• 유기물자원화
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.63-70
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• 2013

현장 실규모의 다단공정으로 ATAD, EGSB 및 SBR을 조합한 HMUS 공정을 이용하여 돼지 축분 처리가능성을 시험하였다. 실험결과 고농도 유기물, 질소와 인의 제거에 효과적이었다. 각 오염항목의 시스템 공정별 처리효율이 ATAD 공정에서는 CODcr이 43.3%로 제일 높게 나타났다. 다음 단계인 응집침전 공정에서는 TS의 제거효율이 96.5%로 가장 높게 나타났다. 운전조건 중 OLR은 3-6Kg $COD/m^3{\cdot}day$ 및 선속도는 1.5-4 m/h의 범위일 때 평균 CODcr 제거 효율은 HRT 3일에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 유입수의 성상이 영향을 미치는 고온호기성 산화반응은 TS가 50,000 mg/L 이상 되어야 고온발열효과를 얻어 병원균을 사멸할 수 있는 온도를 얻었다. EGSB 공정을 거치는 동안 유기물제거량 당 발생된 가스발생량은 $2.3{\sim}8.5m^3/kgTS{\cdot}d$ (평균 $5.2m^3/kgTS{\cdot}d$)로 나타났다. 후처리단계인 간헐포기공정에서 전체운전기간 중 평균제거효율은 CODcr 71.7%, TS 64.1%, TN 45.9%, 및 TP 50.4% 로 나타났다.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.55-64
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• 1995

본 연구는 최근 개발된 광합성세균(Rhodopseudomonas capsulata)을 이용한 연속적 폭기식 생물 반응조(이하 CABR)를 이용한 무희석 양돈 분뇨의 처리 결과를 보고하고 있다. CABR를 이용하여 24시간 동안 양돈 분뇨를 폭기 처리한 결과 유입량의 40%가 증발되었고, 유입분뇨의 전체 BOD, COD중 87%, 32%가 각각 제거되었으며, 전질소(T-N), 전인(T-P)은 각각 110%, 112%로 증가되었다. CABR 배출액의 질소 형태를 분석한 결과 암모니아성 질소($NH_4-N$) 농도는 저하된 반면, 유기태 질소(Org-N)농도는 증가하였다. 양돈분뇨의 주요 BOD원이며 악취의 주요물질인 저급지방산은 CABR의 처리결과 거의 제거 되었다. 한편 CABR 배출액의 유기액비로서의 이용성을 검토하였다. CABR 배출액은 식물성장에 필요한 질소, 인산, 칼리의 함량이 비교적 균형있게 포함되어 있으며, 특히 질소의 86%는 유기태질소(Org0N)로 되어 있어 완효성 비료로서의 이용 가능성이 시사되었다. 또한 중금속의 함량도 낮아 위해성의 문제는 없는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 이탈리안 라이그라스(목초)의 토경재배 실험결과 일반화학비료에 비해 생육량이 증가되었으며, 특히 질산태질소($NO_3-N$)의 작물내 함유량이 매우 낮았다. 이러한 결과는 CABR 배출액이 농작물 생산에 매우 적합한 유기액비로서 이용할 수 있음을 시사하고 있다.

• 한국환경교육학회지:환경교육
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.130-143
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• 1998

This study was conducted as a preliminary step to establish a model for the practical application of environmental education related to food wastes collected from elementary school foodservices. Methods of treatment and present recycling status of food wastes in elementary schools in Kyonggido were surveyed. The consciousness of dieticians who have been serving for elementary school foodservices was also analyzed through the survey questions concerning environmental education for the reduction and recycling of food wastes. The results derived from this survey were as follows: The major portion of food wastes from elementary school foodservices was constituted with vegetables and soup, and an average amount of food wastes per day was highest in June and July. Therefore environmental education related to reduction of wastes was needed in the first semester of school terms, and the possible reduction of food wastes achieved through the proper planning of school foodservice menu was also needed. In most cases food wastes were collected and treated by animal growing farmers or composted by machines in school. In operating composting machines microorganism inoculant was mostly used but dieticians pointed out the problem of a nasty odor, insects, and high energy consumption. This situation means it has not been operated efficiently and suggests an efficiency problem of machine composting in elementary schools because composting itself is based on the aerobic digestion and high temperature fermentation which kills insects and harmful microorganisms. Elementary school dieticians in Kyonggido were aware that food wastes cause main pollution problem, and that food wastes are valuable resources which can be recycled, and recycling of food wastes is inevitable. But more than half of the schools surveyed have not been reused food wastes in school, so a proper model for recycling and reuse of food wastes in school grounds was thought to be needed. Environmental education programs related to food wastes have not been peformed in more than half of the schools surveyed. It was concluded that the following three plans will be helpful to reduce school food wastes. First, environmental education should be enforced, second, teachers' and dieticians' intensive teaching concerning food wastes should be needed, and finally establishment of a model for recycling and reuse of food wastes in school grounds and its application to environmental education would offer a valuable field experience to school students.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.1038-1048
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• 2021

Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the effect of storage time and formic acid (FA) on fermentation characteristics, epiphytic microflora, carbohydrate components and in vitro digestibility of rice straw silage. Methods: Fresh rice straw was ensiled with four levels of FA (0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.6% of fresh weight) for 3, 6, 9, 15, 30, and 60 d. At each time point, the silos were opened and sampled for chemical and microbial analyses. Meanwhile, the fresh and 60-d ensiled rice straw were further subjected to in vitro analyses. Results: The results showed that 0.2% and 0.6% FA both produced well-preserved silages with low pH value and undetected butyric acid, whereas it was converse for 0.4% FA. The populations of enterobacteria, yeasts, moulds and aerobic bacteria were suppressed by 0.2% and 0.6% FA, resulting in lower dry matter loss, ammonia nitrogen and ethanol content (p<0.05). The increase of FA linearly (p<0.001) decreased neutral detergent fibre and hemicellulose, linearly (p<0.001) increased residual water soluble carbohydrate, glucose, fructose and xylose. The in vitro gas production of rice straw was decreased by ensilage but the initial gas production rate was increased, and further improved by FA application (p<0.05). No obvious difference of FA application on in vitro digestibility of dry matter, neutral detergent fibre, and acid detergent fibre was observed (p>0.05). Conclusion: The 0.2% FA application level promoted lactic acid fermentation while 0.6% FA restricted all microbial fermentation of rice straw silages. Rice straw ensiled with 0.2% FA or 0.6% FA improved its nutrient preservation without affecting digestion, with the 0.6% FA level best.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.453-466
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• 2006

효율적인 악취방지책을 수립하고 시행하는 것은 지속가능한 축산 뿐만 아니라 증가되는 악취 민원과 더욱 엄격해지는 법규에 대응하기 위해 필수적이다. 본 연구는 돈분뇨의 처리방법에 따른 액상분뇨 유래 악취 및 처리방법이 다른 액상분뇨를 토양에 살포시 발생하는 악취 및 악취물질을 평가하기 위하여 수행되었다. 시험에 사용된 액상분뇨는 신선 분뇨, 혐기성 소화 액상분뇨 및 고온 호기성 소화 액상분뇨를 이용하였고, 토양 특성이 다른 논/밭 토양을대상으로 총 6처리 5반복 설계 배치하였다. 시료 포집은 관능법과 기기분석법에 사용될 시료를 각각 주사기와 테들러 백을 이용하여 액상분뇨와 액상분뇨를 살포한 토양의 상부공간에서 채취하였다. 악취 분석은 관능법을 이용하여 악취강도 및 불쾌도를 평가하였고, 기기분석법으로는 질소화합물 악취물질인 암모니아를 흡광광도법, 황화합물 악취물질인 황화수소, 메틸머캅탄, 다이메틸설파이드 및 다이메틸다이설파이드를 GC-PFPD를 이용하여 분석하였다. 처리과정이 다른 액상분뇨의 악취 및 악취물질 발생 평가에서 고온 호기성 소화 액상분뇨가 신선 분뇨 및 혐기성 소화 액상분뇨에 비해 악취강도, 불쾌도 및 악취농도 저감 효과가 매우 두드러지게 나타났으며 통계적으로도 유의적인 차이가 인정되었다. 혐기성 소화 액상분뇨와 고온 호기성 소화 액상분뇨에서 발생되는 황화수소, 메틸머캅탄, 다이메틸설파이드, 다이메틸다이설파이드 및 암모니아의 평균농도는 각각 65.93 : 5.15 ppb, 18.55 : 0.97ppb, 5.26 : 0.80ppb, 0.33 : 0.56ppb 및 10.57 : 1.34ppm으로 분석되었다. 액상분뇨를 밭과 논 토양에 살포시 혐기성 소화 액상분뇨와 고온 호기성 소화 액상분뇨가 각각 51～94% 및 22～91%의 암모니아 저감 효율을 나타내었다. 본 시험의 결과를 종합할 때 고온 호기성 소화 액상분뇨가 악취 저감이라는 측면에서 다른 처리방법에 비해 우수한 것으로 나타났으며, 액상분뇨의 토양환원에서 발생되는 악취문제는 액상분뇨의 처리방법에 따른 악취발생 정도와 직접적인 연관이 있다고 사료된다.

• 동서간호학연구지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.90-101
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• 2000

The study attempts to examine the degree of cognition and demand on health promotion center of oriental nursing. It puts unique nursing intervention using traditional health promotion connected with oriental medicine to practical use for residents' health promotion and prevention of disease. With the study design of cross-sectional descriptive study, 516 residents who live in 26 Dongs, Dongdaemoon-gu were selected. The tool of study consists of 30 questions which the study team made for the degree of cognition and demand on health promotion center of oriental nursing. Cronbach's $\alpha$ in the degree of cognition was .8028. Collection of research data had been done from October 1 to October 30, 1999 with help of Dongdaemoon-gu office after pretest from 20 residents. Collected data were analyzed into the number and percentage in the characteristic of a subject and connected with demand on the establishment of center, the mean and the standard deviation in the degree of cognition and F-tests in the difference of the degree of cognition by characteristics. The results were as follow; 1) The characteristic of subject of this study was male 50.6%, and average age was 38.5 years old and 30-39 years old occupied the highest percentage with 31.6%. The married were 71.8%, over high school graduates was 85.6%, monthly income from 500 thousand won to 2 million won was 86.1%. 50.8% was the type living with parents, children and sibling. 2) When they were sick, the institution which residents used at first was a pharmacy(69.2%) and hospital(27.5%), but oriental medicine hospital was just 1.4%. As for subjective health condition, 82.5% answered over average, and 28.7% answered that they had chronic illness such as arthritis, chronic digestion problem, hypertension and so on. As for information collection on health, mass communication(34.9%) and medically concerned people(28.1%) occupied relatively high rate. Free health diagnosis system(36.8%) and establishment of health promotion center(31.5%) among welfare programs that residents want to enjoy were high ranked. The rate using a special institution for health was 17.8%, and among these institutions, the rate using aerobic exercises, health center(7.0%) and steamed room(5.4%) was high. Besides, other institutions such as breathing at the abdomen, finger-pressure therapy, meridian massage, foot massage, and so on were being used. 3) As the average of the degree of cognition on health promotion center of oriental medicine was 2.92, the degree of cognition was medium. The description, "health promotion center of oriental medicine is necessary for health keeping of healthy people, including people who have a problem in health" showed the highest degree of cognition(3.04, ${\pm}0.64$). 4) As for the intention on using health promotion center of oriental nursing, 61.4% said "yes", "no" was just 1.4%. The services that people relatively high wanted to be served from the center were measures reducing stress(68.0%) (relaxation therapy, meditation, breathing at the abdomen and so on), acupuncture(66.5%), finger-pressure(61.6%), moxibustion(57.6%), meridian massage(44.2%), postpartum care(40.3%) and so on. 5) As for the degree of cognition on the establishment of health promotion center of oriental nursing by characteristics of subject, there was significant difference(F=4.03, p=.046) between male(3.01) and female(2.91). But there was no significant difference by age, marital status, level of educational achievement and monthly income. As the above result, cognition on the establishment of health promotion center of oriental nursing was relatively low because people were not familiar with about the health promotion center of oriental nursing yet. However once the center will be established, the degree of demand on the center will be relatively high. So positive advertisement will be necessary, and the management of useful programs will be also required in order to make people recognize the advantage when they actually will use the center. On the other hand, as the subject of the study consists of many young people of below 30, the health problem came to be low. And in the case of sampling, the study using random sampling that can represent population will be required.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.908-915
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• 1998

재래식 메주의 제조 공정을 재현하기 위하여 국산 대두를 사용하여 춘천 지역의 메주 제조 농가에서 메주를 발효시키면서 특성을 조사하였다. 재래식 메주 발효 중에 이화학적, 효소학적 및 미생물의 변화 분석은 산업적으로 메주의 대량 생산을 위한 기초적인 자료가 될 것이다. 발효 중 환경분석을 한 결과 이 지역의 메주 발효는 $10{\sim}15^{\circ}C,{\;}60{\sim}70%$ RH의 조건에서 이루어지고 있었다. 메주의 수분은 초기 59%에서 내부는 19%, 외부는 11%로 감소하여 무게가 73% 감소되었다. pH는 발효 33일에 8.5로 증가하였고 이후 감소하여 발효 70일에는 7.9로 되었다. 수용성 단백질은 초기에 1.47%이던 것이 발효 33일에는 $6.31{\sim}7.34%$로 증가하였고 아미노태 질소는 발효 70일에 내부 770 mg%, 외부 460 mg% 정도로 도달되었으며 메주의 색도는 발효 중 점차로 어두워지며 적색도와 황색도가 감소되는 편이었다. 발효가 진행됨에 따라 전분관련효소의 작용은 미미하고 산성 단백 분해 호소력이 강하였고 lipase 활성이 있어 메주 발효에 중요한 역할을 함을 알았다. 발효중 미생물의 변화를 보면 메주의 내외 부분에 큰 차이 없이 $10^8{\;}CFU/g$정도가 있으며 내염성 세균의 증식 경향도 유사하여 초기에 $1.51{\times}10^7{\;}CFU/g$인 것이 12일 이후로 $10^8{\;}CFU/g$정도로 유지되었다. 혐기성 균은 초기에 $10^4{\;}CFU/g$ 수준이던 것이 47일 후에 증가하는 추세로 $10^5{\;}CFU/g$ 수준이었다. 효모 및 곰팡이 수는 $10^4{\sim}10^5{\;}CFU/g$정도이었다.