• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.219-224
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• 1995

The antimutagenic effects of 46 kinds of medicinal plants that have been used as traditional folk antitumor agents in Korea were studied by using Ames mutagenicity test. Most of the methanolic extracts from the plants which were used in this experiment showed strong antimutagenic activity toward aflatoxin B1(AFB1) in Salmonella typhimrium TA100 and TA98. However, N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine(MNNG) induced mutagenicity was not blocked by adding the methanolic extracts of the plants except persimmon leaves (Diospyros kaki Thunberg)and Elaeagnus umbellata.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.679-682
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• 2002

The alkaloids, piperlongumine, piperine, pipernonaline, and piperoctadecalidine, isolated from Piper longum L., were found to inhibit the biosynthesis of aflatoxin $B_1$ (AF$B_1$) in Aspergillus flavus WRRC 3-90-42-12. Piperlongumine was the most active among the compounds tested, with a 96% inhibition of AF$B_1$biosynthesis at 0.2% (w/v) supplement in a potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium. The three other piperidine alkaloids, pipeline, pipernonaline, and piperoctadecalidine, also inhibited the biosynthesis of AF$B_1$. Of these three alkaloids, piperoctadecalidine exhibited a potent inhibitory activity with a 100% inhibition of AF$B_1$ production at 0.7% (w/v) supplement in a PDA medium. Therefore, piperlongumine and piperoctadecalidine could be used as antiaflatoxigenic agents in agricultural industries. To determine the antiaflatoxigenic mode of action of piperlongumine, further studies are needed.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.51-58
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• 1996

The effects of allylisothiocyanate on the biosynthesis of various fungus metabolites such as sterigmatocystin, lipid, protein, citrate RNA and AMP from the culture of Aspergillus Parasiticus R-716 were investigated. The content of sterigmatocystin, the precursor of aflatoxin, was lower in the culture added with 50ppm allylisothicoyanate after 48 hours, however was rather higher after 144 hours compared to that of the control. The addition of allylisothiocyanate resulted in the increase of lipid, protein, RNA in mycelium and the content of citrate in the media, but the amount of AMP was low.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.30-38
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• 2010

This study was conducted to determine the effects of vitamin C on the activity of liver function enzymes and electromicrographic changes in white rats treated with aflatoxin $B_1(AFB_1)$ or X-ray and $AFB_1$. Six week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups: a control group, $AFB_1$ treated group, $AFB_1$ treated group with vitamin C, X-ray and $AFB_1$ co-treated group, X-ray and $AFB_1$ co-treated group with vitamin C. On the first day of the experiment, only one dose of X-rays was exposed to the entire liver at 1,500 cGy. Next, vitamin C was injected at 10 mg/kg body weight by intraperitoneal injection, followed 1 hr later by the administration of 0.4 mg/kg of $AFB_1$ by intraperitoneal injection. These treatments were then administered every three days over a period of 15 days. On the 16th day of treatments, the animals were sacrificed. Analysis of the activity of the liver function enzymes, GOT, ALK phatase and LDH, in the sera of rats revealed that they were somewhat increased by $AFB_1$ treatment, X-ray and $AFB_1$ co-treatment when compared to the control group. Furthermore, the activity of these enzymes decreased in response to administration of vitamin C. Especially, the levels of GOT were remarkably decreased in the $AFB_1$ treated group treated with vitamin C when compared to the group treated with $AFB_1$ alone(p<0.001). Electromicrographic analysis revealed cloudy swelling, necrosis, vesicular degeneration and fat accumulation of hepatocytes in response to treatment with $AFB_1$ or co-treatment with X-ray and $AFB_1$. However, the destruction of hepatic cells was considerably lower in the vitamin C-treated group. These results indicate that vitamin C had ameliorating effects on the hepatic cell damage.

• KOREAN POULTRY JOURNAL
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• v.8 no.10 s.84
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• pp.93-97
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• 1976

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.25-28
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• 2007

A survey of total aflatoxin levels was conducted on 565 food samples (cereals, nuts, etc) collected in commercial markets. The determination of aflatoxins ($B_{1}$, $B_{2}$, $G_{1}$ and $G_{2}$) was performed using HPLC with fluorescence detector. The Limit of Detections (LODs) of the B group and G group were 0.05 ng/g and 0.07 ng/g, respectively. In addition, recoveries of rice, peanut butter, and red pepper flour were satisfactory. Total aflatoxin was detected 27 samples(4.8%) out of 565 samples. Incidence ratios in cereals, nuts, processed products, and other foods were 0.2, 0.4, 3.0 and 1.2%, respectively, but aflatoxin was not detected in pulse and dried fruits. The daily intake of total aflatoxin using food intakes was 0.04 ng/kg bw/day.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.877-883
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• 2006

A feeding trial was conducted on commercial broilers for a period of 35 days to determine the individual and combined effects of aflatoxin (AF) and T-2 toxin (T-2) on performance, organ weights and immune status. The efficacy of dietary glucomannan-containing yeast product (GYP) ($Mycosorb^{(R)}$) and hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS) in preventing the adverse effects of aflatoxin and T-2 toxin was also evaluated. Twelve dietary treatments ($4{\times}3$ factorial) comprising two dietary levels each of AF (0 and 2 mg/kg), T-2 toxin (0 and 1 mg/kg), GYP (0 and 1 kg/ton) and HSCAS (0 and 10 kg/ton) were tested on 720 commercial broiler chickens divided at random into 36 replicates of 20 chicks each (10 males and 10 females). Weight gain and feed intake were recorded weekly. Organ morphology and antibody titers for Newcastle disease (ND) and infectious bursal disease (IBD) were measured on the $35^{th}$ day. AF and T-2 toxin individually decreased weight gain and increased feed conversion ratio (FCR) (p<0.05). AF alone (p<0.05) increased weights of liver, kidney, gizzard and spleen and reduced thymus and bursal weights. T-2 toxin (p<0.05) increased liver and gizzard weights and decreased thymus weight. Both AF and T-2 toxin when fed individually affected ND and IBD titers in a significant manner. Significant interactions between AF and T-2 toxin were observed for their additive effects on weight gain, FCR, organ weights and antibody titers. Addition of GYP (p<0.05) improved weight gain, feed conversion efficiency and restored the organ weights. Antibody titers against ND and IBD were significantly improved with the supplementation of GYP. Supplementation of HSCAS (p<0.05) resulted in improvement in weight gain and restored organ weights in the groups fed AF alone, but not in T-2 toxin fed groups. HSCAS inclusion did not influence FCR in toxin fed groups. Addition of HSCAS (p<0.05) improved the antibody titers against ND and IBD only in AF fed groups. Thus, the results indicate that addition of GYP is effective in averting the individual and combined toxicity of aflatoxin and T-2 toxin in commercial broilers, while HSCAS is effective only against aflatoxin.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.10
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• pp.5167-5170
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• 2012

Chilean red chili peppers contaminated with aflatoxins were reported in a previous study. If the development of gallbladder cancer (GBC) in Chile is associated with a high level of consumption of aflatoxin-contaminated red chili peppers, such peppers from other countries having a high GBC incidence rate may also be contaminated with aflatoxins. We aimed to determine whether this might be the case for red chili peppers from Bolivia and Peru. A total of 7 samples (3 from Bolivia, 4 from Peru) and 3 controls (2 from China, 1 from Japan) were evaluated. Aflatoxins were extracted with acetonitrile:water (9:1, v/v) and eluted through an immuno-affinity column. The concentrations of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and then the detected aflatoxins were identified using HPLC-mass spectrometry. In some but not all of the samples from Bolivia and Peru, aflatoxin B1 or aflatoxins B1 and B2 were detected. In particular, aflatoxin B1 or total aflatoxin concentrations in a Bolivian samples were above the maximum levels for aflatoxins in spices proposed by the European Commission. Red chili peppers from Bolivia and Peru consumed by populations having high GBC incidence rates would appear to be contaminated with aflatoxins. These data suggest the possibility that a high level of consumption of aflatoxin-contaminated red chili peppers is related to the development of GBC, and the association between the two should be confirmed by a case-control study.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.81-87
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• 2016

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is produced by Aspergillus flavus growing in feedstuffs. Early detection of maize contamination by aflatoxigenic fungi is advantageous since aflatoxins exert adverse health effects. In this study, we report the development of an optimized conventional PCR for AFB1 detection and a rapid, sensitive and simple screening Real-time PCR (qPCR) with SYBR Green and two pairs of primers targeting the aflR genes which involved aflatoxin biosynthesis. AFB1 contaminated maize samples were divided into three groups by the toxin concentration. Genomic DNA was extracted from those samples. The target genes for A. flavus were tested by conventional PCR and the PCR products were analyzed by electrophoresis. A conventional PCR was carried out as nested PCR to verify the gene amplicon sizes. PCR-RFLP patterns, obtained with Hinc II and Pvu II enzyme analysis showed the differences to distinguish aflatoxin-producing fungi. However, they are not quantitative and need a separation of the products on gel and their visualization under UV light. On the other hand, qPCR facilitates the monitoring of the reaction as it progresses. It does not require post-PCR handling, which reduces the risk of cross-contamination and handling errors. It results in a much faster throughout. We found that the optimal primer annealing temperature was $65^{\circ}C$. The optimized template and primer concentration were $1.5{\mu}L\;(50ng/{\mu}L)$ and $3{\mu}L\;(10{\mu}M/{\mu}L)$ respectively. SYBR Green qPCR of four genes demonstrated amplification curves and melting peaks for tub1, afIM, afIR, and afID genes are at $88.0^{\circ}C$, $87.5^{\circ}C$, $83.5^{\circ}C$, and $89.5^{\circ}C$ respectively. Consequently, it was found that the four primers had elevated annealing temperatures, nevertheless it is desirable since it enhances the DNA binding specificity of the dye. New qPCR protocol could be employed for the determination of aflatoxin content in feedstuff samples.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.1184-1187
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• 1996

A simple and rapid detection system for $aflatoxin\;M_1\;(AFM_1)$ in cow's milk by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed. Specific antibodies against $AFM_1$, conjugated to bovine serum albumin $(AFM_1-BSA)$ were raised in rabbits and purified. The cross-reactivities of the antibodies against aflatoxin analogs were less than 29.9%. When a competitive direct ELISA (cdELISA) for $AFM_1$, established by use of the antibodies was applied to the spike test of $AFM_1$ onto uncontaminated cow's milk, the assay recovery was unstable unless cow's milk was diluted to 40% (2:3) with phosphate buffered saline (PBS). In that condition of sample dilution, the mean ELISA recovery of $AFM_1$, from the cow's milk was 113% (coefficient of variation (CV) of each recovery percentage, 8.2%) in the range of $0.3{\sim}3.0\;ppb$. These results showed that the ELISA system could be a convenient tool to monitor the contamination of AFM1 more than 0.5 ppb in cow's milk (FDA allowance limit) easily.