• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.42
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• pp.337-364
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• 2009

Trade remedy is the system that additional duty or import quantity restriction would be imposed on the import products, in case that unfair imports damage domestic industry or even proper import products damage significantly domestic industry. The system is secured by the act of unfair trade practice investigation & industrial damage remedy, tariff act, WTO agreement. Anti-dumping duty act is the system that duties are assessed with the equal or less amount of the difference between normal transaction price and dumping price, in case that the product imported under dumping price causes or may cause damages in domestic industry, or the development of domestic industry should be delayed practically. Recently, the problems related with anti-dumping duty imposed as the part of the trade remedy occur frequently. It is necessary to discuss whether the anti-dumping duty act is practically trade remedy which does comply with GATT regulations and WTO agreements as the criteria of international law and is in line with the intent of domestic act in the suffered country, or it does return to protective trade or reduce the protection of consumer. On the basis of this discussion, it would be difficult to impose the antidumping duty on industrial products in order to protect domestic industry, when considering the expected free trade agreements of Korea-US, Korea-China and Korea-Japan. In order to survive under the current severe competition of world trade market, companies should raise the competitiveness by themselves without relying on the current trade acts to provide with a certain protection. This thesis should bring those attentions.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.373-379
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• 2013

The consumption of fruits and vegetables that have high polyphenol content has been previously associated with a reduced risk for cardiovascular disease. We investigated the effects of onion peel extract on plasma total antioxidant capacity, lipid peroxidation, and leukocyte DNA damage. This study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Healthy female subjects received either onion peel extract or placebo (dextrin) for two weeks, underwent a 1-week washout period, and then received the other treatment for an additional two weeks. After two weeks of onion peel extract supplementation, the total cholesterol level, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, and atherogenic index significantly decreased (P < 0.05). No changes were observed in activities of erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes or levels of lipid peroxidation markers following onion peel extract supplementation. Additionally, no significant difference was found in plasma antioxidant vitamin (retinol, tocopherols, carotenoids, and coenzyme Q10) levels or ex vivo $H_2O_2$-provoked oxidative DNA damage after onion peel extract supplementation. The present interventional study provides evidence of the health benefits of onion peel extract and demonstrates its effects in modulating lipid profiles in healthy young Korean women.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.52-59
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• 2012

In our continuous efforts to procure the active materials from natural products in the protective effects of oxidative stress or UV damage to skin cells we found the Prunus persica flesh extract (PPFE) is considerable to meet the demand to protect the skin damage. PPFE attenuated cell damage induced by hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase in cultured human keratinocytes, indicating that PPFE has the potential of the scavenging effect of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in human skin cell. Moreover, PPFE significantly suppressed UVA-induced ROS production determined by the oxidation of 2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH) using FACS analysis. Additional study revealed that UVA irradiation of HaCaT human keratinocytes increased the gelatinolytic activities of matrix metalloproteinase-2, and -9 (MMP-2, -9) and mRNA expression of MMP-9 analyzing by a real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and these events were significantly suppressed by the treatment with PPFE. These results suggest that PPFE might be applicable as natural ingredients for skin antiaging agents via UV-induced ROS scavenging activity and suppression of MMP expression in the skin cells.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.879-883
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• 2007

This study examined whether dietary supplementation with sea tangle alters the intestinal morphology of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and affects the glucose absorption rate. Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 2 groups and fed either a control (AIN76-based) diet or a sea tangle-supplemented diet. After 3 weeks, 10 rats in each group received an intramuscular injection of streptozotocin (45 mg/kg BW), and feeding was continued for 3 additional weeks. Dietary supplementation with sea tangle resulted in a lower fasting plasma glucose level compared with the control diet in diabetic rats. Scanning electron micrographs revealed serious damage to the jejunal villi of diabetic rats fed the control diet, whereas supplementation with sea tangle alleviated the damage. In a separate experiment, 20 male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 2 groups and fed either a control diet or a sea tangle-supplemented diet for 5 weeks, and fasted rats were subjected to in situ single-pass perfusion. The glucose absorption rate determined in the absence of digesta was decreased by 34% in the jejunum of rats fed a sea tangle diet compared with those fed a control diet. In conclusion, sea tangle supplementation lowered glucose absorption rate, altered intestinal morphology, and appeared to protect villi from damage caused by diabetes mellitus.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.141-150
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• 2011

The construction of photovoltaic complex in mountainous area is quickly increasing recently so that the environment assessment in constructing photovoltain complex in mountainous area was performed by comparison of $CO_{2{\cdot}}$ reduction and forest damage. The case studies for environmental value assessment, which construct photovoltaic complex in mountainous area, show that the losses of around 5.1billion won arise during 15 years. The government's official target for spreading photovoltaic energy until year 2030 can be satisfied when considering other alternative sites, improvement of technology and the alternative sites of an idle space of a building or a disused site, etc, except an undeveloped mountainous area. The construction of photovoltaic complex in mountainous area can cause the great damage to the environment, especially undeveloped mountainous area such as Baekdudaegan, and this defeat its own purpose of using photovoltaic energy. Therefore, the spread of photovoltaic complex through the additional damage of forest should be sublated.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.229-234
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• 1986

The present experiment was intended to determine the effect of pollen load on chloroform-induced hepatic and renal damage in albino rats. The subjects were administered with the graded concentration of chloroform and an additional amount of pollen load to some groups, and the result of which was: 1. Fatty changes and necrosis in liver and kidneys of the experimental group became more severe according to the chloroform concentration. 2. The tissue damage decreased in the pollen-treated groups. But the higher the concentration of chloroform administered with pollen is, the less the damaged tissue is rehabilitated.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.258-264
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• 2012

The forming failure of AZ31 alloy sheet during deep drawing processes was predicted by the FEM and ductile fracture criteria. Uniaxial tensile tests of round-notched specimens and FE simulations were performed to calculate the critical damage values for three ductile fracture criteria. The critical damage values for each criterion were expressed as a function of strain rate at various temperatures. In order to determine the best criterion for failure prediction, Erichsen cupping test under isothermal conditions at $250^{\circ}C$ were conducted. Based on the plastic deformation histories obtained from the FE analysis of the Erichsen cupping tests and the critical damage value curves, the initiation time and location of fracture were predicted under bi-axial tension deformation. The results indicate that the Cockcroft-Latham criterion had good agreement with the experimental data. In addition, the FE analysis combined with the criterion was applied to another deep drawing process using an irregular shaped blank and these additional results were verified with experimental tests.

• Journal of Marine Bioscience and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.33-42
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• 2022

Tacrolimus, a type of macrolide produced by Streptomyces tsukubaensis, is widely used as an immunosuppressant. However, continuous exposure to tacrolimus causes oxidative stress in normal cells, ultimately inducing cell injury. Therefore, this study investigated whether luthione, a reduced glutathione, could inhibit tacrolimus-induced cytotoxicity in olive flounder (hirame) natural embryo (HINAE) cells. According to the results, luthione significantly inhibited tacrolimus-induced reduction in cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner. Additinally, although luthione unaffected autophagy by tacrolimus, tacrolimus-induced apoptosis was significantly suppressed in the presence of luthione. Luthione also markedly blocked DNA damage in tacrolimus-treated HINAE cells, associated with the inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Additionally, tacrolimus cytotoxicity in HINAE cells was correlated with increased inflammatory response, also attenuated by luthione. Collectively, these results show that at least luthione protects HINAE cells against tacrolimus-induced DNA damage, apoptosis, and inflammation, but not autophagy, by scavenging ROS. Although additional in-vivo studies are required, this study's results can be used as a basis for utilizing luthione to reduce the toxicity of fish cells caused by excessive immune responses.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.1495-1500
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• 2014

This paper presents the result of the estimation of the power interruption costs of Korean commercial customers. Commercial customers are usually located in urban areas and considered very important because a power interruption on them can expand to additional damage to related users. Their power interruption costs were calculated through a survey with the process of data selection. Also, the power interruption cost for each customer's business type was calculated and compared with that of foreign cases.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.10b
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• pp.250.1-250.1
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• 2003

Background Aldosterone has an important role in the pathophysiology of heart failure. Aldosterone promotes the retention of sodium, the loss of magnesium and potassium, sympathetic activation, parasympathetic inhibition, myocardial and vascular fibrosis, baroreceptor dysfunction, and vascular damage and impairs arterial compliance. Objectives We investigated the effects of additional spironolactone to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) / angiotensin-II receptor blocker (ARB) in patients with heart failure. (omitted)