• 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.209-222
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• 2024

토압식(Earth Pressure Balance) 쉴드 TBM (Tunnel Boring Machine)은 기계화 터널 굴착 공법 중 이수식(Slurry) 쉴드 TBM에 비하여 슬러리 처리 시설을 필요하지 않아 설비가 간단하고 진동과 소음이 적어 최근에 터널 시공에 널리 사용되고 있다. 토압식 쉴드 TBM으로 터널 굴착 시 첨가제를 활용하여 굴착토 물성을 개선하는 쏘일 컨디셔닝(soil conditioning) 기법을 적용하며, 이를 통해 토압식 쉴드 TBM을 적용할 수 있는 지반의 범위를 확장할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 쏘일 컨디셔닝을 위한 첨가제로 주로 사용되는 폴리머를 대체할 수 있는 바이오폴리머(biopolymer)의 일종인 잔탄검(xanthan gum)의 적용성을 검토하였다. 바이오폴리머란 생물학적 기원으로 생성된 폴리머로써 모두 생분해가 가능하다. 환경에 유해한 성분을 함유하고 있는 일반 폴리머(폴리아크릴산계 폴리머)와 달리 잔탄검은 유독성이 거의 없고 환경에 미치는 영향이 적어 친환경 소재로 각광받고 있다. 슬럼프 시험을 통해 유사한 워커빌리티(workability)를 보이는 시험조건을 선정하고, 실내 가압 베인전단 시험을 통해 유동학적(rheological) 특성을 평가하였다. 유사한 슬럼프 값을 보이더라도 잔탄검의 함유량이 증가할수록 유동곡선(flow curve)상에 첨두강도가 감소하는 경향이 나타났으며, 이를 통해 잔탄검 함량과 첨두강도 사이의 상관관계를 도출하였다. 일반 폴리머를 잔탄검으로 대체한다면 환경친화적이라는 장점과 더불어 장비 부하를 감소시켜 안정적인 TBM 운용이 가능할 것이다.

• 한국건설관리학회논문집
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.3-14
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• 2020

본 연구의 목적은 기존의 3D 콘크리트 프린터의 분류체계를 검토하고 비교분석하여 3D 콘크리트 프린터의 분류체계를 제안하는 것이다. 기존의 3D 프린터에 대하여 여러 분류체계가 제안되어 왔고, 관련 시장에서는 이를 사용하기도 한다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 상당히 많은 종류의 프린터가 FDM(Fused Deposition Modeling)이나 SLM(Selective Laser Melting)처럼 3D 콘크리트 프린터를 특징짓는데 적절하지 않다. 3D 콘크리트 프린터 간에 구분 짓는 특징을 밝히기 위해서, 본 연구는 기존의 3D 콘크리트 프린터를 검토하고 기존 연구에서 확인된 3D 콘크리트 프린터의 특징을 비교분석을 하였다. 그 결과, 기존의 분류체계는 최신 3D 콘크리트 프린터를 반영하지 못하였고, 분류 용어들은 모호하며, 전체 출력과정은 고려되지 않았음을 알 수 있었다. 기존 연구 분석을 통하여 3D 콘크리트 프린터의 필수적인 특징들을 도출함으로써, 새 분류체계를 제안하였다. 본 연구결과는 3D 콘크리트 프린터 관련 연구들뿐만 아니라, 상업용 3D 콘크리트 프린터들을 분류하는데 기초가 될 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국건설순환자원학회논문집
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.489-495
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• 2016

본 연구는 원유정제과정에서 발생되는 산업부산물인 유황에 폴리머 성분의 첨가제를 혼입한 개질유황결합재를 사용하여 중온아스팔트 혼합물을 제조하고, 개질유황결합재를 사용한 중온아스팔트 혼합물의 간접인장강도, 수침전후 및 동결융해 전후 인장강도비와 휠트랙킹 시험에 의한 동적안정도 등의 역학 및 내구 특성을 평가하였다. 실험결과, 개질유황 결합재를 사용한 중온아스팔트 혼합물의 수침전후 인장강도비는 0.88로 중온 폼드 개질 아스팔트의 약 1.13배이며, 동결융해 전후의 인장강도비 또한 0.82로 인장강도비 KS 품질기준 값 0.75 이상을 모두 만족하였다. 간접인장강도는 1.60MPa로 KS 품질기준 값 0.80MPa의 2배, 일반가열아스팔트의 1.29MPa과 비교하여 약 1.24배 높은 간접인장강도를 나타내었다. 또한, 휠트랙킹 시험에 의한 동적안정도는 14,075회/mm로 일반가열아스팔트의 약 15배, 중온 폼드 개질 아스팔트의 약 3배로 피로균열 등 소성변형에 대한 저항성이 매우 우수하게 나타났다.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.277-290
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to identify the problems of environmental impact assessment(EIA) and to suggest new EIA technology. The problems of EIA in Korea can be summarized as follows. First, the EIA does not reflect the impact of policy, plan and program on environment. Second, the project EIA does not consider the cumulative impacts such as additive impacts, synergistic impacts, threshold/saturation impacts, induced and indirect impacts, time-crowded impacts, and space-crowded impacts. Third, the EIA techniques in Korea are not standardized. Finally, the present EIA suggests only alternatives to reduce adverse impacts. To solve above-mentioned problems, the development of new EIA technology is essential. First, the new EIA technology should be developed toward pollution prevention technology and comprehensive and integrated environmental management technology. Second, new fields of EIA for pollution prevention contain strategic environmental assessment, cumulative impacts assessment, socio-economic impact assessment, cyber EIA and EIA technology necessary after the reunification of Korean Peninsula. Third, EIA technology for integrated environmental management contains the development of integated environment assessment system and the development of packaged EIA technology. The EIA technology for integrated environmental assessment system contains (1) development of integrated impact assessment technology combining air/water quality model, GIS and remote sensing, (2) integrated impact assessment of EIA, traffic impact assessment, population impact assessment and disaster impact assessment. (3) development of integrated technology combining risk assessment and EIA (4) development of integrated technology of life cycle assessment and EIA, (5) development of integrated technology of spatial planning and EIA, (6) EIA technology for biodiversity towards sustainable development, (7) mathematical model and GIS based location decision techniques, and (8) environmental monitoring and audit. Furthermore, there are some fields which need packaged EIA technology. In case of dam development, urban or industrial complex development, tourist development, landfill or combustion facilities construction, electric power plant development, development of port, road/rail/air port, is necessary the standardized and packaged EIA technology which considers the common characteristics of the same kind of development project.

• 대한전자공학회논문지TC
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• 제43권8호
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• pp.59-68
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• 2006

채널 부호의 균일 오율에 대한 연구는 부가성백색가우시안 채널에 대해 국한되어 연구되어 왔으며, 기하학적 균일성으로 불려왔다. 본 논문에서는 전송 채널과 수신기를 완전히 묘사해주는 확률밀도함수를 직접 다루어 균일 오율 특성을 다중 송수신안테나가 사용되는 시공간 부호로 확장한다. 또한 빠른 페이딩 채널에서 곱거리 스펙트럼를 고려한 기하학적 균일 시공간 부호 설계 과정을 보여준다. 균일 오율 특성으로 부호 검색의 복잡도가 현격히 감소하고, 이런 복잡도 감소는 높은 상태 수를 갖는 시공간 격사상 부호에 대해서도 최적의 부호 검색을 가능하게 한다. 모의 실험을 통해 새로 설계된 부호가 다른 알려진 부호들에 비해 빠른 페이딩 채널에서 더 좋은 성능을 가지는 것을 확인한다.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.217-225
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• 2020

The recovery of waste proves a solution with two impacts: the environmental impact by the reduction of pollution and the gain of the occupied space by this waste, and the economic impact by the use of these lasts in the building and in the area of public works. The present research consists in recovering a waste marble (thrown powder exposed to the different meteorological phenomena) generated by the quarry marble of Fil-fila, located at the east side of Skikda in the north-east of Algeria, and add it, as sand in the composition of sand concrete. To carry out this research, we analyzed the evolution brought by the substitution of ordinary sand by marble waste sand, with 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% on the properties in the fresh state (density, workability and air content) and in the cured state (compressive strength, tensile strength, surface hardness and sound velocity). For durability we tested water absorption by immersion and chloride penetration. The results obtained are compared with control samples of 0% of substitution rate. In order to have a good filling of the voids in the granular skeleton; we added a quantity of limestone recycled fines from the quarries and for a good workability a super-plasticizing additive. The results showed that the partial substitution modified both the fresh and the hardened characteristics of the tested concretes, the durability parameters also improved.

• 수도
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• 제24권5호통권86호
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• pp.29-44
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• 1997

Sewage sludge produced in Korea was 1,275,800 tons (dewatered sludge cake) per year in 1996, which is 3,495 tons per day, 0.303% of 11,526,100 tons per day of sewage treated in 79 sewage treatment plants. Sludge production has been and will be increasing in accordance with construction of new facilities for sewage treatment. Most of the sludge is currently disposed by landfill and ocean dumping, but it is becoming difficult to find suitable sites for landfill, particularly in big cities such as Seoul. In addition, rapid increase of landfill cost is anticipated in a near future. Current trend for sludge disposal in advanced countries is land application. Over the past 10 to 20 years in the United States, sludge management practices have changed significantly, moving from disposal to beneficial use. They use biosolid for utilization instead of sludge for disposal. Under the Clean Water Act of 1972, amended in 1987 by Congress, the U.S. EPA was required to develop regulations for the use and disposal of sewage sludge. The EPA assessed the potential for pollutants in sewage sludge to affect public health and the environment through a number of different routes of exposure. The Agency also assessed the potential risk to human health through contamination of drinking water sources or surface water when sludge is disposed on land. The Final Rules were signed by the EPA Administrator and were published (Federal Register, 1993). These rules state that sewage sludge shall not be applied to land if the concentration of any pollutant in the sludge exceeds the ceiling concentration. In addition, the cumulative loading rate for each pollutant shall not exceed the cumulative pollutant loading rate nor should the concentration of each pollutant in the sludge exceed the monthly average concentration for the pollutant. The annual pollutant loading rate generally applies to applications of sewage sludge on agricultural lands. The most popular beneficial use of sewage sludge is land application. The sludge has to be stabilized for appling to land. One of the stabilization process for sewage sludge is lime stabilization process. The stabilization process is consisted of the stabilizing process and the drying process. Stabilization reactor can be a drum type reactor in which a crossed mixer is equipped. The additive agents are a very reactive mixture of calcium oxide and others. The stabilized sludge is dried in sun drier or rotary kiln.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.123-143
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• 2016

Use of heavy fuel fly ash (HFFA) (diesel and cracked fuel) for power generation in Saudi Arabia has generated and accumulated large quantities of HFFA as a byproduct. In this research, HFFA is studied with the emphasis on the utilization of this waste material in concrete blocks and asphalt concrete mixes. Two types of mixes, one with low and other with high cement content, were studied for concrete blocks. Different mixes having varying percentages of HFFA (0% to 25%), as cement/sand replacement or as an additive, were studied. The performance of concrete blocks is evaluated in terms of compressive strength, water absorption, durability and environmental concerns. The results showed that blocks cannot be cast if more than 15% HFFA is used; also there is a marginal reduction in the strength of all the mixes before and after being exposed to the sulfate solution for a period of ten months. HFFA is studied in asphalt concrete mixes in two ways, as an asphalt modifier (3&5%) and as a filler (50%) replacement, the results showed an improvement in stiffness and fatigue life of mixes. However, the stability and indirect tensile strength loss were found to be high as compared to the control mix due to moisture damage, indicating a need of using antistripping agents. On environmental concerns, it was found that most of the concerned elements are within acceptable limits also it is observed that lower concentration of barium is leached out with the higher HFFA concentrations, which indicates that HFFA may work as an adsorbent for this leaching element.

• 대한설비공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한설비공학회 2008년도 동계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.369-374
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• 2008

This study is an inorganic foaming ceramic by sol-gel reaction in order to overcome weak point of insulator using in construction equipment. We shall be able to confirm as the existing product substitute is possible result of this study. The solution where the silicate, the ceramic powder and the additive are included which makes foaming ceramic slurry, then the insulator made by used $CO_2$ Sol-Gel reaction. There being will be able to manufacture the insulator where the economical efficiency is excellent confirmed at the start product which is completed. The recording gel time decreases when the silicate will increase. Uses the hydrogen peroxide and fe make foam, when additionally surface preparation the fluorine resin, the water tolerance increases and will be able to complement the weak point of the silicate which omits in the water. The case which will use the loess powder with the research method which sees specially was environment-friendly product and according to appearing, the physical properties of nonflammability.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.127-139
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• 2023

In this study, the steel fiber and the polypropylene fiber were used to enhance the mechanical properties of fully recycled coarse aggregate concrete. Natural crushed stone was replaced with recycled coarse aggregate at 100% by volume. The steel fiber and polypropylene fiber were used as additive material by incorporating into the mixture. In this test two parameters were considered: (a) steel fiber volume ratio (i.e., 0%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%), (b) polypropylene fiber volume ratio (i.e., 0%, 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.2%). The results showed that compared with no fiber, the integrity of cubes or cylinders mixed with fibers after failure was better. When the volume ratio of steel fiber was 1~2%, the width of mid-span crack after flexural failure was 5~8 mm. In addition, when the volume ratio of polypropylene fiber was 0.15%, with the increase of steel fiber content, the static elastic modulus and toughness of axial compression first increased and then decreased, and the flexural strength increased, with a range of 6.5%~20.3%. Besides, when the volume ratio of steel fiber was 1.5%, with the increase of polypropylene fiber content, the static elastic modulus decreased, with a range of 7.0%~10.5%. The ratio of axial compression toughness first increased and then decreased, with a range of 2.2%~8.7%. The flexural strength decreased, with a range of 2.7%~12.6%. On the other hand, the calculation formula of static elastic modulus and cube compressive strength of fully recycled coarse aggregate with steel-polypropylene fiber was fitted, and the optimal fiber content within the scope of the test were put forward.