• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.212-221
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• 2020

This work discusses the palm oil mill processing carried out at Jugra Palm Oil Mill Sdn Bhd, situated at Selangor, Malaysia with the capacity of 45-t fresh fruit bunch (FFB)/h. Typically, oil palm residues and palm oil mill effluent (POME) from FFB are generated while processing. Prior to discharge, POME should be treated to remove pollutants in the effluent. As such, the performances of anaerobic and aerobic ponds were assessed in this study to determine temperature, pH, biological oxygen demand (BOD), sludge volume index (SVI), and dissolved oxygen (DO). From the experiments, mesophilic temperature due to better process stability was applied in anaerobic ponds. The pH results displayed a fluctuating trend between lower control limit and upper control limit, and, the pH value increased from one pond to another. The final discharge BOD and SVI appeared to be lower than 100 mg/L and 10 mL/L indicating low degree of pollution and good settling ability for biomass/solid. DO was close to normal, mostly below 2 mg/L. The experimental outcomes revealed the effective treatability of POME in adherence to the standard regulation, which is the priority for environmental sustainability within this industry domain.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.132-140
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• 2019

Fermented total mixed ration (TMR) is a novel feed for ruminants in South Korea. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on the quality of TMR and in vitro ruminal fermentation. Strains of three LAB spp. (Lactobacillus plantarum, L. brevis, L. mucosae) were used in fermentation of TMR. Inoculations with the three LAB spp. lowered pH and increased concentrations of lactic acid, acetic acid, and total organic acid compared to non-LAB inoculated control (only addition of an equivalent amount of water) (p<0.05). Bacterial composition indicated that aerobic bacteria and LAB were higher. However, E. coli were lower in the fermented TMR than those in the control treatment (p<0.05). Among the treatments, L. brevis treatment had the highest concentration of total organic acid without fungus detection. Gas production, pH, and ammonia-nitrogen during ruminal in vitro incubation did not differ throughout incubation. However, ruminal total VFA concentration was higher (p<0.05) in the LAB spp. treatments than the control treatment at 48 hours. Overall, the use of L. brevis as an inoculant for fermentation of high moisture. TMR could inhibit fungi growth and promote lactic fermentation, and enhance digestion in the rumen.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.57-65
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• 2008

일반적 중 저농도형 하수처리시설을 통해서는 처리가 힘든 고농도 유기성 폐수의 경우 재생에너지 생산이 가능한 혐기성 분해로 처리하는 것이 유리하다. 기존 호기성 처리에서 이미 그 실용성과 우수성이 입증된 E-PFR을 혐기성 처리에 적용하여 그 효용성과 재생에너지 생산 효율 증대 효과 등을 검증하고, 효율적인 재생에너지 생산을 위한 조건 등을 제시하기 위한 연구를 수행하였다. N 음식물쓰레기 처리시설에서 발생하는 탈리액을 대상으로 수행한 Pilot Plant 규모의 실험 연구에서 반응기의 구조적 특성으로 인해 혐기성 분해의 효율 향상 및 메탄가스 발생량이 증가함을 확인하였다. 이러한 처리 효율의 향상은 유체 이동관과 각단을 분리하는 격벽을 설치한 E-PFR의 구조적 특성에 기인한 원활한 혼합조건 형성과 스컴제어로 혐기성 처리에 있어서도 매우 이상적인 반응 조건을 형성시키기가 용이하였기 때문이다. E-PFR은 상향류식 폐수 유입과 각 단별로 분리된 다단형 처리로 인해 폐수 유입 구역에는 상대적으로 높은 MLSS가 유지될 수 있으므로 충격부하에 대한 내성이 강하고, 전체적으로 혐기성 최적 pH인 7.0~8.0 정도를 유지하여 상대적으로 높은 가스 발생량 및 메탄가스 함량을 유지하는 것이 가능하였다. 뿐만 아니라, 각 단별로 각기 다른 MLSS를 유지시키면서 SRT를 상대적으로 길게 유지함으로써 유기물 분해 및 가스 발생 효율을 증가시키는 효과가 있었다. 향후, 반응기의 구조적 개선과 발생가스를 이용한 교반 효과 개선 등을 통해 메탄가스 함량 70 % 수준의 안정적 혐기성 분해가 가능한 실증 플랜트 설계가 가능할 것으로 판단되며, 이를 통해 한층 향상된 재생에너지 획득 시스템 확보가 가능할 것이다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.222-227
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• 2020

BACKGROUND: Among the biomass conversion techniques of livestock manure, composting process is a method of decomposing organic matter through microorganisms, and converting it into fertilizer in soil. The aerobic composting process is capable of treating cow manure in large quantities, and produces greenhouse gas as CO₂ and N₂O, although it has economical benefit. By using the activated rice hull biochar, which is a porous material, it was intended to mitigate the greenhouse gas emissions, and to produce the compost of which quality was high. Objective of this experiment was to estimate CO₂ and N₂O emissions through composting process of cow manure with different cooperated biochar contents. METHODS AND RESULTS: The treatments of activated rice hull biochar were set at 0%, 5%, 10% and 15%, respectively, during composting cow manure. The CO₂ emission in the control was 534.7 L kg^-1, but was 385.5 L kg^-1 at 15% activated rice hull biochar. Reduction efficiency of CO₂ emission was estimated to be 28%. N₂O emission was 0.28 L kg^-1 in the control, but was 0.03 L min^-1 at 15% of activated rice hull biochar, estimating about 89% reduction efficiency. CONCLUSION: Greenhouse gas emissions during the composting process of cow manure can be reduced by mixing with 15% of activated rice hull biochar for eco-friendly compost production.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.77-82
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• 1996

Environmental issues are getting imrx>rtant and the polluted environment is now c considered as one of the serious social problems which we have to face. As a result, most people hate an night soil-treating establishment to be built near their village. This paper is intended to reveal the present situation of Sanitary Environment Bureau in Iksan City and its treatment of night soil. The conclusions are as follows 1. The mean quantity of treated night soil per day was approximately 126kl In 1995, and the treated quantity per month was largest in the months from May to August, but smallest in January and February. The quantity of the largest month doubled the one of the smallest, and it is considered to be because the microorganisms are more active in the warm season than in the cold season, being a a ble to process more night soil. 2. The after-treatment sewage water is regarded as being in an optimalcondition because the examination of the water discharged from the establishment revealed the result of BOD 16.67mg/l and SS 14.78mg/l in 1995. 3. The expense for treating human waste was ￦19,582 in Iksan Sanitary Environment Bureau and it was considerably lower than the average expense through the nation, i.e. ￦22,000-25,000. But the cost should be expanded for keeping outworn equipments from the old age. 4. It is desirable for the Bureau to open the establishment so that any adult or student can come into it and watch all the treating processes. It will help the citizens understand the need for the establishment in spite of its nasty and ugly impression. Other cities or countries have to follow this model and try to provide their citizens with a cleaner environment by investing more fund technology for it.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.214-219
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• 2009

This study examined the removal efficiency of the nitrogen and phosphorus in order to compensate for the combined process of ATAD(Autothermal Thermophilic Aaerobic Digestion) and EGSB(Expended Granular Sludge Bed), which are treatment methods for livestock wastewater, by introducing SBR(Sequencing Batch Reactor) as post-treatment process. The analysis on the treatment efficiency of each operation mode showed that, in the case of T-N, the treatment efficiency were 67.1% and 74.2% for Run-1 and Run-2, respectively, and in the case of T-P, the values were 71.2 and 74.1, respectively, which are indicating that the treatment efficacy is higher in the condition of Run-1, in which the time period of Anoxic and Aerobic segments were increased. In addition, the result of analyzing removal characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus by Influx load showed that removal efficiency of nitrogen was better in the case of high influx load than in the case of low influx load. Regardless of Influx load, phosphorus showed constant influx concentration, so that removal efficiency of phosphorus was influenced littler by Influx load than that of nitrogen. This study also fed methanol as an external carbon source and performed experiment to induce denitrification under anoxic condition by using nitrate among nitrogen compounds of SBR reactor, and the results showed that intermittent feeding was more effective in Nitrogen Removal than composite feeding.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제30권9호
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• pp.1321-1334
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• 2020

Beef, pork, chicken and milk are considered representative protein sources in the human diet. Since the digestion of protein is important, the role of intestinal microflora is also important. Despite this, the pure effects of meat and milk intake on the microbiome are yet to be fully elucidated. To evaluate the effect of beef, pork, chicken and milk on intestinal microflora, we observed changes in the microbiome in response to different types of dietary animal proteins in vitro. Feces were collected from five 6-week-old pigs. The suspensions were pooled and inoculated into four different media containing beef, pork, chicken, or skim milk powder in distilled water. Changes in microbial communities were analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing. The feces alone had the highest microbial alpha diversity. Among the treatment groups, beef showed the highest microbial diversity, followed by pork, chicken, and milk. The three dominant phyla were Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes in all the groups. The most abundant genera in beef, pork, and chicken were Rummeliibacillus, Clostridium, and Phascolarctobacterium, whereas milk was enriched with Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, and Enterococcus. Aerobic bacteria decreased while anaerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria increased in protein-rich nutrients. Functional gene groups were found to be over-represented in protein-rich nutrients. Our results provide baseline information for understanding the roles of dietary animal proteins in reshaping the gut microbiome. Furthermore, growth-promotion by specific species/genus may be used as a cultivation tool for uncultured gut microorganisms.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.293-303
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• 1987

혐기성 Clostrium therrnocellurn의 배양액으로부터 hydroxyapatite column chromatography를 통하여 cellulase complex중의 $C_{1}$ enriched fraction을 분리하였다. 다은 호기성 미생물과 마찬가지로 분리된 $C_{x}$, fraction과 다른 $C_{x}$ 성분과의 synergism에 의해 볼용성 성유소의 분해가 현저히 촉진되였다. $C_{x}$ 성분과는 달리 $C_{1}$, fraction은 공기중에서 산화에 의해 잘 실활되었으나 환원제, 특히 $\beta$-mercaptoethanol에 의해 효소 환성이 강하게 증가되는 것으로 보아 $C_{1}$ component는 다량의 sulfhydryl grou을 가지고 있는 것으로 판단되었다. 이 fraction은 열에 매우 안정하였으며 최적 온도와 pH는 각각 $60^{\circ}C$와 6.0 이었다.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.19-31
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• 1982

본(本) 연구(硏究)는 여과막(濾過膜) 활성(活性)슬러지공법(工法)에 의하여 독성(毒性)이 있는 phenol 폐수(廢水)의 처리가능성(處理可能性)을 조사하기 위하여 실시되었다. 합성(合成) phenol 폐수(廢水)를 4 기(期)에 걸쳐 연속주입 하면서 실시한 실험결과에 의하면 과거의 연구결과와 마찬가지로 합성섬유(合成纖維)담요가 내구성(耐久性), SS 제거율(除去率), 폐수투과율(廢水透過率) 등(等)을 고려할 때 여과막(濾過膜)으로서 알맞는 재료(材料)이며, 반응조(反應槽)의 수온(水溫)이 $10{\sim}15^{\circ}C$이하로 장시간 지속되면 여과막(濾過膜)의 폐수투과율(廢水透過率) 크게 감소된다는 것이 확인되었다. 여과막(濾過膜) 활성(活性)슬러지공법(工法)에서는 반응조내(反應槽內)의 미생물(微生物) 농도(濃度)가 높게 유지될 수 있어 높은 유기물부하(有機物負荷)서도 F/M 비(比)가 낮게 되므로 높은 phenol 제거효율(除去效率)을 얻을 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 반응조가 정상적으로 운영된 경우 $63{\sim}468mg/{\ell}$의 유입수(流入水) phenol 농도에서 $0.1mg/{\ell}$ 이하의 유출수(流出水) phenol 농도를 보였다. 또한 본(本) 연구(硏究)에서는 미생물(微生物) 성장계수(成長係數)가 제거(除去)된 COD 1 kg 당 0.035~0.160 kg SS로서 다른 활성(活性)슬러지공법(工法)에 비하여 매우 낮았으며 슬러지의 호기성(好機性) 소화시(消化時) 내호흡율(內呼吸率)의 온도보정계수(溫度補正係數)는 1.021로 관측되었다.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.129-137
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• 2000

본 연구에서는 도시고함수율 유기성폐기물(MWWT)의 처리를 위하여, 음식물 쓰레기의 처리에 사용되었던 컨테이너 호기성 퇴비화 시스템과, 계분 및 축분처리에 사용되었던 직립 상향 기계식 교반기를 조합하여 개발하였다. 호기성 처리 공정은 운전이 쉽다는 점과 운전비용이 저렴하다는 점, 자연에서 이용하기 가장 편리한 안정된 부산물을 만들 수 있다는 장점에도 불구하고, 염분의 농축, 과도한 부형제의 사용에 의한 경제적 부담의 증가 및 설비의 대형화 등의 장애물을 가지고 있다. 개발된 공정은 이러한 문제점을 보완하고자 하수슬러지는 초기의 수분조절 및 고속발효를 위해 직립 밀폐형 반응조에서 5일간, 음식물쓰레기는 탈염과 수분조절을 위해 밀폐형 무교반 필터에서, 침출수는 폐수처리 장치에서 처리하였다. 실험결과 국내 퇴비에 품질규격을 만족하면서 부자재의 사용량을 3% 이내로 조절할 수 있어 기존공정의 문제점을 해결할 수 있는 가능성을 확인하였다.