• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.64 no.4
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• pp.792-799
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• 2022

Dopamine (DA) is known to be a key modulator of animal behaviors. Thus, the plasma concentration of DA might be used as a biomarker for the behavioral characteristics of horses. The behavioral characteristics of horses vary depending on the breed, age, and sex. Moreover, the DA receptor genotypes are also related to horse behaviors. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the DA concentration variations of horse plasma by breed, age, sex, or genotype of its receptor. The horses were divided by breed into Thoroughbred (n = 13), Pony (n = 9), Warmblood (n = 4), and Haflinger (n = 5). The age variable was divided into three different groups: post-pubertal (2-5 years, n = 6), adult (6-13 years, n = 19), and aged horses (15-24 years, n = 6). The sex variable was divided into geldings (n = 8) and mares (n = 23). Approximately 10 mL of blood was collected, and an ELISA kit was used to measure the plasma concentration of DA. Polymerase chain reaction analysis was performed to identify the genetic variation in the DA D4 receptor gene (DRD4). SPSS statistical software was used for statistical analysis. The DA concentrations in geldings were significantly lower than those in mares. There was no significant difference in DA concentrations among breed and age groups. Horses with the GG and GA genotypes had significantly higher plasma concentrations of DA compared to horses with the AA genotype for the G292A gene. Briefly, the plasma concentration of DA varied depending on the sex and genotype of G292A. These factors should be considered when the concentration of DA is used as a biomarker for the behavioral characteristics of horses. In conclusion, the DA concentration or DRD4 genotype of horse plasma has the potential to be used as a biomarker that can predict the behavioral characteristics of horses.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.159-169
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• 2010

Objectives : This study was designed to evaluate the correlation of the cross-sectional areas(CSA) of paraspinalis(iliocostalis lumborum, multifidus, longissimus thoracis parts lumborum) and psoas muscle and sex, age, change of the VAS(visual analogue scale) and past history of chronic low back pain in patients suffering from HIVD(herniation of intervertebral disc). Methods : Medical records of 140 subjects with HIVD were retrospectively reviewed. The MRI(magnetic resonance imaging) findings on the patients were scanned and analyzed by PiView program to find the paraspinal and psoas muscle CSA and were evaluated by the correlation of sex, age, change of the VAS, and past history of chronic low back pain. Results : There was significant difference between groups in male and female, young-adults age and middle age, middle age and old age, young-adults age and old age. But the correlation of the paraspinal and psoas muscle CSA and past history of chronic low back pain were partially significant. On the other hand, the correlation of the paraspinal and psoas muscle CSA and change of the VAS were not significant. Conclusions : These results suggest that the cross-sectional areas(CSA) of paraspinalis and psoas muscle have relevance to sex and age.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.125-133
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• 2006

Purpose: This study was performed to identify the relationship between PMS and sex role. Method: Data were collected from 417 female college students in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do area during the period from the 6th of September to the 15th of October in 2004. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS WIN 11.0. Result: The results of this study were as follows: 1) Perceived subjective symptoms were clustered endogenous depressive feature ($2.76{\pm}.97$), anxiety ($2.76{\pm}1.09$), and impulsivity ($2.72{\pm}1.02$). 2) PMS was significantly different according to the general characteristics of menarche age (F=5.910, p=.003), pain (F=7.886. p=.000) and family history (F=5.366, p=.005), masculinity was significantly different according to menarche age (F=3.174, p=.043), and femininity was significantly different according to menarche age (F=3.742, p=.025) and pain (F=3.256. p=.040). 3) Femininity and PMS were in a positive correlation with each other (r=.623. p=.000). Conclusion: This results showed that there is a significant correlation between PMS and sex role. For future research, it is recommended to identify major factors affecting PMS and the relationships between them and various subjects.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.367-380
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• 2007

This study investigates the perception of price and the propensity to conspicuous consumption in the purchase of clothing among college students and the relation between the perception of price and the propensity to conspicuous consumption. The data for this study were collected from 1,015 Korean college students. In order to analyze the data, statistical methods such as frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, factor analysis, ANOVA, scheffe-test, Pearson's correlation, and Cronbach's a were used with the SPSS statistical package program. The major study findings were as follows. 1. The perception of clothing price among college students was classified into five factors: high price-oriented, discount-oriented, high quality-price rate-oriented, low price-oriented, and effectiveness-oriented. 2. The propensity to conspicuous consumption of clothing among college students was classified into four factors: brand name conspicuousness, conspicuous pursuit of vogue, symbol of their social position, and imported goods conspicuousness. 3. High price-oriented and discount-oriented were different significantly according to sex, age, father's educational level, monthly income, monthly allowance amount. High quality-price rate-oriented and low price-oriented were different significantly according to sex, father's educational level, monthly income, monthly allowance amount. Effectiveness-oriented was different significantly according to sex, age. 4. Brand name conspicuousness, conspicuous pursuit of vogue and imported goods conspicuousness were different significantly according to sex, age, father's educational level, monthly income, monthly allowance amount. Symbol of their social position was different significantly according to sex, age, father's educational level, monthly income. 5. High price-oriented, discount-oriented and high quality-price rate-oriented have the highly positive correlation with four factor of propensity to conspicuous consumption of clothing. Low price-oriented has the negative correlation with four factor of propensity to conspicuous consumption of clothing. Effectiveness-oriented has the lowly positive correlation with four factor of propensity to conspicuous consumption of clothing.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.64-71
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• 1998

This study uses [the instrument of ageing anxiety] in order to find if a negative prejudice against the old affects the attitude toward sex of the aged. The result shows no significant relation between ageing anxiety and the knowledge of and attitude toward sex of the aged. However, it does show that the higher the ageing anxiety is, the lower the knowledge of sex and the more restrictive the attitude toward it. The knowledge of and attitude toward sex of the aged shows meaninggul changes after education. Nursing students who were educated come to have more knowledge about and are more open to it. This result supports the preposition of this study. As society grows older the endeavour to guarantee a high-quality life for the old is necessary and the old should be regarded as an entity which has its own characteristic desires. Especially for the old to enjoy a good life as a sexual being, the mystical barriers about sex and old age ought to be removed. In the future the old themselves may maintain sexual desires regardless of age and society will be required to correct its prejudice against the old having sex. Particularly nursing students, as an effort to provide the old with overall care, should examine the elderly's sexual desires in a physical, psychological, and social context and consider the normal sexual changes occuring during the aging process and finally integrate this information into their nursing plans. In order to fulfill this role successfully they should overcome their own prejudice and educate themselves about this particular problem. As the proportion of the old becomes bigger and the concern about the quality of their life grows, sex among the old will become more important in the nursing field. By putting an educational mediation programme into operation with nursing students and estimating the effect, this study supplies the foundation to activate new educational programmes. In short it tells us that education can be a practical method to confront the myth and conventions concerning sex among the aged.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.371-380
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• 2020

Objectives: This study investigated the effects of socio-demographic factors on the decreasing trend in the sex ratio at birth from 1997 to 2017 in Korea. Methods: Data from 10 349 602 live births registered with Statistics Korea from 1997 to 2017 were analyzed. The secondary sex ratio (SSR), defined as the ratio of male to female live births, during the study period (1997-1999 [phase I], 2000-2002 [phase II], 2003-2005 [phase III], 2006-2008 [phase IV], 2009-2011 [phase V], 2012-2014 [phase VI], and 2015-2017 [phase VII]) was calculated according to selected socio-demographic factors, such as parental age, education, occupation, and birth order. Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals for a male birth after adjusting for potential confounders. Results: The SSR gradually decreased from 1.10 (in 1998-2000 and 2002) to 1.05 (in 2013-2016). While a decreasing trend in the SSR was not noted among first births, male-biased sex ratios were prominent among third and higher-order births, for which the highest SSR was 1.46 in 1998. Higher birth order was significantly associated with an excess of male births in phases I-VI (≥third vs. first, OR range, 1.03 to 1.35). Advanced maternal age was significantly associated with an excess of female births in phases II, III, and V (≥40 vs. 20-24 years, OR range, 0.92 to 0.95). Conclusions: This study demonstrated that advanced maternal age and reduction of the artificially-biased SSR among third and higher-order births may partially explain the decreasing trend in the SSR from 1997 to 2017 in Korea.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.433-443
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• 2016

This study is to research the comprehensive recognition of male elderly about the sex life in old age. We collected data through face to face interview after obtaining the consents of 13 male elderly over 65 years old who reside in Kimhae Gyeongnam and Busan. The result of study showed that the sexual recognition of male elderly participants include the core concept of , , < the sex with restriction> and . In other words, the male elderly recognized the sexual life of old age as a natural and instinctive thing, the restrictions still exist including the negative recognition of family and surrounding people and diseases but it is found that the improvement of social recognition about sexual desire, the sex education and aggressive support for the various solutions are required. As the sexual awareness of the elderly is the comprehensive and broad study, the amalgamative and integrated study should be continued in the various fields. Through this, we tried to suggest the basic documents to the effective and differentiated individual sex consultation based on the empirical characteristics and desire of male elderly, and customized sex education and the development of local society program.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.65-78
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• 1996

This study wan described the movement patterns when rising from supine to erect stance in the third through eighth decades. Two hundred fifty six subjects, ranging in age from 30 year to 89 were filmed while rising from a supine position. Movement patterns were classified using categorical descriptions of the action of the upper and lower extremity, head-trunk region. This study was designed to determine whether within the rising task the movement patterns of different regions of the body vary with age level and sex, to describe time by subjects to perform this task. The incidence of each movement pattern was calculated and graphed wi th respect to age level and sex. Erect standing time was increased by age increasing in beth sex group. The most common form of rising for subject in the third through fifth decades both sex usually involved symmeytrical push with upper extremity, symmetrical squat pattern with lower extremity, partial rotation pattern wi th head-trunk and symmetrical push to push and reach pattern with upper extremity, symmetri cal squat pattern with lower extremity. partial rotation with head-trunk. In the sixth through eighth decades usually involved symmetrical push to push and reach pattern with upper extremity, symmetrical squat pattern with lower extremity, partial rotation pattern with head-trunk in both sex group.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.131-143
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• 2003

This treatise deals with the profitable suit image design of middle-aged men by examining visual effects in physical design. The sample of this study is people who lives in Kwangju, the Republic of Korea and 20-50 age's men and women. And it is very variety in each population statistics factors the differences of associate design visual effect which considering the difference of sex and age group, numbers of button, a figure and material pattern. Firstly, look into the associate design visual effect by sex and button number. In men's group, the style with three buttons was the most attractive and that with two buttons was the least attractive. In 50's group, the style with two buttons was the least attractive and those with 1.3 and 4 buttons were a little attractive. Secondly, in the difference of associate design with sex and shape, men's group was considered that standard type was the most attractive shape, women's group was thought that lean and standard types were the most attractive shape. So we can know that the attractive shape is different with sex. In the difference of association design with age and shape, 20's considered that standard type was the most modernistic and fat type was the least modernistic. 30's considered that lean type was the most modernistic and 50's thought that fat type and standard type were the most modernistic. Thirdly, see the sex and material pattern. In familarity, men's group considered that stripe pattern was more familiar than checks and plain patterns. And they considered that striped pattern and plain was more manly than checks. In sex and material pattern, 20's thought that plain was the most attractive, stripe was the next, and checks was not attractive. 40's estimated that plain and stripe were more attractive than checks. 50's judged that stripe was the most attractive material. Thus. the attraction is different with ages and material patterns.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.45-63
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• 1991

This comparative study was designed to ascertain whether any differences existed between skeletal class Ⅱ malocclusion (