• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.16 no.12
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• pp.57-68
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• 2018

Purpose - The development of technologies lead the volume of sale on online market increase but an off-line shopping center is still a core component in the omni-channel strategy. It is generally thought that high-level retailtainment on brick and mortar store affects purchase intentions positively, but some previous studies dispute that and have reported that retailtainment does not affect purchase intentions. So we have studied the additional factors' effect - the nature of purchase and utility - with retailtainment. Research design, data, and methodology - There are 8 treatment groups which were assigned by the method of retailtainment (high vs. low), nature of purchase (essential vs. non-essential), and utility (acquisition vs. transaction). A total of 240 subjects (office workers = 163, 68%; undergraduates = 77, 32%; average age = 30s; female = 39%) were divided into groups and exposed to one of the eight scenarios. Participant's purchase intention was the dependent, and ANOVA and L-matrix were used to analyze for main and interactive effects between factors. Results - First, the main effect and interactive effect between retailtainment and the nature of purchase are significant. We also found that the contrast between essential and non-essential at low-level retailtainment is higher than that of high-level retailtainment. Second, in the case of retailtainment and utility, transaction utility under high-level retailtainment affects purchase intentions positively. Third, between the nature of the purchase and utility, the main effect of the nature of purchase and the interactive effect is significant, but the main effect of utility is not significant. In the case of non-essential goods, the purchase intention was high when transaction utility was provided but in the case of essential goods, acquisition utility increased purchase intentions. Finally, when transaction utility is given, purchase intentions of essential goods increase under low retailtainment, and the purchase intentions of non-essential goods increase under high retailtainment. Conclusions - When customers buy essential goods, discounts decrease purchase intentions. During the season for bargain sales, purchase intentions increase when retailtainment of essential goods is low, and retailtainment of non-essential goods is high.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.69-75
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• 2022

This study investigated the English learners who are over 40 on their attitudes and perception for lifelong education by dividing them into age groups of middle aged and elderly learners. To this end, from May 20, 2020 to June 30, 2021, 80 participants attending lifelong education centers in North Gyeongsang province were surveyed on the demographic characteristics and interest, necessity, passion, advantage, hindrance, learning motivation, preferred subjects, and learning methods. As a result, it was found that elderly learners showed a more positive English learning attitude than middle-aged learners, and both groups considered the communication area important in their learning motivation and preferred subjects. In regard to hindrance toward English learning, different factors were shown according to the age groups along with lack of confidence in English. Differences were also shown in preferred learning methods. This study suggested the possibility of learning outcomes according to the positive learning attitude of elderly learners along with the need for detailed English program design according to learners' age.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.650-659
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• 2020

The present study provides reference data required for the design of clothing for the elderly by analyzing the body surface area during fitness motion based on 3D scan data of Korean elderly women. This study was conducted with the procedures of (1) survey of motions and main muscles for fitness, (2) acquisition of 3D scan data, and (3) analysis of rate of change for body surface area during fitness motion. Acquisition of 3D body scan data was obtained from seven elderly females (age: 64-77). We selected 66 anatomical landmarks (40 upper body and 22 lower body) by referring to previous studies. Body surface was segmented by connecting the landmarks marked on the 3D scan data acquired. Analysis of body surface area was conducted in terms of the change rate of surface area in 9 postures of elbow 0°, 90° and 180° for flexion, shoulder 90°, 180° for flexion, shoulder 0°, 180° for abduction, hip 90° for flexion, and knee 90° for flexion compared to the those in the standing posture. The amount of changes in body surface area were 12%-62% in the upper body, 15%-77% in the arm, and 10%-51% in the lower body. A future study on the rate of change of body surface length is needed; in addition, a study on how to apply the results of body surface area and body surface length analysis to clothing pattern design is also necessary.

• Journal of rehabilitation welfare engineering & assistive technology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 2017

Preschool children to do production and acquisition of phonological system from birth to 8 years of age. If a child has hearing loss, he/she has a lot of difficulties to hear sound. The problem of auditory perception can causes limited speech acquisition, delayed language development, and communication disorders. It also affects learning, social and emotional development. Early detection and diagnosis of hearing loss are important for intervention. However, it may be difficult to detect if the degree of hearing loss are slight and/or it appears only on some frequencies. In cases of these kinds of hearing losses, it is often difficult to provide aural intervention. The goal of this study is to discuss the interpretation of audiological evaluation in case of mild-to-moderately severe asymmetric ski-slop sensorineural hearing loss, analyze communication problems, and concerning about audiological, and speech-language pathological rehabilitation.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.637-644
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• 2018

Objectives: In this study, the tongue features of patients with functional dyspepsia (FD) were compared with those of healthy controls. Methods: This prospective, case-control study was conducted on patients with FD and controls recruited at a single center. After screening, the subjects were allocated to the patient or control groups (patients=42, controls=40). Tongue images were acquired using a computerized tongue image acquisition system (CTIS). An independent t-test was conducted to compare the measurements from patients and controls. Binary logistic regression was performed to determine significant differences between the two groups after adjusting for age and sex. Results: The CIE $a^*$ color value in the tongue coating area was significantly lower in the patients with FD than in the controls (p=0.001). The tongue coating ratios were also significantly higher in the FD group than in the control group (p=0.003). We found that the CIE $a^*$ color value in the tongue coating area and the tongue coating ratios were significant predictive factors in both groups, based on binary regression analysis (p=0.016, 0.044, respectively). Conclusions: This study found that FD was significantly associated with CIE $a^*$ color value in the tongue coating area and tongue coating ratios. We suggest that these factors could be used as objective indicators of FD.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.36 no.11
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• pp.1112-1120
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• 2008

The real-time distributed simulation at the present age concentrates on the construction of a system development environment in order to accomplish a synthetic battlefield environment connected with Live-Virtual-Constructive simulation and to realize the Simulation Based Acquisition which supports the life cycle of weapon system. Accordingly this paper describes the development environment of the UML modeling and simulation which integrates the system analysis and design methods performed during the conceptual design phase of the reconnaissance UAV system development. An integrated framework linked with the UML simulation and X-plane visualization is suggested to efficiently perform the system analysis and design, and finally the implementation contents, the analysis of experiment results and concluding remarks are described.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.24 no.1 s.79
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• pp.237-251
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• 2006

The present study was to investigate the teacher's and the mother's beliefs about literacy acquisition and to analyse differences between them The subjects for this study were 134 teachers and 174 mothers of the kindergarten and daycare centers. The 25-item questionnaire constructed by Westwood, Knight and Redden(1997) was used in this study with a slight modification. Collected data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA to verify the differences of the teacher's beliefs according to an academic background and a career, and mother's according to an academic background and an occupation, and compared by t-test to verify the differences of the teacher's and mother's beliefs. The major findings were the most teachers and mothers showed balanced approach: more skill-based about reading than writing. The university graduated teachers took more meaning-based, child-centered approach than finisher of caregiver training center. According to career, more the experienced kept more skilled-based approach. In case of the mother, the university and graduated school graduates took more meaning-based, child-centered approach than finisher of college and High school. According to occupation, more the professional kept more meaning-based approach. Finally there were no meaningful difference in an income and mothers' age. And teachers took more meaning-based, child-centered approach than mothers. Especially about writing, teachers kept much more meaning-based approach than mothers.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.39-43
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• 2008

Purpose: We evaluated whether it was necessary to perform whole body acquisition of $^{18}F$-FDG PET/CT including whole skull and lower extremity (LE) distal to mid-thigh (MT) in patients with multiple myeloma (MM). Materials and Methods: Thirty patients underwent 45 whole body $^{18}F$-FDG PET/CT scans including skull and LE distal to MT. PET scans were divided by 2 subgroups according to the presence of abnormal focal $^{18}F$-FDG uptake in skull or LE distal to MT. Clinical characteristics including age, sex, and stages were compared between the 2 subgroups. Results: Of total 45 whole body PET/CT scans, focally increased abnormal FDG uptake in the skull or LE distal to MT suggesting myeloma involvement was found in 22 scans (48.9%) of 14 patients (46.7%). Skull lesions were more frequently observed than LE lesions distal to MT on PET (86.4% vs. 40.9%, p<0.005). There were no significant differences in age, sex, initial Durie/Salmon stage, and tumor burden at the time of PET scan suggested by serum hemoglobin level, serum calcium level, serum and urine paraprotein level, and serum creatinine level between the two subgroups. The presence of the skull or LE distal MT lesions on PET did not affect on the Durie/Salmon plus stage except only 1 case (1/22, 4.5%, p>0.05). Conclusion: Abnormal lesions in the skull or LE distal to MT on $^{18}F$-FDG PET/CT did not affect significantly on the tumor burden and Durie/Salmon plus stage of MM. Therefore, torso PET acquisition including head may be sufficient for evaluating patients with MM.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetic Resonance Society
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.19-28
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• 2000

Authors evaluated alterations of observable metabolite ratios between the cerebral lesion and the contralateral region related to the clinical symptomatic side in levodopa-treated Parkinson's disease (PD) and investigated correlation between age in patients with PD and metabolite ratios of the lesion. Patients with levodopa-treated PD (n = 54) and age-matched normal controls (n = 15) underwent magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) examinations using a stimulated echo acquisition mode (STEAM) pulse sequence that provided 2$\times$2$\times$2 cm3 volume of interest in the selected regions of substantia nigra (SN) and putamed-globus pallidus (PG). To evaluate dependence of metabolite ratios on age, we divided into two groups (i.e., younger and older age). We quantitatively measured N-acetylaspartate (NAA), creatine (Cr), choline-containing compounds (Cho), inositols (Ins), and the sum of glutamate (Glx) and GABA levels and obtained proton metabolite ratios relative to Cr using a Marquart algorithm. Compared with the contralateral region, a significant neuronal laterality of the NAA/Cr ratio in the lesion of SN related to the clinical symptomatic side was established (P = 0.01), but was not established in the lesion of PG (P = 0.24). Also, Cho/Cr ratio tended toward significance in the lesion of SN (P = 0.07) and was statistically significant in the lesion of PG(P = 0.01). Compared with that in the younger age group, NAA/Cr ratio in the older age was decreased in the lesion of SN (P = 0.02), while NAA/Cr ratio was not statistically significant in the lesion of PG ( P = 0.21). Significant metabolic alterations of NAA/Cr and Cho/Cr ratios might be closely related with functional changes of neuropathological process in SN and PG of levodopa treated PD and could be a valuable finding for evaluation of the PD. A trend of NAA/Cr reduction, being statistically significant in older patients, could be indicative of more pronounced neuronal damage in the SN of the progressive PD.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.741-744
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• 2008

Quality control of early age concrete significantly influences the long term performance. Primary factors for early age concrete quality control should include the relative humidity and temperature variation, and these are more important as structures become massive and huge. Temperature raise due to cement hydration causes stress, which can develop to cracking with internal and/or external restraints. Exposure conditions including ambient temperature, humidity and wind also significantly affect the cracking behavior of early age concrete. Among many of studies on the early age concrete behavior, investigation on the variation of temperature and relative humidity internal of concrete is not common. That is in part because the difficulties in measuring the relative humidity and temperature inside the concrete. This study used a digital sensor with an appropriate logger to measure internal temperature and relative humidity. This direct measuring method is expected to provide more reliable and comprehensive data acquisition on the early age behavior of concrete.