• Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.146-154
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the degree of job stress and job satisfaction and the relationship between job stress and job satisfaction of Medical Aid Client Managers. Method: Data were collected from 185 Medical Aid Client Managers in 234 areas between April 2-15, 2007. Collected data was analyzed for the frequency, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's Correlation Coefficient etc. Results: The average score of job stress was 2.6. Job instability was highest as 2.9 and job autonomy was lowest as 2.2. in eight items. When the job stress of Medical Aid Client Managers was converted to 100 point, the average was 51.7 and ranked in upper 50% of Korean woman workers' job stress. Among the eight items, because the relationship satisfaction and the instability of duty regime ranked in upper 25% of Korean woman workers' job stress, those items were identified to have high stress. The average score of job satisfaction was 2.3 out 4.0 which could be interpreted as unsatisfactory. The correlation between the job stress and the job satisfaction demonstrated significant difference. Decrease of the job satisfaction was associated with increase of the job stress. In regard to the eight items, the inverse correlation was demonstrated to be significant in organization, inappropriate compensation, and workplace culture. Conclusion: Medical Aid Client Managers have high stress in carrying out their duties. They have experienced very severe instability in their duty regime. Also, they have felt alienated from their organization and experienced unfair rewards. They had low duty satisfaction but got a heavy workload and experienced overtime work. To relieve job overburden of Medical Aid Client Managers. it was necessary to improve business system and also was necessary to relieve a regional disparity of business charge.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.4 no.5
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• pp.428-432
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• 2010

In this study, we investigated that consumers could differentiate between levels of claims and clarify how a visual aid influences consumer understanding of the different claim levels. We interviewed 2,000 consumers in 13 shopping malls on their perception of and confidence in different levels of health claims using seven point scales. The average confidence scores given by participants were 4.17 for the probable level and 4.07 for the possible level; the score for the probable level was significantly higher than that for the possible level (P < 0.05). Scores for confidence in claims after reading labels with and without a visual aid were 5.27 and 4.43, respectively; the score for labeling with a visual aid was significantly higher than for labeling without a visual aid (P < 0.01). Our results provide compelling evidence that providing health claims with qualifying language differentiating levels of scientific evidence can help consumers understand the strength of scientific evidence behind those claims. Moreover, when a visual aid was included, consumers perceived the scientific levels more clearly and had greater confidence in their meanings than when a visual aid was not included. Although this result suggests that consumers react differently to different claim levels, it is not yet clear whether consumers understand the variations in the degree of scientific support.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.101-109
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• 2014

This study is about safety education experience and practice of parents who are raising preschool children and the study results are as the following. For safety education experience state, parents had experience of safety education and mostly received it through communities, TV, Internet, etc. The most common educational content was the traffic safety education. For safety education practice degree according to number of children, safety education practice was mostly done well with 1~2 children. For safety education practice degree according to family type, safety education practice degree within the family was done most in nuclear families while healthy life habit safety education practice degree was done most in nuclear families and reconstituted families. Also, for traffic safety education practice degree, it was done well in nuclear families. For respiratory disease safety education practice degree, nuclear families and reconstituted families were the highest and for first aid safety education practice degree, single-parent families were the highest. For safety knowledge level of parents, safety knowledge of family was the highest, followed by safety knowledge of respiratory disease, and traffic. For safety education practice degree and safety knowledge according to safety education experience of parents, there was a significant difference in practice degree according to safety education experience of parents and there was also difference in practice knowledge according to experience. There was also education effect in healthy life habit safety knowledge and traffic safety knowledge.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.44 no.11
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• pp.91-106
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• 2006

This study aims to provide fundamental data for developing a parent education program for family leisure and analyzing the needs of the parents raising adolescent children on parent education for family leisure. The subjects were 287 parents raising second and third year students at middle schools. They were intentionally sampled from the middle schools at Seoul, Gyeonggi, Daejeon, Donghae, Samcheok and Changwon. This study results can be summarized as follows: First, the degree of aid expectation for parent education for family leisure was high. The degree of aid expectation by demographic variable showed significant differences, according to the educational background of father, religion of parents and job of parents. Second, among family leisure activity types, education needs for education- and experience-oriented activities were highest. The average education needs for family leisure activities, including each family leisure activity type, were 2.95/4, which was relatively high. Third, as for the needs of parent education methods for family leisure of the parents raising adolescent children, the needs for program contents were highest in attending lectures. Weekday mornings and children's non-vacation season were the highest program practicing times. In teaching methods, participating activities showed the highest needs; in session, one or two second sessions were the highest.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.67-77
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• 2020

Purpose: The study aims to improve the quality of emergency medical services by surveying the user's satisfaction of 119 emergency medical services nationwide. Methods: From December 21 to December 27 each year from 2015 to 2017 a total of 5,889 people were surveyed by phone call in fire station. Results: The average degree of satisfaction with the emergency medical services was 4.17±0.70, with 85.1% respondents reporting being 'satisfied'. Factors like being a patient, injuries, residential area, and scene arrival time affected satisfaction. From 2015 to 2017, the satisfaction degree decreased every year, with factors affecting this results including "first aid guidance of phone call" and "rapidity of emergency medical services." The highest satisfaction factors were 'friendly acting of emergency medical services' and 'appropriate offer of emergency medical services', while the lowest satisfaction factors were 'first aid guidance of phone call' and 'adequacy of emergency medical team'. Conclusion: The quality of emergency medical services needs to be improved by managing the quality of phone call first aid guidance and the assignment of adequate emergency medical teams to increase user satisfaction.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.13-21
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• 2014

The problem of the cases of Soribada and Winny is their duplexity that they could be used legally and illegally. The issue called 'The crime of aiding through the neutral behavior' is about whether the program developer who shared the file sharing program letting unspecified public infringe the copyright could be punished or not. Many theories about limiting the traditional scope of punishment of aider have been maintained. However, it is questionable whether it is possible to limit the scope of punishment following the former cases and theories even for the action that is causal and facilitates the principal's criminal conduct, like the aid through the neutral action which is hard to perceive as illegal aid because of its characteristics. Therefore, using the case of Soribada in Korea and the case of Winny in Japan as the examples of illegal aid through neutral behavior case, this paper examines the characteristics and problems of aid through existing theories and cases, and suggests new scope of punishment limitation standard through the elaboration of the action of aid and judgment of degree.

• Journal of Audiology & Otology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.72-79
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• 2021

Background and Objectives: The speech-in-noise test is typically performed using an audiometer. The results of the digit-in-noise recognition (DIN) test may be influenced by the flat frequency response of free-field audiometry and frequency of the hearing aid fit based on fitting rationale. This study aims to investigate the DIN test in unaided and aided conditions. Subjects and Methods: Thirty four adults with moderate and severe sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) participated in the study. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for 50% of the DIN test was obtained in the following two conditions: 1) the unaided condition, performed using an audiometer in a free field; and 2) aided condition, performed using a hearing aid with an unvented individual earmold that was fitted based on NAL-NL2. Results: There was a statistically significant elevation in the mean SNR for the severe SNHL group in both test conditions when compared with that of the moderate SNHL group. In both groups, the SNR for the aided condition was significantly lower than that of the unaided condition. Conclusions: Speech recognition in hearing-impaired patients can be realized by fitting hearing aids based on evidence-based fitting rationale rather than by measuring it using free-field audiometry measurement that is utilized in a routine clinic setup.

• Journal of Audiology & Otology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.8-13
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• 2021

Background and Objectives: In 2013, the Singapore government reviewed and expanded the Senior Mobility Fund (SMF) to provide subsidy for assistive devices, including hearing aids (HA). While SMF has improved accessibility to HA, its impact on HA acquisition has not been determined. The study aims to elucidate the influence of SMF on HA acquisition and the relationship between financial funding and compliance to HA use. Subjects and Methods: Retrospective review of 643 patients seen between January 2017 to January 2018 at the earnose and throat specialist outpatient clinic, who were referred for a hearing aid evaluation. Of the 643 patients, 109 patients with baseline hearing handicap (HH) scores recorded, and no formal diagnosis of cognitive impairment were included. The patients were grouped according to SMF eligibility and clinical data were obtained. Results: The odds ratio for acquiring HA was significantly higher with SMF, regardless of HH scores. When looking at actual degree of hearing loss (DHL), HA uptake was significantly higher in the least severe of DHL categories. There is no relationship between SMF and compliance to HA use. However, HH score is positively correlated with data log in regression analyses. Conclusions: SMF appears to influence HA acquisition. Especially in financially funded patients with low self-perceived HH, the benefits of HA may be underappreciated given the few hours of HA use. Further studies are warranted to investigate the impact of financial funding on outcomes of HA users to help policy planners and clinicians be prudent in the utilization of SMF.

• Korean Journal of Audiology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.8-13
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• 2021

Background and Objectives: In 2013, the Singapore government reviewed and expanded the Senior Mobility Fund (SMF) to provide subsidy for assistive devices, including hearing aids (HA). While SMF has improved accessibility to HA, its impact on HA acquisition has not been determined. The study aims to elucidate the influence of SMF on HA acquisition and the relationship between financial funding and compliance to HA use. Subjects and Methods: Retrospective review of 643 patients seen between January 2017 to January 2018 at the earnose and throat specialist outpatient clinic, who were referred for a hearing aid evaluation. Of the 643 patients, 109 patients with baseline hearing handicap (HH) scores recorded, and no formal diagnosis of cognitive impairment were included. The patients were grouped according to SMF eligibility and clinical data were obtained. Results: The odds ratio for acquiring HA was significantly higher with SMF, regardless of HH scores. When looking at actual degree of hearing loss (DHL), HA uptake was significantly higher in the least severe of DHL categories. There is no relationship between SMF and compliance to HA use. However, HH score is positively correlated with data log in regression analyses. Conclusions: SMF appears to influence HA acquisition. Especially in financially funded patients with low self-perceived HH, the benefits of HA may be underappreciated given the few hours of HA use. Further studies are warranted to investigate the impact of financial funding on outcomes of HA users to help policy planners and clinicians be prudent in the utilization of SMF.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.159-163
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• 2001

Influence of soil temperature [accumulated degree-day for the base temperature $5^{\circ}$($\textrm{DD}_5$)] on the development of Meloidogyne arenaria were studied in a winter grown oriental melon greenhouse in Seongju, Korea. Egg masses were first observed on roots at the accumulation of 565 $\textrm{DD}_5$(40 days after transplanting), suggesting that the nematode has completed the first generation in 40 days. Second-stage juveniles (J2) densities were lowest at 863 $\textrm{DD}_5$ in April, first increased at 1,334 $\textrm{DD}_5$ in May, peaked at 2,951 $\textrm{DD}_5$ in July, and decliner thereafter. Development of egg masses and J2 density in soil revealed that M. arenaria could develop in 7-8 generations in a year in the greenhouse. Degree-day monitoring, therefore, could aid to predict nematode development in soil and can be valuable tool a to develop root-knot nematode control strategies.