• Title/Summary/Keyword: Aflatoxin

검색결과 483건 처리시간 0.025초

민간 생약재의 아플라톡신 $B_1$에 대한 항돌연변이 효과 (Antimutagenic Effects of Traditional Herbal Drugs on the Aflatoxin $B_1$)

  • 박건영;문숙희;정해영;양한석
    • 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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    • 제10권4호
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    • pp.219-224
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    • 1995
  • The antimutagenic effects of 46 kinds of medicinal plants that have been used as traditional folk antitumor agents in Korea were studied by using Ames mutagenicity test. Most of the methanolic extracts from the plants which were used in this experiment showed strong antimutagenic activity toward aflatoxin B1(AFB1) in Salmonella typhimrium TA100 and TA98. However, N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine(MNNG) induced mutagenicity was not blocked by adding the methanolic extracts of the plants except persimmon leaves (Diospyros kaki Thunberg)and Elaeagnus umbellata.

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Inhibition of Aflatoxin $B_1$ Biosynthesis by Piperlongumine Isolated from Piper longum L.

  • Lee, Sung-Eun;Mahoney, Noreen-E.;Campbell Bruce-C.
    • Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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    • 제12권4호
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    • pp.679-682
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    • 2002
  • The alkaloids, piperlongumine, piperine, pipernonaline, and piperoctadecalidine, isolated from Piper longum L., were found to inhibit the biosynthesis of aflatoxin $B_1$ (AF$B_1$) in Aspergillus flavus WRRC 3-90-42-12. Piperlongumine was the most active among the compounds tested, with a 96% inhibition of AF$B_1$biosynthesis at 0.2% (w/v) supplement in a potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium. The three other piperidine alkaloids, pipeline, pipernonaline, and piperoctadecalidine, also inhibited the biosynthesis of AF$B_1$. Of these three alkaloids, piperoctadecalidine exhibited a potent inhibitory activity with a 100% inhibition of AF$B_1$ production at 0.7% (w/v) supplement in a PDA medium. Therefore, piperlongumine and piperoctadecalidine could be used as antiaflatoxigenic agents in agricultural industries. To determine the antiaflatoxigenic mode of action of piperlongumine, further studies are needed.

Allylisothiocyanate 첨가가 Aflatoxin 생성 곰팡이 대사산물의 생합성에 미치는 영향 (The Effects of Allylibothiocyanate on the Biosynthesis of Metabolites of Aflatoxigenic Mold)

  • 강성조;여명재;이은일;송재영;정덕화
    • 동아시아식생활학회지
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    • 제6권1호
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    • pp.51-58
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    • 1996
  • 무우에 함유된 allylisothiocyanate의 첨가가 Aspergillus parasiticus R-716의 배양시 sterigmatocystin, 지질, 단백질, RNA, citrate 및 AMP 등의 각종 대사산물의 생합성에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 그 결과 aflatoxin의 전구체인 sterigmatocystin의 함량은 배양 48시간 후에는 50ppm allyli-sothiocyanate 첨가구가 대조구보다 낮게 나타난 반면, 144시간째부터는 첨가구가 대조구보다 오히려 높게 나타났다. Allylisothiocyanate의 첨가로 Aspergillus parasiticus R-716의 배양액에서 citrate는 높은 함량을 나타내었으며, 또한 균체내 지질, 단백질, RNA의 함량은 높게 나타났으나 AMP 함량은 낮았다.

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Vitamin C가 방사선과 Aflatoxin $B_1$을 투여한 흰쥐의 간 기능 효소 활성 및 간 손상에 미치는 효과 (The Effects of Vitamin C on the Activity of Liver Enzymes and Hepatic Damage in Rats Treated with Radiation and Aflatoxin $B_1$)

  • 강진순
    • 한국식품영양학회지
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    • 제23권1호
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    • pp.30-38
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    • 2010
  • Aflatoxin은 Aspergillus 속 곰팡이로부터 생성되며, 사람에게 있어서 간독성 및 간암을 유발하는 잠재력을 가진 곰팡이 독소이며, 지질과산화 반응은 aflatoxin $B_1$에 의한 세포 산화적 손상 시 발생하는 주요 현상 중의 하나이다. 방사선은 수술, 항암약물요법과 더불어 임상 시 중요한 치료 방법이나, 정상세포에 방사선을 조사하였을 때 반응성이 높은 활성산소와 과산화라디칼($OH^*$)을 생성하여 세포막의 불포화 지방산을 지질 과산화물로 변성시켜 세포 산화적 손상을 일으킨다. 본 연구는 곡류를 주식으로 하는 우리나라 사람들의 경우, aflatoxin $B_1$에 노출되기 쉽고 이들 중 일부는 위, 간, 담도 암과 같은 상복부 암으로 진단되어 간을 포함하는 부위에 대해 방사선 치료를 받을 수 있는 경우를 생각하여 흰쥐에게 aflatoxin $B_1$을 투여하거나 방사선과 aflatoxin $B_1$을 병합 처리하여 vitamin C가 간독성 유발요인과 연관된 간 기능 효소들의 변화와 전자현미경 실험에 의한 형태학적 관찰을 알아보고자 시행되었다. X-ray 조사는 실험기간 내 단 1회로 실험사육기간 첫 일에 조사하였고, X-ray 조사 후 vitamin C를 투여하였으며 vitamin C 투여 1시간 후 $AFB_1$을 투여하였다. Vitamin C와 AFB은 모두 복강투여로 실험 사육 첫 일부터 1회 시작하여 3일에 한번씩, 5회 반복 투여 하였으며 실험동물 사육기간은 총 15일로 하였다. GOT, ALK phatase, LDH는 유의적인 차이는 없으나 $AFB_1$을 투여한 2군에 비해 2군에 vitamin C를 투여한 3군이, 방사선과 $AFB_1$ 병합 처리한 4군에 비해 4군에 vitamin C를 투여한 5군이 각각 감소하는 경향이었다. 간 기능 효소 중 GPT는 대조군에 비해 $AFB_1$을 투여한 2군은 유의적인 차이가 없었으나 증가하였으며, 특히 2군에 비해 2군에 vitamin C를 투여한 3군은 수치가 p<0.001 수준에서 현저히 감소하였다. TEM을 이용한 간세포의 형태에서는 $AFB_1$ 단독 처리군의 세포(G2)는 세포의 핵과 핵막이 팽창되어 있으며, 소포체가 긴 막대 모양에서 원형으로 변형되어 나타나고, 미토콘드리아는 크리스테(cristae)가 분열되어 속이 빈 형태를 보여주고 있으나 여기에 vitamin C를 투여한 3군의 세포(G3)에서는 핵은 아직 약간 팽창된 모양을 하고 있으나 핵막의 모양이 거의 정상으로 되었으며, 소포체와 미토콘드리아도 거의 정상 모양을 회복하고 있다. X선 조사와 $AFB_1$ 병합 처리군인 4군의 세포(G4)는 조직의 상당한 파괴가 관찰되었으며, 여기에 vitamin C를 투여한 5군의 세포(G5)는 정상적이지는 않으나 파괴 정도가 덜 한 것을 볼 수 있었다. 이로써 $AFB_1$ 단독 투여군인 2군, 방사선과 $AFB_1$ 병합 처리한 4군에 각각 vitamin C를 혼합 투여한 3군과 5군에서 핵과 핵막 등이 정상에 가깝게 회복된 현상은 vitamin C의 항산화력에 의해 세포막 표면에 형성된 틈이나 팽창 상태가 가역적이고 반복적인 결합이 유도되어 핵과 핵막이 많이 회복된 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

식품중 총 아플라톡신의 노출량 평가 (Exposure Assessment of Total Aflatoxin in Foods)

  • 서정혁;소유섭;박성수;최우정;이종옥;김희연;우건조;오금순
    • 한국식품과학회지
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    • 제39권1호
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    • pp.25-28
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    • 2007
  • HPLC/FLD를 이용하여 곡류, 견과류 등 총 565건을 대상으로 총 아플라톡신 함량을 조사하여 노출량을 평가하였다. B와 G 그룹의 검출한계는 각각 0.05, 0.07 ng/g이였고, 쌀, 땅콩버터 및 고춧가루에 대한 아플라톡신($B_{1}$, $B_{2}$, $G_{1}$$G_{2}$)의 회수율은 양호한 수준이었다. 총 아플라톡신은 전체 시료 565건 중 27건(4.77%)이 검출되었으며, 검출빈도는 곡류 0.17%, 견과류 0.35%, 가공식품 3.01%, 기타식품 1.24%을 보여주었고, 두류 및 건조과일류는 검출되지 않았다. 식이섭취량을 고려한 총 아플라톡신의 1일 1인당 평균섭취량은 0.04 ng/kg bw/day이였다.

Efficacy of Glucomannan-containing Yeast Product (Mycosorb®) and Hydrated Sodium Calcium Aluminosilicate in Preventing the Individual and Combined Toxicity of Aflatoxin and T-2 Toxin in Commercial Broilers

  • Girish, C.K.;Devegowda, G.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제19권6호
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    • pp.877-883
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    • 2006
  • A feeding trial was conducted on commercial broilers for a period of 35 days to determine the individual and combined effects of aflatoxin (AF) and T-2 toxin (T-2) on performance, organ weights and immune status. The efficacy of dietary glucomannan-containing yeast product (GYP) ($Mycosorb^{(R)}$) and hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS) in preventing the adverse effects of aflatoxin and T-2 toxin was also evaluated. Twelve dietary treatments ($4{\times}3$ factorial) comprising two dietary levels each of AF (0 and 2 mg/kg), T-2 toxin (0 and 1 mg/kg), GYP (0 and 1 kg/ton) and HSCAS (0 and 10 kg/ton) were tested on 720 commercial broiler chickens divided at random into 36 replicates of 20 chicks each (10 males and 10 females). Weight gain and feed intake were recorded weekly. Organ morphology and antibody titers for Newcastle disease (ND) and infectious bursal disease (IBD) were measured on the $35^{th}$ day. AF and T-2 toxin individually decreased weight gain and increased feed conversion ratio (FCR) (p<0.05). AF alone (p<0.05) increased weights of liver, kidney, gizzard and spleen and reduced thymus and bursal weights. T-2 toxin (p<0.05) increased liver and gizzard weights and decreased thymus weight. Both AF and T-2 toxin when fed individually affected ND and IBD titers in a significant manner. Significant interactions between AF and T-2 toxin were observed for their additive effects on weight gain, FCR, organ weights and antibody titers. Addition of GYP (p<0.05) improved weight gain, feed conversion efficiency and restored the organ weights. Antibody titers against ND and IBD were significantly improved with the supplementation of GYP. Supplementation of HSCAS (p<0.05) resulted in improvement in weight gain and restored organ weights in the groups fed AF alone, but not in T-2 toxin fed groups. HSCAS inclusion did not influence FCR in toxin fed groups. Addition of HSCAS (p<0.05) improved the antibody titers against ND and IBD only in AF fed groups. Thus, the results indicate that addition of GYP is effective in averting the individual and combined toxicity of aflatoxin and T-2 toxin in commercial broilers, while HSCAS is effective only against aflatoxin.

Aflatoxin Contamination of Red Chili Pepper From Bolivia and Peru, Countries with High Gallbladder Cancer Incidence Rates

  • Asai, Takao;Tsuchiya, Yasuo;Okano, Kiyoshi;Piscoya, Alejandro;Nishi, Carlos Yoshito;Ikoma, Toshikazu;Oyama, Tomizo;Ikegami, Kikuo;Yamamoto, Masaharu
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • 제13권10호
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    • pp.5167-5170
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    • 2012
  • Chilean red chili peppers contaminated with aflatoxins were reported in a previous study. If the development of gallbladder cancer (GBC) in Chile is associated with a high level of consumption of aflatoxin-contaminated red chili peppers, such peppers from other countries having a high GBC incidence rate may also be contaminated with aflatoxins. We aimed to determine whether this might be the case for red chili peppers from Bolivia and Peru. A total of 7 samples (3 from Bolivia, 4 from Peru) and 3 controls (2 from China, 1 from Japan) were evaluated. Aflatoxins were extracted with acetonitrile:water (9:1, v/v) and eluted through an immuno-affinity column. The concentrations of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and then the detected aflatoxins were identified using HPLC-mass spectrometry. In some but not all of the samples from Bolivia and Peru, aflatoxin B1 or aflatoxins B1 and B2 were detected. In particular, aflatoxin B1 or total aflatoxin concentrations in a Bolivian samples were above the maximum levels for aflatoxins in spices proposed by the European Commission. Red chili peppers from Bolivia and Peru consumed by populations having high GBC incidence rates would appear to be contaminated with aflatoxins. These data suggest the possibility that a high level of consumption of aflatoxin-contaminated red chili peppers is related to the development of GBC, and the association between the two should be confirmed by a case-control study.

A Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Aflatoxin-producing Fungus Using an Optimized Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

  • Bintvihok, Anong;Treebonmuang, Supitchaya;Srisakwattana, Kitiya;Nuanchun, Wisut;Patthanachai, Koranis;Usawang, Sungworn
    • Toxicological Research
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    • 제32권1호
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    • pp.81-87
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    • 2016
  • Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is produced by Aspergillus flavus growing in feedstuffs. Early detection of maize contamination by aflatoxigenic fungi is advantageous since aflatoxins exert adverse health effects. In this study, we report the development of an optimized conventional PCR for AFB1 detection and a rapid, sensitive and simple screening Real-time PCR (qPCR) with SYBR Green and two pairs of primers targeting the aflR genes which involved aflatoxin biosynthesis. AFB1 contaminated maize samples were divided into three groups by the toxin concentration. Genomic DNA was extracted from those samples. The target genes for A. flavus were tested by conventional PCR and the PCR products were analyzed by electrophoresis. A conventional PCR was carried out as nested PCR to verify the gene amplicon sizes. PCR-RFLP patterns, obtained with Hinc II and Pvu II enzyme analysis showed the differences to distinguish aflatoxin-producing fungi. However, they are not quantitative and need a separation of the products on gel and their visualization under UV light. On the other hand, qPCR facilitates the monitoring of the reaction as it progresses. It does not require post-PCR handling, which reduces the risk of cross-contamination and handling errors. It results in a much faster throughout. We found that the optimal primer annealing temperature was $65^{\circ}C$. The optimized template and primer concentration were $1.5{\mu}L\;(50ng/{\mu}L)$ and $3{\mu}L\;(10{\mu}M/{\mu}L)$ respectively. SYBR Green qPCR of four genes demonstrated amplification curves and melting peaks for tub1, afIM, afIR, and afID genes are at $88.0^{\circ}C$, $87.5^{\circ}C$, $83.5^{\circ}C$, and $89.5^{\circ}C$ respectively. Consequently, it was found that the four primers had elevated annealing temperatures, nevertheless it is desirable since it enhances the DNA binding specificity of the dye. New qPCR protocol could be employed for the determination of aflatoxin content in feedstuff samples.

희석에 의한 우유 중 $Aflatoxin\;M_1$의 효소면역측정법 (An Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for $Aflatoxin\;M_1$ in Cow's Milk without a Cleanup Procedure)

  • 손동화;임선희;이인원
    • 한국식품과학회지
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    • 제28권6호
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    • pp.1184-1187
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    • 1996
  • 우유 중에 존재할 수 있는 발암성 진균독소의 하나인 $aflatoxin{\;}M_1{\;}(AFM_1)$을 신속, 간편하게 분석할 수 있는 효소면역측정법(ELISA)을 개발하고자 하였다. 소혈청알부민에 공유결합한 $AFM_1\;(AFM_1-BSA)$을 토끼에 면역하여 항체를 생산하고 정제하였다. 이 항체의 유사독소와의 교차반응율은 29.9%이하의 비교적 낮은 교차율을 나타냈다. $AFM_1$의 검출을 위하여 확립한 직접경합ELISA (cdELISA)로 우유에 인위적으로 오염시킨 $AFM_1$을 정제과정없이 ELISA로 분석하는 경우, 우유를 PBS로 40%되게(2:3) 희석하였을 때 양호한 회수율을 보였다. 이 조건하에서 행한 ELISA의 $AFM_1$분석 회수율은 0.3-3.0 ng/ml의 오염농도 범위에서 농도별 회수율로 평균 113%, 그 분산은 8.2%였다. 본 연구에서 개발한 ELISA system은 우유 중의 0.5 ppb이상의 $AFM_1$을 정제과정없이 손쉽게 분석하는데 유용할 것으로 판단된다.

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