• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.106-119
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• 2014

The $76^{th}$ National Treasure is consisted of seven volumes of Nanjung Ilgi (War Diary of Admiral Yi Sun-sin; each titled by the author based on the zodiac name of the year covered, i.e. Imjin Ilgi, Gyesa Ilgi, Gabo Ilgi, Byeongsin Ilgi, Jeongyu Ilgi, Sok Jeongyu Ilgi, Musul Ilgi), Seogancheob (Letters of Admiral Yi) and Imjin Jangcho (Drafts of Imjin War Reports of Admiral Yi). These are currently in the custody of Hyeonchungsa shrine, the state-managed memorial shrine of Admiral Yi, and has been added to UNESCO's Memory of the World Register in June 2013 in the appreciation of its historical and academic importance as a commander's hand-written battlefield accounts during Japanese invasions of Korea. Imjin Jangcho, among these nine volumes, is a record of battles, including observations on the enemy fleets, suggestions on naval matters, battle expenditure, and methods of battle preparation, transcribed by someone else according to Admiral Yi's instructions. It is Admiral Yi's honest detailobservations on the war situation during Japanese invasions of Korea from 1592 as a Naval Commander of Left Jeolla Province, till 1594 (Year 27 of King Seonjo's reign) as a Commander-in-Chief of the Naval Forces of the South. It is a draft of the war report to be submitted to the King in a single volume as a folio (each sheet folded once to produce one leaf) bound in a side-stitched binding with five holes and inner binding of twisted paper. This study explores the condition and the treatment performed on Imjin Jangcho which could have an implication for the conservation of cultural assets on paper of late Joseon Dynasty.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.407-420
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• 2018

Old documents related to the head family of admiral Yi Sun-shin have been preserved by the descendants of Deoksu Yi clan and various kinds of documents have remained even today. Seven documents issued by the king,"Goshin Gyoji", "Jeunggik Gyoji", "Gyochub", "Gyoseo", "Yuseo", "Hongpae", and "Chikmyung", showed the time when they were made. Because they have been kept in their original form, these documents make it possible to identify the characteristics of the paper used to create documents during that time and to compare the records in those documents with other cultural properties based on scientific investigation and analysis of conservation treatment processing. The characteristics of Oebal-tteugi(Heulim-tteugi) in the papermaking process were identified through the shape of the surface fibers, and Dochim processing was found in most of the old documents with the help of density measurement and paper surface analysis. All the papers were found to be made of paper mulberry, and bast fibers of mature mulberry were mainly used for the process.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.598-606
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• 2012

The aim of this study was to comparatively analyze the differences in Jinseol (ritual table-setting) and Jesu (ritual food) from the cultural perspective of ancestral ritual formalities regarding Bulcheonwijerye of Admiral Yi Sun-Sin, which is being held in Asan-hyeonchungsa shrine, Tongyeong-changnyangmyo and Namhae-chungyeolsa. The results are summarized as follows. A total of 32 types of Jemul (ritual food) in 6 rows in Asan-hyeonchungsa shrine, a total of 30 types of jemul in 6 rows in Tongyeong-changnyangmyo, and a total of 12 types of jemul in 2 rows in Namhae-chungyeolsa were prepared for the ritual table. In the Asan-hyeonchungsa shrine and Tongyeong-changnyangmyo, cooked foods have been used for jesu, whereas raw, uncooked foods have been used for jesu in Namhae-chungyeolsa. In the Asan-hyeonchungsa shrine, Gaeng (Kook) for liquid soup of Tang (stew) and Tang (5-tang) for the solid ingredient of stew have been prepared for a ritual table. In Tongyeong-changnyangmyo, fish Kook for Gaeng and So-tang (tofu stew) for Tang have been prepared for the ritual table. In Asan-hyeonchungsa shrine, Yukjeok (beef slices broiled on a skewer), Gyejeok (chicken jeok) and Eojeok (fish jeok) have been stacked together as Dojeok on a ritual table whereas in Tongyeong-changnyangmyo, Yukjeok, Sojeok and Eojeok have been placed on the ritual table as Pyunjeok (one by one). In Namhae- chungyeolsa, raw pork meat has been placed on the ritual table. As Po (a dried meat or fish), dried fish and dried seafood have been used in Tongyeong-changnyangmyo, whereas raw beef meat has been used in Namhae-chungyeolsa. Although Namul (cooked vegetables) and Mulkimchi (watery plain kimchi) are placed on ritual table for Asan-hyeonchungsa shrine, only Namul and Saengchae (raw vegetables) is used in Tongyeong-changnyangmyo and Namhae-chungyeolsa, respectively. Bulcheonwijerye for the same person, Admiral Yi Sun-Sin, has different characteristics according to the shrines. Accordingly, there is a need to preserve and succeed bulcheonwijerye of Admiral Yi because it is a traditional culture in ancestral rituals.

• Atmosphere
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.539-551
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• 2021

In this paper, the weather records in 'Nanjung Ilgi' were investigated and the weather characteristics of the southern coast of Korea (SC_Korea) was discussed. The Nanjung Ilgi is a personal diary written by admiral Yi Sun-sin from January 1592 to November 1598 during the 7-year war caused by the Japanese invasion. He is a respected great leader in the history of world naval warfare, winning all 23 battles against the Japanese. Of the 1593 days of diaries currently preserved, only 42 days have no weather records. Weather was recorded in detail, including sky conditions, precipitation, wind characteristics and others. Weather records were extracted from the diary, converted to the solar calendar, and compared with the meteorological data of Yeosu. The average annual precipitation day is about 90 days, which is similar to the current 95~100 days. As in the current climate, precipitation frequently occurs for about 30 days in summer, but less than 15 days in other seasons, and the rainy season starts from June 14 to 21 and ends from July 6 to 17. It seems that the abnormal cold and heat phenomena, which deviate significantly from the seasonal average climate, occurred on 6 and 21 days, respectively, over 7 years. This means that the weather records of Nanjung Ilgi can be used as valuable data on the climate of SC_Korea in the late 16th century. The fact that he recorded the weather even in such extreme battle conditions shows that he clearly recognized the importance of weather in warfare.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.189-197
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• 2011

As a multidisciplinary study encompassing oceanography and history, we have attempted to reanalyze the course of a historical navel battle, Myungryang Naval Battle(September 16th, 1597 according to the lunar calendar) through hindcasting the paleo-tidal currents and -tides(PTC). Firstly, we conducted harmonic analysis using 6-month current data observed at Uldolmok and 1-year elevation data provided by Korea Ocean Research and Development Institute in order to understand their characteristics and to hindcast the PTC. Observation results show that Uldolmok, ~300m wide, relatively narrow channel, is characterized by a flood-dominant mixed mainly semidiurnal tidal regime induced by relatively-strong shallow water constituents, showing closely a standing wave type of tidal current. Further, we hindcasted PTC on the day of Myungryang Naval Battle. Our results were compared and discussed with results(time and speeds of maximum(flood and ebb) currents and high and low water times) of the previous studies estimated from different methods. Lastly, we reconstruct the course of the event of Myungryang Naval Battle recorded in the Admiral Sun-Sin Yi's War Diary(Nangjung Iigi in Korean) based on our hindcasting results.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.12-26
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• 2023

Recently, 『Gyeongja(庚子)/Daetongryeok(大統曆)』(1600), a memorandum record of Yu Seong-ryong during the reign of King Seonjo(宣祖) of the Joseon Dynasty, was returned to Korea from Japan, and about 4,000 letters in cursive characters have been interpreted by Ro Seung-suk. The contents for 203 days written in the margin of 『Gyeongja(庚子)/Daetongryeok(大統曆)』 are mostly new, and are meaningful in understanding Yu's life and social association circumstances. There are daily routines of each day, contemporary figures, diseases and oriental medicine prescriptions. In particular, the combat record of Admiral Yi Sun-shin in 83 letters on the cover is very important to understand the situation in those days. It seems that the reason for writing the combat situations a year and a few months after Admiral Yi died in war was to honor his distinguished military service for a long time by King Seonjo's order according to the public opinion of the royal court. The record can be classified into two categories. First, Admiral Yi sighed when he heard about Yu's dismissal from the office in Gogeumdo, and was always alert with clear water on the boat after the Battle of Waekyo Castle. Second, he was killed by bullets shot by the enemy while directly encouraging battle, not listening to his men who tried to dissuade him from leading the naval battle at Noryang. This only contained contents of devoting his life desperately, which is an important proof of the theory of his death in war. It also contains nine methods for making liquor and another method that wasn't known to the public, and seems to include popular alcohol brewing methods or newly devised ones. In addition, there is a detail that Heo Jun, the author of 『Donguibogam』, introduced medicine to Yu, along with being unable to attend ancestral rites and relieving the poor written in red. There are also stories about Kang Hang(姜沆) returning to Korea after being captured by Japan and Lee Deok-hong(李德弘)'s son, who introduced Gugapseondo(龜甲船圖, the first picture of the Turtle Ship in Korea) to King Seonjo. In the light of the above, 『Gyeongja(庚子)/Daetongryeok(大統曆)』is an important historical record to empirically research not only figures related to Yu but also the circumstances of those days since it contains new facts that are not in the existing literature. In particular, the big accomplishment of this study is to correct the mistakenly known theory of Admiral Yi's suicide and to find out the new fact that Heo Jun provided medical information. In this respect, this book is expected to serve as a testament to the future study of the history and characters related to Yu in the mid-Joseon period.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.12 no.11
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• pp.422-431
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• 2012

In the era of cultural contents, developing diverse materials is very useful in providing abundant contents of the cultural industry. Among diverse materials, systematizing and specializing materials that have been verified historically and culturally, and linking them with other fields are creating more possibilities. This study is a contemplation on useful methods that expand the range and characteristic by linking with the food culture, based on the placeness that comes from historical facts possessed by the figure. As for the range of the place, the focus was put on the places that are related to Admiral Yi, Sun-sin historically and culturally, and regions that attempted native foods development were selected. Therefore, this study attempted to establish regional identities and contribute to setting effective directions for developing and vitalizing native food brands, by expanding the category of the contents of the historical figure who represents the region.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.209-215
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• 2015

Miraculous victory of Myeongnyang sea battle turned the tide of the Joseon's entire war against Japan and it is regarded as one of the most remarkable sea victories in the world history. In the sea battle of Myeongnyang, on September 16, 1597(lunar calender), the Joseon navy with 13 battle ships, led by Admiral Yi Sun-sin, won the Japanese navy with their fleet of 133 warships. There were several reasons why Admiral Yi decided on this location for battle. Myeongnyang strait is so narrow and had currents so powerful that many ships could not pass strait simultaneously. Therefore, despite being vastly outnumbered, Admiral Yi used terrain and tidal current advantage to defeat Japanese navy's numerical advantage. In order to find out the tidal state of Myeongnyang strait on September 16, 1597, topological phase of sun and moon was studied by orbital period of earth and moon. The tidal state of Myeongnyang strait on September 16, 1597 is estimated based on the theories of tide and tide tables. As a result of this study, time of slack water were found to be 0636, 1248, 1906 and time/speed of maximum tidal current were found to be 0930/8.3kts(NW), 1612/9.9kts(SE).

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.499-506
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• 2015

The artifacts of Admiral Yi Sun-sin (Treasure No.326) consist of six items with two long swords, a jade decoration, a belt and two peach-shaped cups. In commemoration of the opening of Chungmugong Yi sun-sin Memorial Museum (April 28, 2011), there were conservation treatments for those artifacts at the beginning of 2011. At that time, from the result of non-destructive surface analysis on pigments in blood-colored grooves of the two long swords, it was presumed to be synthetic resin paints. This study shows the accurate identification on pigments which was presumed as synthetic resin paints and its removal. To identify pigments in blood-colored grooves, the optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, Micro-XRF, XRD and FT-IR were used for the analysis. The results turned out that the thickness of $10{\sim}90{\mu}m$ in a single layer was measured. And major components containing Pb and Cr and lead chromium molybdenum oxide were identified and to identify components of adhesives from the analysis by FT-IR, it turned out to be alkyd resin, which can be presumed that they were recently colored with synthetic paints. The synthetic paints easily react with most of the organic solvents. And it is so easy to handle without the effect on metal that it was removed with acetone. While removing synthetic paints, all of paints on it were collected for identifying whether there is traditional pigment but nothing was identified.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.469-477
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• 2018

Most of the current administrative names and locations for the names of places in the Nanjung diary have since been confirmed. However, a disagreement ensued among translators or researchers over Anpyeon-do (Baleum-do) islet recorded in Admiral Yi Sun-Shin's diary. Anpyeon-do was first recorded in the diary on October 11, 1597. It is credited to be the location where Yi Sun-shin and Chosun Naval Fleet stayed when sailing along the Southwestern coast of the Korean Peninsula after the battle of Myeongnyang. However, Anpyeon-do's exact geographical location has never been accurately confirmed. To accurately locate the islet, this study compared the direction and position of geographical locations observed in the Anpeon-do site match to actual geographical positions and directions. In addition, the direction and position of the geographical locations observed in the newly explored islands and mountains were evaluated with regard to how they correspond to the actual Anpeon-do. As a result, we concluded that the real location of Anpyeon-do recorded in the Nanjung diary is the Maebong mountain in Anjwa-do.