• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.1303-1314
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• 2009

The purpose of this study lies in examining the characteristics of differentiated body types for plus-size women and obtaining basic data for the wide-ranging choices of ready-made clothing in a consumer's place. The results of this study displayed no significant differences for subjects in their 30s and 40s in comparison to standards by ages but showed a significant difference with subjects in their 50s when compared with the data from Size Korea (2004). Research data in the height and length categories were lower, and the majority of data from the other categories were higher. In order to analyze the characteristics of a plus-size woman's body, 4 factors were differentiated into 3 types with 17 categories: Factor 1 was the element of the thickness of the trunk, factor 2 was the element of the thickness of the lower body and legs, factor 3 was the element of shoulder size and factor 4 was the element of the upper body length. The accumulation rate was shown to be 74.47%. The characteristics for each type were as follows: Type 1 is a body type with a relatively thin waist, small width and girth of upper body and curvy lower body, type 2 is the average body type, and type 3 is a body type with big breasts and abdominal obesity. The standard body type belonged to type 2. According to the correspondency test between age and type, the characteristics of type 1 corresponded relatively close to the measures of subjects in their 40s and relatively far from subjects in their 30s to 50s while type 2 and type 3 appeared to be similar to subjects in their 50s.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.161-173
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• 2010

This study aims to examine for efficient production methods of custom-tailored clothing and application of 3D virtual clothing system in custom-tailored clothing market, by producing and analyzing both real clothing and 3D virtual clothing. For this study, a middle-aged woman is selected as the subject figure and one-piece is selected as the experimental clothes item. In real clothing, I conducted the wearing evaluation for experts and the subject figure. And In the virtual clothing, I conducted the wearing evaluation with i-Designer using 3D virtual clothing on simulation program. There are some differences between the data from body scanning and the real body size. In the custom-tailored clothing market in which the fitness is important, the research which measures the more exact data is needed. And in the case of complicate design, the functions which measure the activity and the fitness variously and correct the parts of curves are needed. This study experiments the availability of application of 3D Virtual Clothing System in custom-tailored clothing market by selecting one-piece as the experimental clothes item. So the follow-up studies for the other designs and fabrics are needed. Also, if the studies for checking the clothes pressure, the amount of composure, the space between skin and clothing when the virtual model wearing clothes is walking or shaking his arms are proceeding, then 3D virtual clothing System is applicable in custom-tailored clothing market. But there are some restrictions and lack of education in virtual clothing System yet, and it makes hard for workers in clothing market to use it in real production. However, 3D virtual clothing System will be practical in real market if there would be more research on its usability and practicality, and workers in clothing market can be easily educated on techniques of 3D virtual clothing system.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.787-796
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• 2013

This study is an initial report of actual wearing conditions and attitude based on a survey of wearing outdoor wear for men and women in their 30s to 50s who enjoy daily leisure sport activities. Most middle-aged men and women who enjoy outdoor activities were interested in new trends and clothing styles. The greatest area of interest was health(42.9%), followed by leisure and sports(38.4%); in addition, hiking(40.2%) was the most popular outdoor activity. The majority of subjects participated in outdoor activities for over 5 years(34.4%). The highest frequency of outdoor activities was conducted once or twice a month, and it took one to three hours for each activity. Nearly half of the respondents( 47.7%) answered that the goal of outdoor activities was to maintain their health. Subjects in their 40s and 50s were more equipped in their outdoor activities and in their 50s made ongoing investments despite costs. When wearing clothing, the subjects placed a priority on design(in the case of subjects in their 30s) and comfort(for subjects in their 40s and 50s). This survey shows that the subjects emphasized access to outdoor wear and equipment. In all age groups, the biggest complaint about outdoor wear was price; in addition, they were unsatisfied with the length and the sleeves of outdoor jackets. Outdoor wear will draw a positive attention for its practical use of clothing if it is developed according to consumer demands based on functionality for outdoor activities and convenience in daily life.

• Kidney Research and Clinical Practice
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.356-365
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• 2018

Background: Woman kidney donors face obstetric complication risks after kidney donation, such as gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. Studies on childbirth-related complications among Asian women donors are scarce. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included woman donors aged 45 years or younger at the time of kidney donation in a single tertiary hospital between 1985 and 2014. Pregnancy associated complications were investigated using medical records and telephone questionnaires for 426 pregnancies among 225 donors. Matched non-donor controls were selected by propensity score and the maternal and fetal outcomes were compared with those of donors. Primary outcomes were differences in maternal complications, and secondary outcomes were fetal outcomes in pregnancies of the donor and control groups. Results: A total of 56 cases had post-donation pregnancies. The post-donation pregnancies group was younger at the time of donation and older at the time of delivery than the pre-donation pregnancies group, and there were no differences in primary outcomes between the groups except the proportion receiving cesarean section. Comparison of the complication risk between post-donation pregnancies and non-donor matched controls showed no significant differences in gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, or composite outcomes after propensity score matching including age at delivery, era at pregnancy, systolic blood pressure, body weight, and estimated glomerular filtration ratio (odds ratio, 0.63; 95% confidence interval, 0.19-2.14; P = 0.724). Conclusion: This study revealed that maternal and fetal outcomes between woman kidney donors and non-donor matched controls were comparable. Studies with general population pregnancy controls are warranted to compare pregnancy outcomes for donors.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.7
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• pp.1054-1064
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to examine the question of whether there is any difference in dietary habits, climacteric symptoms, and general health characteristics of middle-aged women according to food supplements (FS) use. A total of 745 midlife females participated in a face-to-face interview conducted by qualified interviewers, which guaranteed a higher quality of data collection. Three levels of FS use were defined: None, Single, and Multi for 0, 1, and 2 or more types of FS use, respectively. None, Single, and Multi accounted for 33.56%, 33.29%, and 33.15% of total subjects, respectively. FS users (Single and Multi) exerted more interest in FS and were more likely to believe that FS is helpful for health promotion and amelioration of climacteric symptoms than None (P<0.0001). Self-perceived health status of Multi was lower than that of None, but not different from Single (P<0.05). Factor analysis extracted three factors for dietary habits: regularity, variety and moderation, and four factors for climacteric symptoms: emotional, physical, psycho-somatic, and hot flash. The factor scores for dietary variety as well as emotional, psycho-somatic, and hot flash symptoms were higher for FS user than for None (P<0.01). Single reported more frequent family meals compared to None. Findings of the present study elucidated potential links between the level of FS use, dietary habits, and climacteric symptoms of middle-aged women, suggesting a possible scenario: the greater the climacteric symptoms a woman perceives, the more likely the woman will adopt FS use, the greater the efforts toward dietary improvement, such as dietary variety. Based on that, in this study, more peri-menopausal women belonged to Single and Multi; further investigation on the association between FS use, dietary quality, and climacteric symptoms in conjunction with menopausal status may be needed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.56-63
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• 1986

This study was designed to be link in the chain of the investigation on daily life and consciousness of longevous people in Korea, and to investigated the dietary life and its habit of longevous people in the past. The dietary life ana its habit were surveyed on 379 subjects (male 121, female 258) of the aged who were above 80 years of age, from June to November in 1985. 1. Of the taste on staple food of longevous peoples in the past(between 40 and 60 years), 'meal mixed with barley' had the highest figure of 49.9%, followed by 'boiled rice'(47.0%). But it is showed that male preferred 'meal mixed with barley'(56.2%) to 'boiled rice'(41.3%). whereas female slightly preferred 'boiled rice'(49.6%) to 'meal mixed with barley'(46.9%). 2. Of the experience of the food taste of these aged in the past, 'not salted' and 'light' had the highest figures of all 40.6%. It is showed that longevous peoples preferred 'not salted'(40.6%) and 'light'(40.6%) to 'salty'(24.5%) and 'oily'(9.8% ), respectively. 3. By comparison of the intake state of animal protein(meat and fish) of these aged in the past, 'occasionally' was the highest of 55.4%, and decreased in the order of 'almost daily'(31.9%) and 'scarcely'(12.7%). Therefore, it is believed that 87.5% of longevous peoples has taken animal protein 'occasionally' and 'almost daily'. 4. The intakes of major foods above $4{\sim}6$ times a week of these aged in the past and present showed 50.4% and 67.5% for meat, fish, egg and soybean products, 26.6% and 51.5% for milk and its products, 89.9% and 81.0% for vegetables, 58.9% and 64.0% for oiled food, and 57.0% ana 62.934 for seaweeds, respectively.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.529-534
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• 2012

An analysis of adult women's somatotypes classified by drop values can provide important preliminary data in determining standard clothing sizes for mass production of ready-made clothes. This is because the values are based on measurements of girth, which is essential information in the size-setting process. Adult women's body types are classified according to drop values in a standard clothing size system adopted by Korea and several other countries. This study aims to identify somatotype characteristics of adult women aged 20 to 69 by using five types of drop values: bust-waist, hip-waist, hip-bust, abdomen-waist, and hip-abdomen. Statistical cluster analysis of collected data revealed four somatotypes among adult women. Type R, with a developed lower body, accounted for 36.6%, and its bodyline was found to be closest to the average adult woman. Type X, constituting 25.4%, had the curviest contours of all and relatively large hip measurements, with the thinnest figure. Flat abdomen and hips characterized type Y, which accounted for 18.9%. Lastly, 19.0% fell into type H, the most obese figure, in which abdomen girth exceeded hip measurements. Since type H has excess fat deposits in the abdomen, not only hip measurements but also abdomen girth should be considered when designing top longer than torso-length and bottoms.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.896-912
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• 2014

This study analyzed the reality of avatar size when it was automatically changed by different height and waist circumference inputs. This study focused on analyzing 22 of 28 avatar parts created by the 3D Clo virtual fitting program, based on the height and 'waist circumference of 2,247 woman samples from the $6^{th}$ Size Korea survey data. The 'waist back L'. and 'bishoulder L'. of the avatars were shorter than the bodies; however, the avatars' 'waist H'. and 'arm L'. were longer. Differences between the avatar and body increased in the taller groups. The body proportion of tall avatars was more distorted than small avatars. There were also some exaggerations in some circumferences. The 'bust C'. of the avatar was larger in the group with thin upper torsos; however, the 'hip C'. and 'upper arm C'. were larger in the group with thick upper torsos. The avatar torso silhouette of each somatotype was not representative of the real body silhouette as the 'hip C'. and 'bust C'. always increased together.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.340-349
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• 2011

The Act of Disability Discrimination and Rights Restriction established in 2008 states that all services including cultural and artistic activities should be fair and easily accessible for both disabled and non-disabled. While the previous society focused on providing the basic necessaries of life to disabled, the modern society gradually tuming their attention to improving quality of the life of disabled, especially in culture and art related activities. The Act of Disability Discrimination and Rights Restriction also states that the services for cultural and artistic activities should be provided from 2010. However in reality, there are contradictions among the Disability Discrimination Act, the Convenience Improvement Act for the Disabled, the Aged, and the Pregnant Woman, and the laws related architecture. So they are having difficulties technically with applying these laws. First, this research contains the comparison of domestic and foreign acts related to the legitimate accommodation uses of cultural and arts facilities for the disabled. Second, this research also lists the facts of conflict between the laws of legitimate accommodation uses for the disabled and the Architecture related laws. Finally, several suggestions are stating for the complementarily improved architecture-related laws which were based on the standard of foreign countries for the disabled.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.349-356
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• 2011

Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze the risk factors of the musculoskeletal workload of mid-old-age female caregivers by identifying work postures and subjective symptoms. Method: This study was carried out on a total of 206 subjects 206 mid-old-age caregivers(45~65 years old) from November 2009 to April 2010: 206 mid-old-age caregivers (45~65 years old) at the long-term hospital. A questionnaires survey on general factors and subjective symptoms of subjects was conducted. The risk factors of the musculoskeletal workload evaluation method is based on OWAS, RULA, REBA according to occupation properties. Results: The analysis of the rates of the subjective symptoms showed that 78.6% subjects experience low back pain. The analysis of the work type showed that transfer is the highest rate(36.3%) and position change is the second(18.2%). The analysis of the work postures showed that the thrusted back with twisting position over $20^{\circ}$ is highest rate(37.4%), the bended back forward with twisting position is the second(27.5%). Conclusion: This study suggested that the need of preventive education for caregivers and workload improve. It is hoped that subsequent study on the difference of subjective symptoms between educated caregivers and non educated caregivers will be conducted.