, and 64%, respectively by operations of both HVAC (with a flow rate of 16,000 m³/h, MERV 11) and ten air cleaners(with total CADR 10,740 m³/h) compared to those without operation of both HVAC and air cleaners. However, virion dose in the platform was estimated to be too low at the general conditions due to a large space, a high air infiltration (3 h^-1) and a short residence time (usually < 10 mins) in the platform irrespective of the operations of HVAC or air cleaners. HVAC with filters and air cleaners would be more necessary in the concourse or shopping areas in the subway stations to reduce the infection dose from a few hundred to several tens virions in a hour.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.33-42
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• 1994

This study was carried out to assess worker exposure to vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) and to present control measures in the factories processing and producing polyvinyl chloride (PVC) resin. The conclusion remarks are as follows. Only two personal samples in the factory ("E") processing polyvinyl chloride resin were analysed to be 27.6 ppm and 12.6 ppm, respectively. But, these concentration exceed 1 ppm, Permissible Exposure Limits (PEL) of OSHA. So, worker's exposure to VCM at "E" factory should be reevaluated. In "A", "B" and "C" factory producing polyvinyl chloride resin, the average worker's exposures to VCM were 0.12 ppm, 0.86 ppm and 1.23 ppm, respectivery. Worker exposure to VCM at distillation and dry process was higer than other processes at "A" factory. The average exposure concentration of worker at polymerization process of "B" and "C" factory was 1.23 ppm, and 1.46 ppm respcetively. These concentration exceed 1 ppm, Permissible Exposure Limits of OSHA. Control room of "B" and "C" factory had 0.91 ppm and 0.65 ppm of worker's exposure concentration respectively. "A" factory was evaluated to be "acceptable", but "B" and "C" factories were evaluated to be "not acceptable", by the workplace exposure assessment program of AIHA. Process other than bagging and control room of "A" factory was evaluated to "not acceptable". Immediate correction measures for preventing workers from exposure to VCM should be performed in the factories or process that were evaluated to be "not acceptable". After these control measures are taken, worker exposure to VCM must be reevaluated through personal air monitoring. Control measures presented by this study are complete sealing of connecting pipe lines, flanging, packing, bolting and nutting. Periodic leak test for leak parts is also required. And positive pressure facility should be constructed at control room of "B" and "C" factory. Fresh air through cleaner such as HEPA filter should be supplied to control room. In addition to these control measures, periodic personal monitoring for evaluating worker exposure to VCM should be performed.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.171-187
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• 2023

Objectives: Aircraft cabin cleaning work is characterized by being performed within a limited time in a narrow and enclosed space. The objective of this study was to evaluate the exposure levels to dust, ultra fine dust(PM2.5) and black carbon(BC) among aircraft cabin cleaners. Methods: Active personal air sampling for respirable dust(n=73) and BC(n=47) was conducted during quick transit cleaning(cabin general and vacuum-specific) and seat cover replacement and total dust and PM2.5 were area-air-sampled as well. Also, size distribution of particle was identified with the cleaning workers targeted. Dusts were collected with PVC filters using gravimetric analysis. The concentration of PM2.5 and the particle size distribution were measured with real-time direct reading portable equipment using light scattering analysis. The concentration of BC was measured by aethalometer(filter-based real-time light absorption analysis instrument). Results: The geometric mean of respirable dust was the highest at vacuum cleaning as 74.4 ㎍/m³, following by replacing seat covers as 49.3 ㎍/m³ and cabin general cleaning as 47.8 ㎍/m³ . The arithmetic mean of PM2.5 was 4.83 ~ 9.89 ㎍/m³ inside the cabin, and 28.5~44.5 ㎍/m³ outside the cabin(from bus and outdoor waiting space). From size distribution, PM_2.5/PM₁₀ ratio was 0.54 at quick transit cleaning and 0.41 at replacing seat covers. The average concentration of BC was 2~7 ㎍/m³, showing a high correlation with the PM2.5 concentration. Conclusions: The hazards concentration levels of aircraft cabin cleaners were very similar to those of roadside outdoor workers. As the main source of pollution is estimated to be diesel vehicles operating at airports, and it is necessary to replace older vehicles, strengthen pollutant emission control regulations, and introduce electric vehicles. In addition, it is necessary to provide as part of airport-inftastructure a stable standby waiting space for aircraft cabin cleaners and introduce a systematic safety and health management system for all workers in the aviation industry.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.724-734
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• 2019

본 연구는 대기 중에 떠다니는 입자인 미세먼지의 발생원에 따라 여러 종류의 사람 세포주에 미치는 세포 독성 효과를 검증해 보고자 하였다. 실험에 사용된 미세먼지는 자동차의 공기 필터(차 미세먼지, 실외)와 집에 있는 청소기의 필터(집 미세먼지, 실내)에서 유래한 미세먼지를 에탄올 추출법으로 포집하여 여과한 다음 대략 $10{\mu}m$ 이하의 미세먼지를 세포배양액에 첨가하였다. MTT 분석 방법으로 조사된 세포성장의 반억제농도 값($IC_{50}$)은 집 미세먼지보다 차 미세먼지에서 각 세포에 대한 $IC_{50}$ 값이 유의적으로(p<0.05) 더 낮았고, 정상세포주인 섬유아세포(MRC-5) 및 사랑니 유래 중간엽성 성체줄기세포(DSC)에서 $IC_{50}$ 값은 폐암세포주(A-549) 및 위암세포주(AGS)에 비해 유의적으로(p<0.05) 더 낮았다. 차 미세먼지를 $100{\mu}g/ml$의 농도로 첨가하여 1주일동안 세포를 배양하여 세포배가시간을 조사하였던 바, 암세포주보다 MRC-5 및 DSC 세포주에서 미세먼지의 처리 후 세포배가시간이 유의적으로(p<0.05) 늘어나는 것을 관찰하였고, 미세먼지에 노출된 세포는 노화 관련 베타-갈락토시다아제의 발현이 증가하여 세포의 노화가 일어나는 것을 관찰하였다. 또한, 차 미세먼지를 각 세포주의 $IC_{50}$ 값으로 1주일 동안 처리한 후, 염증 관련 유전자인 COX-2 및 IL-6의 발현이 유의적으로(p<0.05) 증가하는 것을 관찰하였다. 이상의 결과로 보아, 미세먼지는 세포의 성장을 억제하고, 손상을 일으키면서 염증의 발현을 유도하는 것으로 조사되었다.