• Journal of vocational education research
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.119-138
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors influencing of separation and the time of separation for middle and old aged self-employed workers. The cox proportional hazards model was used in the first survey of KLoSA, 684 persons who were over 40 years old in 2006, using data up to the 5th period of 2014. The main findings of this study are as follows. First, the average duration of job for middle and old aged self-employed workers in 2005 was 15.5years. Of the total 684 workers, 214(31.3%) person was found to have lost their job during survey period. Second, gender, age at start up, and education level have significant effects on job separation of them. When women, when they were older at start up, when they were graduate the university or higher, increased their risk of leaving their businesses. Third, in the characteristic of their work, the type of job and job satisfaction were found to affect to job desertion. When people are engaged in accommodation and food business rather than agriculture and forestry fishery, when the satisfaction of the work is lower, the risk was high. Based on these conlusions, the following implications are suggested. First, it is necessary to establish a support strategy for female middle-aged and old self-employed and older workers who start their own business after their 60s. Second, it is necessary to support them to enter into various fields by utilizing their own aptitude and experience rather than establishing them in industries with low entry barriers. Third, it is necessary to develop policies to help improve job satisfaction in the working environment. In particular, it is necessary to ensure that high educated self-employed workers are satisfied with various compensations by self-employed.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.21-39
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• 2010

In this paper, water consumption annually for industries in Korea was estimated for the first time and based on this, an input-output model was prepared for water consumption analysis. Also making use of this, the direct and indirect water consumption effect according to industrial activities was analyzed and the total effect based on volume was broken down into each factor. The amount of water consumed for industries in Korea (excluding agriculture, forestry and fishery) was estimated about 7 billion and 692 million ton in 2003(excluding sea water). Classifying by industry, the one for electric power & water service accounted for almost half, 49.5%, metalworking industry for 24.3% and chemical industry for 5.0%. As the result of estimation for the direct and indirect water consumption inducement coefficients, the amount of water consumed per the production of one million won ranked the highest for electric power & water service as 113.8 ton and the next highest ones ranked as 49.6 ton for the first metalworking, 16.8 ton for textile and leather goods, and 11.9 ton for general machinery respectively. In the meantime, as the result of breaking down into each factor of total amount of water consumed by industry, it appeared that the ripple effect having on other industries was more than the direct effect.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.112 no.3
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• pp.303-321
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• 2023

To develop the Forest Work Load Index (FWLI) for estimating the work intensity of forest workers, a study focused on forest tending was conducted. To estimate the FWLI, we used the Ovako Working Posture Analysis System (OWAS) and the Work Load Index (WLI). The OWAS is a prominent method used for analyzing musculoskeletal load in work tasks, and WLI is a prominent method used for analyzing the work intensity of workers. The PRI values analyzed for each forest tending project were 185.3 (Thinning), 150.6 (Pruning), 181.1 (Thinning for Forest Fire Prevention), and 197.0 (Thinning for Young Trees). The WLI values, calculated on the basis of the measured heart rates, were 59.5% (Thinning), 53.5% (Pruning), 56.2% (Thinning for Forest Fire Prevention), and 62.3% (Thinning for Young Trees). The FWLI was calculated using the analyzed PRI and WLI values. The FWLI values for the forest tending project were 110.2 (Thinning), 80.7 (Pruning), 102.1 (Thinning for Forest Fire Prevention), and 123.0 (Thinning for Young Trees). The FWLI developed in this study can be used to quantitatively compare the workloads of forest workers. In the future, the analyzed FWLI can be used as a basis for improving forest workers' postures and comparing workloads across different forest projects.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.76-83
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• 2012

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to define the underserved emergency medical services (EMS) areas in Daejeon metropolitan city, as well as to identify their distinctive characteristics in public health perspectives. Methods: An underserved EMS area was operationally defined as an area in which it is difficult to arrive at an emergency medical center within 30 minutes. Using a cost-weighted distance algorithm with a geographic information system (GIS), the underserved EMS area was calculated. The characteristics of the underserved areas were analyzed by the Chi-square test. The SPSS statistical software package was used to perform the statistical analysis. All statistical tests were two-sided, and a p-value<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Twelve administrative sectors ('Dong' in Korean) were included in the underserved areas, accounting for a population of approximately 8,100 citizens. The relationships between underserved EMS area and populations of agriculture, fishery, and forestry; citizens who are recipients of national basic livelihood security program; disabled; or aged 65 or older were statistically significant. Conclusion: It was found that 12 administrative sectors were included in the underserved EMS areas. Revealing underserved EMS areas using GIS analysis based on a cost-weighted distance algorithm of road data was an effective analytic method. However, as this study was confined to Daejeon City, South Korea, a nation-wide study should be performed to provide a more accurate conclusion.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.17 no.sup
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• pp.1-6
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• 2011

Korean Government announced 'The Roadmap to realize a low carbon green society on year 2020' on July 12, 2011 in order to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Non-energy category of Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery (FAFF) should mitigate 1,349 kilo $CO_2$-equivalent ($CO_2$-eq.) tonnes which is 7.1% of Business-As-Usual on year 2020. The mitigation from animal manure treatment system (AMTS) comprises ca. 45% of the total mitigated amount of Non-energy category of FAFF. Hence, the precise evaluation of GHG emissions from AMTS is important to find effective mitigation measures. Life cycle assessment was used to evaluate GHG emissions from AMTS. The most GHG emitter was a composting/liquid fertilizer/activated sludge system (1,649.45 kg $CO_2$-eq./head/year) and the least GHG emitter was a activated liquid fertilizer system (1,024.46 kg $CO_2$-eq./head/year). Thermophilic oxic process showed the highest ratio (34.9%) of GHG emissions by the use of electricity to total GHG emissions from systems. Energy efficiency should be considered to mitigate GHG emissions from AMTS.

• Journal of vocational education research
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.47-75
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to provide basic data for policy making for secondary vocational education in each region and transformation in vocational high schools. To achieve this, the regional strategic industries in Daejeon and Jeonnam were selected, new demand for vocational high school graduates was forecasted in each industry and occupation. The results of the study are as follows. First, locational quotient analysis and regional shift-share analysis revealed that Daejon and Jeonnam have different strategic industries. Daejon, unlike Jeonnam strategically develops 'manufacturing food, beverage and tobacco', 'manufacturing timber and paper, printing and copying', 'public service and administration of national defense and social security' and 'manufacturing electrical devices, electronics and precision devices'. Jeonnam has specialized industries distinguished from Daejon's, which are 'manufacturing of machinery transportation equipments and etc', 'manufacturing of non-metallic minerals and metal products', 'electric, gas, steam and water supply systems/industries', 'manufacturing coal and chemical products, refining petroleum', 'mining' and 'agriculture, forestry and fishery'. Second, new demand for vocational high school graduates by occupations and industries showed regional differences(in Daejon and Jeonnam). According the forecast, Daejon will have many workforce demands based on manufacturing industries, on the other hand Jeonnam's focused on service industries. Analysis by occupations was also different, Daejon showed high demands on professional and related workers, while Jeonnam requested many new office and service workers. Third, new workforce demand by occupations in regional strategic industries is big part of overall new workforce demand both in Daejon and Jeonnam. Forth, according to the results of analyzing the new demand for vocational high school graduates in Daejeon and Jeonnam in terms of industry location quotient and change effect, there was high demand in industries with positive total change effects. In terms of location quotient, Daejeon and Jeonnam showed different results.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.53
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• pp.285-310
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• 2003

As National Pension Scheme for all nation complete in 1999 through expanding application in cities, the public pension including Public Occupational Pension became main axis of old-age income maintenance. After 4years since then, now, it is only half of total National Pension insured persons who have been qualified to receive pension through participate and contribution. The other half of National Pension insured is left the excluded from public pension. This paper is intended to identify scale and characteristics of the excluded from public pension and to analysis its cause, and to explore policy measures for solving the excluded's problem. for current recipients over 60 years old generation, the its excluded's scale is no less than 86% of the old over 60 years. The probability of getting in the excluded is high in case of old elderly and female for current elderly generation. For future recipients 18-59 years working generation, the its excluded's scale is no less than 61% of the 18-59 years total population. The probability of getting in the excluded is high in case of 18-29 years and female for current working generation. As logistic regression analysis determinant factor of paying or not pension contribution for future recipients, it appear that probability of getting in the excluded for current working generation is high in case of younger old, lower education attainment, irregular employee, working at agriculture forestry fishery sector, construction sector, wholesale retail trade restaurants hotels sector, financial institution and insurance real estate renting and leasing sector in comparison with manufacturing sector, occpaying at elementary occupation, professionals technicians and associate professionals, sale and service workers, plant machine operators and assemblers, legislators senior officials and managers in comparison with clerks. The Policy measures for the current recipient old generation have need to reinforce supplemental role of Senior's pension(non-contribution pension) until maturing of public pension, because of no having chance of public pension participants for them. And the Policy measures for the future recipient working generation have need to restructure social security fundamentally corresponding with social-economic change as labour market and family structure etc. The pension system has need to change from one earner one pension to one citizen one pension with citizenship rights. At this point, public pension have need to manage with combining insurance's contribution principle and citizenship principle financing by taxes. Then public pension will become substantially universal social network for old-age income maintenance and we can find real solution for the excluded from.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.75-92
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• 1996

Geography education is one of the best ways to improve the understanding of other countries. By analyzing Korean and Japanese textbooks on world geography, I tried to find out how well they explain the other country and to set forth guiding principles for geography education. To achieve these aims, weight analysis are used. The major findings in this study can be summarised as follow. The contents of Korean and Japanese geography textbooks were analyzed deviding into 2 major topics, 6 minor topics, and 20 key concepts. (1) By analyzing Korean geography textbook of the 5th curriculum the weight percentages which had been given to each minor topics were found. They are as follow: resource problem(57.7%), human right problem(21.4%), population problem (9.0%), mutual dependence(6.0%), environmental problem(3.3%), international competition(2.6%). (2) By analyzing Korean geography text-book of the 6th curriculum the weight percentages which had been give to each minor topics were found. They are as follow: resource problem(42.7%), human right problem(21.7%), mutual dependence (20.9%), environmental problem(7.7%), population problem(4.6%), international competition(2.4%) (3) By analyzing Japanise geography text-book of 5th curriculum ammendment the weight percentages which had been give to each minor topics were found. They are as follows: resource problem(49.9%) human right problem(21.7%), mutual dependence(15.5%), population problem (7.1%), international competition(6.2%), environmental problem(3.8%) (4) By analyzing Japanise geography textbook of 6th curriculum ammendment the weight percentages which had been give to each minor topics were found. They are as follows human right problem (31.6%), mutual dependence(22.8%), resource problem(20.7%), population problem(12.7%), environmental problem(8.6%), international competition(3.6%). We can see that in the field of dependence Korea and Japan put the similar weight but in the field of common problem they put the fairly different weight. It can be viewed as the difference of curriculum. That is to say Korea used both the systematic method on the basis of unit but Japan used only topical method on the basis of unit. Therefore Korean geography textbook introduce agriculture, forestry, fishery, mining industry and manufacturing industry. Japanese textbook, however gives a detailed account about residents' lives in specific area. For that reason in Korean textbook, resource was stressed, while in Japanese textbook, culture was stressed.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.474-480
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• 2016

In this study, formation background of biodiversity and its changes in the process of geologic history, and effects of climate change on biodiversity and human were discussed and the alternatives to reduce the effects of climate change were suggested. Biodiversity is 'the variety of life' and refers collectively to variation at all levels of biological organization. That is, biodiversity encompasses the genes, species and ecosystems and their interactions. It provides the basis for ecosystems and the services on which all people fundamentally depend. Nevertheless, today, biodiversity is increasingly threatened, usually as the result of human activity. Diverse organisms on earth, which are estimated as 10 to 30 million species, are the result of adaptation and evolution to various environments through long history of four billion years since the birth of life. Countlessly many organisms composing biodiversity have specific characteristics, respectively and are interrelated with each other through diverse relationship. Environment of the earth, on which we live, has also created for long years through extensive relationship and interaction of those organisms. We mankind also live through interrelationship with the other organisms as an organism. The man cannot lives without the other organisms around him. Even though so, human beings accelerate mean extinction rate about 1,000 times compared with that of the past for recent several years. We have to conserve biodiversity for plentiful life of our future generation and are responsible for sustainable use of biodiversity. Korea has achieved faster economic growth than any other countries in the world. On the other hand, Korea had hold originally rich biodiversity as it is not only a peninsula country stretched lengthily from north to south but also three sides are surrounded by sea. But they disappeared increasingly in the process of fast economic growth. Korean people have created specific Korean culture by coexistence with nature through a long history of agriculture, forestry, and fishery. But in recent years, the relationship between Korean and nature became far in the processes of introduction of western culture and development of science and technology and specific natural feature born from harmonious combination between nature and culture disappears more and more. Population of Korea is expected to be reduced as contrasted with world population growing continuously. At this time, we need to restore biodiversity damaged in the processes of rapid population growth and economic development in concert with recovery of natural ecosystem due to population decrease. There were grand extinction events of five times since the birth of life on the earth. Modern extinction is very rapid and human activity is major causal factor. In these respects, it is distinguished from the past one. Climate change is real. Biodiversity is very vulnerable to climate change. If organisms did not find a survival method such as 'adaptation through evolution', 'movement to the other place where they can exist', and so on in the changed environment, they would extinct. In this respect, if climate change is continued, biodiversity should be damaged greatly. Furthermore, climate change would also influence on human life and socio-economic environment through change of biodiversity. Therefore, we need to grasp the effects that climate change influences on biodiversity more actively and further to prepare the alternatives to reduce the damage. Change of phenology, change of distribution range including vegetation shift, disharmony of interaction among organisms, reduction of reproduction and growth rates due to odd food chain, degradation of coral reef, and so on are emerged as the effects of climate change on biodiversity. Expansion of infectious disease, reduction of food production, change of cultivation range of crops, change of fishing ground and time, and so on appear as the effects on human. To solve climate change problem, first of all, we need to mitigate climate change by reducing discharge of warming gases. But even though we now stop discharge of warming gases, climate change is expected to be continued for the time being. In this respect, preparing adaptive strategy of climate change can be more realistic. Continuous monitoring to observe the effects of climate change on biodiversity and establishment of monitoring system have to be preceded over all others. Insurance of diverse ecological spaces where biodiversity can establish, assisted migration, and establishment of horizontal network from south to north and vertical one from lowland to upland ecological networks could be recommended as the alternatives to aid adaptation of biodiversity to the changing climate.