• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.24
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• pp.10603-10605
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• 2015

Background: The Prostate cancer is the 2nd most common cancer worldwide for males, and the 5th most common cancer overall, with an estimated 900,000 new cases diagnosed in 2008 (14% of the total in males and 7% of the total overall) aim of this study was to assess some of the most proposed environmental factors influencing the incidence of prostate cancer among Iranian men. Smoking, opioids, occupation and living location were considered as studied risk factors of the prostate cancer in this research. Material and methods: Two groups of affected men with prostate cancer and controls aged 50-75 years referred to medical clinics were subjects in this case-control study. Living and working place, smoking and drug consuming habits were assessed for any associations with prostate cancer. Results: The largest number, of patients, in order, belonged to Tehran, provincial capitals, major industrial cities, small towns and villages, respectively. The disease showed links with smoking and drugs with a significant difference between controls and patients (P value <0.0001). Conclusions: Our recent evidence duplicates previously done researches confirming the serious adverse effects of smoking and drugs on the prostate cancer occurrence in Iranian men. Living place bearings some hazardous behaviors which increases the rate of diseases as well as advanced chance for associated cancers like prostate.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.33-49
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• 1997

One of the most important missons that are imposed on merchant ship at sea is to accomplish the safe transportation of cargo loaded. Recently, a study on the seakeeping performance has been carried out on the development of evaluation system related to the synthetic safety of a ship at sea. The seakeeping performance is the ship's ability sailing at, and executing its misson against adverse environmental factors successfully and safely. Until now, however, there has not been any method of quantitative evaluation on the dynamic safety of the ship's cargo loaded. In this regards, this paper has introduced the evaluation method of dynamic safety of the ship's cargo. In order to evaluate the dynamic safety of cargo, the vertical and lateral acceleration which causes the collapse, racking and local structure failure of cargo was adopted as the evaluation factors in the ship's motions. The response amplitude of ship's motions in regular waves is manipulated by NSM (New Strip Method) on a given 2,700 TEU full container vessel under the wind forces of 7, 8 and 9 Beaufort scale. Each response of ship's motions induced by NSM was applied to short-crested irregular waves for stochastic process on evaluation factors and then vertical and lateral acceleration of each cargo was compared with significant amplitude of each acceleration. A representative dangerous factor was determined by comparing permissible values of stacking and racking forces occurred typically to the vertical and transverse directions with the container strength required on ISO 1496 at the positions of forecastle, poop and ship's midship respectively. Through the occurrence probability of the determined factor by Rayleigh's probability density function, the dangerousness which limits loads on container's side wall as an evaluation was applied in judging of the danger of the ship's cargo loaded.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.329-345
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• 2005

Gender and intelligence of children, parenting practices and socioeconomic status of parents were studied to investigate whether they functioned as protective factors for resilient children. Total of 556 children of 12 years of age were contacted for the study. Teachers were asked to rate the children's interpersonal competence. Children reported their experience of stressful life events on a checklist. Based on the competence scores and the experience of stressful life events, 107 children were classified into adaptive, resilient, and maladaptive group. IQ scores were assessed using an intelligence test for the 107 children. Mothers reported their parenting practices and their socioeconomic status through a questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, chi-squares, t-tests, and one-way ANOVAs were performed to analyze the data. There was no difference in their experience of stressful life events between boys and girls. Girls were rated as being more competent by their teachers. There were more girls in the adaptive and the resilient group and more boys in the maladaptive group. Children in adaptive and the resilient group had higher intelligence scores than the maladaptive group. Mothers of resilient children replied as being warm and acceptive and more refusing and controlling than mothers of the adaptive children Group differences in socioeconomic status of the family were not found. Thus, being a girl and having higher IQ scores were the protective factors for the resilient children.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.695-705
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• 2004

The risks of the metabolic syndrome (MS) is known to be related to the dietary behavior. The objective of this study is to evaluate the association between the relative risks of MS and the dietary habit and to provide the ideal dietary habits for prevention of chronic disease of the middle-aged. Healthy subjects aged 40-64 years (male n=122, female n=173) were recruited throughout Seoul area. MS was defined according to NCEP-ATP III criteria except central obesity, and Asia-Pacific Area criteria for central obesity (2000) was adapted. Subjects were stratified into 3 groups according to the number of total risk factors:'MS group' was defined as the subjects who have three or more risk factors, 'Risk group' was defined as ones to have one or two risk factors, and 'Healthy group' defined as ones with no risk factor. In this study, 'Health group' comprised of $40.7\%$, the percentage of 'Risk group' was $49.0\%$, and the 'MS group' was $9.5\%$ of the total subjects. The MS incidence was associated with low education (p<0.001), low economic status (p<0.05), and low self-assessed health recognition (p<0.05). The risk of MS increased with adverse life styles such as cigarette smoking (p<0.05), irregular meal time (p<0.05), skipping lunch (p<0.05), low interests in balanced diet (p<0.05), and higher salt intake (p<0.01). Healthy group self-evaluated nutritional knowledge more highly (p<0.05) and scored higher nutritional knowledge (p<0.001). However, there was no difference in overall nutritional behavior among the three groups, which implies that nutritional education method should be developed for the subjects to practice their teaming efficiently.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.171-176
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• 2006

Objectives : The objective of this study is to assess the factors influencing biological monitoring of textile coating factory workers exposed to N,N-dimethylformamide(DMF). Methods : We studied 35 workers who were occupationally exposed to DMF from 9 textile coating factories. The study was carried out in two phases; summer and winter. While air concentration of DMF, temperature and humidity were assessed in order to monitor the atmospheric conditions, biological monitoring was done to determine the internal dose by analyzing the N-methylformamide(NMF) collected from urine at the beginning and end of the shift. Questionnaires and medical surveillance were also obtained during the two phases. Results : Median air concentrations of DMF in winter and summer were 1.85 ppm and 2.78 ppm respectively. Also the difference between the urinary NMF concentration at the beginning and end of the shift $({\Delta}NMF)$ was always significant in each season (P < 0.001). The correlations between log DMF in air, log end-of-shift urinary NMF (r=0.555, P < 0.001) and log ${\Delta}NMF$ (r = 0.444, P < 0.001) was statistically significant in summer. The temperature, humidity, a shift system and different styles of clothing worn were significantly different during the two phases. In a multivariate analysis, temperature and the concentration of DMF in the air were the main factors influencing biological monitoring of textile coating factory workers. Conclusions : Concerning more comprehensive prevention measures to reduce exposure for those workers occupationally exposed to DMF, dermal exposure conditions such as temperature and humidity together with the air concentration of DMF should be assessed and biological monitoring is necessary to reduce adverse health effects, especially during the summer.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.29-45
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• 2009

In the information age, cheap price of information processing and advances in personalization technology have allowed companies to enhance the relationships with their existing customers and to expand their customer base by effectively attracting new customers. However, most customers are reluctant to provide their personal information to companies. This study explores the tension between companies' desire to collect personal information to offer personalized services and their customers' privacy concerns. The psychological reactance theory suggests that when individuals feel that their behavioral choice is threatened or restricted, they are motivated to restore their freedom. Therefore, despite the expected benefits from personalized services, customers may perceive the services to be restrictive of their freedom to choose. This adverse effect may undermine the relationships between companies and their customers. We conducted experiments to explore the dynamic roles of transactional and environmental factors in motivating customers to provide personal information. We revisited online privacy issues from the perspective of psychological reactance. For the experiments, we created an online shop and randomly assigned the participants to one of the two experimental conditions-high and low levels of information requirements. The results of the experiment indicate that threatening the free choice serves as a transactional cost in online profiling. On the other hand, the expected benefits of personalization services have positive correlations with customers' willingness to provide personal information. This study explains privacy based on transactional and environmental factors. Our findings also indicate that the environmental factors such as the Internet privacy risk and trust propensity do not significantly affect the willingness to provide personal information when firms required much personal information. Implications and contributions are discussed.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.630-640
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• 2019

A series of recent events have laid the groundwork for discussions on the safety issues regarding production staff in the popular culture industry. In Korea, the standard contract has been pursued as a means of dealing with issues involving popular culture production staff. However, the existing standard contract failed to incorporate the characteristics and requirements in today's market, which greatly restricted its efficacy in real-world cases. Therefore, this study seeks to significantly improve the provisions in the standard contract that govern obligations between contractual parties, and the work safety of the production staff. To this end, considering the main causes of safety accidents and actual contracts, this study groups contractual provisions into several categories: the removal of adverse factors affecting optimal competency, factors causing individual staff's negligence, and external factors causing negligence. Then, this study proposes specific provisions to be included in each category.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.1345-1365
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• 2018

Following principal-agent relationship between government and funding agency effects on efficiency and management of project, this paper suppose that project management cost rate variable on outsourcing and administration of institution, applies multiple regression analysis and logit analysis by using factors that procurement status of institutional operating expenses and each subordinates scale (Budget, subject number) and method (Top-down/Bottom-up), not a total amount, for examining factors following project efficiency analysis and way of commission. The major variables which effect on efficiency of institution are management cost scale (0.36), institutional operating expenses ratio (-0.47), way of outsourcing, the factors that affect way of outsourcing are portion of project management cost (-38.5) and institutional operating expenses rate (-11.7). This means both legal and financial stability are necessary and it is avoidable moral hazard and adverse selection on principal-agent problem.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.469-483
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• 2021

Background and objective: If the Nelumbo nucifera spreads in a wetland at a high density, it can have considerable positive and negative ecological effects on habitats. For this reason, it is necessary to precisely investigate the impacts of its rapid proliferation. This study was conducted to propose the distribution and management of N. nucifera, which can cause the degradation of wildlife habitats due to the rapid spread of internal and external environmental factors that may affect the Junam wetland ecosystem. Methods: For the investigation and analysis of physical and ecological characteristics, factors of the abiotic environment such as general weather conditions, topography and water depth structure, and soil and water quality analysis, and bioenvironment characteristics such as changes in the N. nucifera community distribution were evaluated. To assess whether the differences in the soil depth and physicochemical characteristics between the N. nucifera community and the aquatic plant community are statistically significant, a One-way ANOVA was executed. Results: N. nucifera was presumably introduced in approximately 2007 and observed at a prevalence of only 0.8% in 2009, but had expanded to 11.1% in 2014. After that, the area was increased to 19.3% in 2015 and 40.0% in 2017, about twice that of the previous survey year. The rapid diffusion of an N. nucifera colony can have adverse effects on wildlife habitats and biodiversity at Junam Wetland. To solve these problems, four management methods can be proposed; water level management, mowing management, installation of posts and removal of lotus roots. Control of the N. nucifera community using these methods was judged to be suitable for cutting and water level management when considering expansion rate, water level variation, and wildlife habitat impacts. Conclusion: As the biotic and abiotic environmental factors are different for each wetland, it is necessary to determine the timing and method of management through a detailed investigation.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.57 no.1
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• pp.36-43
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• 2024

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can lead to acute respiratory failure, which frequently necessitates invasive mechanical ventilation and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). However, the limited availability of ECMO resources poses challenges to patient selection and associated decision-making. Consequently, this retrospective single-center study was undertaken to evaluate the characteristics and clinical outcomes of patients with COVID-19 receiving ECMO. Methods: Between March 2020 and July 2022, 65 patients with COVID-19 were treated with ECMO and were subsequently reviewed. Patient demographics, laboratory data, and clinical outcomes were examined, and statistical analyses were performed to identify risk factors associated with mortality. Results: Of the patients studied, 15 (23.1%) survived and were discharged from the hospital, while 50 (76.9%) died during their hospitalization. The survival group had a significantly lower median age, at 52 years (interquartile range [IQR], 47.5-61.5 years), compared to 64 years (IQR, 60.0-68.0 years) among mortality group (p=0.016). However, no significant differences were observed in other underlying conditions or in factors related to intervention timing. Multivariable analysis revealed that the requirement of a change in ECMO mode (odds ratio [OR], 366.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.92-69911.92; p=0.0275) and the initiation of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) (OR, 139.15; 95% CI, 1.95-9,910.14; p=0.0233) were independent predictors of mortality. Conclusion: Changes in ECMO mode and the initiation of CRRT during management were associated with mortality in patients with COVID-19 who were supported by ECMO. Patients exhibiting these factors require careful monitoring due to the potential for adverse outcomes.