• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.10 no.11
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• pp.253-260
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• 2012

This study were investigated to the factors affecting smart phone applications to avoid display ads. The results of this study are as follows. First, factor analysis, propensity for advertising intrusion was the result of a single factor. Also showed significant effect advertising intrusion ad avoidance tendency. Second, the smartphone motivation for the use of the results of factor analysis, seven factors were, Entertainment, information acquisition, learning/work use, multimedia use, ease of life, time leverage, respectively. Showed low levels of advertising avoidance learning/working synchronous usability and ease high motivation life. Finally a smart phone for involvement that there is no significant difference in advertising intrusion tendency appeared. High involvement group was obtaining information, entertainment, social relationships, and multimedia use, ease of living, time management motivation significantly higher than the low involvement group. The results of this study it is expected that the smartphone application smartphone users to reduce evasion of advertising practitioners to give answers to create display ads advertising.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.176-183
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• 2014

Cognitive impairment is a result of dementia of diverse causes, such as cholinergic dysfunction and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Houttuynia cordata Thunb. (Saururaceae) has long been used as a traditional herbal medicine. It has biological activities including protective effects against amyloid beta ($A{\beta}$) toxicity, via regulation of calcium homeostasis, in rat hippocampal cells. To extend previous reports, we investigated the effects of water extracts of H. cordata herb (HCW) on tauopathies, also involving calcium influx. We then confirmed the effects of HCW in improving memory impairment and neuronal damage in mice with Ab-induced neurotoxicity. We also investigated the effects of HCW against scopolamine-induced cholinergic dysfunction in mice. In primary neuronal cells, HCW inhibited the phosphorylation of tau by regulating p25/p35 expression in $A{\beta}$-induced neurotoxicity. In mice with $A{\beta}$-induced neurotoxicity, HCW improved cognitive impairment, as assessed with behavioral tasks, such as novel object recognition, Y-maze, and passive avoidance tasks. HCW also inhibited the degeneration of neurons in the CA3 region of the hippocampus in Ab-induced neurotoxicity. Moreover, HCW, which had an $IC_{50}$ value of $79.7{\mu}g/ml$ for acetylcholinesterase inhibition, ameliorated scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment significantly in Y-maze and passive avoidance tasks. These results indicate that HCW improved cognitive impairment, due to cholinergic dysfunction, with inhibitory effects against tauopathies and cholinergic antagonists, suggesting that HCW may be an interesting candidate to investigate for the treatment of AD.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.14 no.8
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• pp.203-209
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• 2016

The advertising media is undergoing a dramatic change mainly due to the increased use of smartphone. This study predicts the future of the advertising industry driven by the mobile advertising using scenario planning. Targeting technologies, restriction on the use of personal information, and overcoming ad avoidance were selected as key uncertain variables expected to impact on the growth of the mobile advertising 5 years later. With the support by expert interviews, the $2{\times}2$ matric combines two cases to generate four scenarios; the one whether mobile ads surpass PC-based online ads, the other whether the combined force of mobile and PC-based ads surpass the traditional media in advertising spendings. Each scenario is articulated according to the future of key variables. The most likely scenario is that mobile will dominate the advertising media market. However, it is important not to ignore different scenarios because key variables evolves in unexpected manner and then they can become reality. The future research will combine its key variables with social and economic ones and segment technical variables in more details.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.343-347
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• 2014

The present study investigated the effects of Vaccinium uliginosum L. (bilberry) on the learning and memory impairments induced by amyloid-${\beta}$ protein ($A{\beta}P$) 1-42. ICR Swiss mice were divided into 4 groups: the control ($A{\beta}40$-1A), control with 5% bilberry group ($A{\beta}40$-1B), amyloid ${\beta}$ protein 1-42 treated group ($A{\beta}1$-42A), and $A{\beta}1$-42 with 5% bilberry group ($A{\beta}1$-42B). The control was treated with amyloid ${\beta}$-protein 40-1 for placebo effect, and Alzheimer's disease (AD) group was treated with amyloid ${\beta}$-protein 1-42. Amyloid ${\beta}$-protein 1-42 was intracerebroventricular (ICV) micro injected into the hippocampus in 35% acetonitrile and 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid. Although bilberry added groups tended to decrease the finding time of hidden platform, no statistical significance was found. On the other hand, escape latencies of $A{\beta}P$ injected mice were extended compared to that of $A{\beta}40$-1. In the Probe test, bilberry added $A{\beta}1$-42B group showed a significant (P<0.05) increase of probe crossing frequency compared to $A{\beta}1$-42A. Administration of amyloid protein ($A{\beta}1$-42) decreased working memory compared to $A{\beta}40$-1 control group. In passive avoidance test, bilberry significantly (P<0.05) increased the time of staying in the lighted area compared to AD control. The results suggest that bilberry may help to improve memory and learning capability in chemically induced Alzheimer's disease in experimental animal models.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.119-128
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• 2005

Objective : The purpose of this study was to estimate the effects of Ramulus et Uncus Uncariae DM fraction on memory enhancing in rats Methods : We oral administered Ramulus et Uncus Uncariae DM fraction to rats then executed passive avoidance test and observed figure of pyramidal neuron on CA1 Results : Findings from our experiments have shown that REUD(>1mg/100g/ml) was effective in memorial improvement. and oral administration of REUD(100mg/100g/ml) for 2 weeks was found to induced the figure of pyramidal neuron on CA1 in rat hippocampus injured by scopolamine. Conclusions : As the result of this study, Decrease of memory induced by injection of scopolamine into rat was also attenuted by REUD, based on passive avoidance test, and REUD was found to reduce the activity of AChE and induced about the CA1 in rat hippocampus. Base on these findings, REUD may be beneficial for the treatment of AD.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.76-89
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• 2014

In this paper, we propose a MAC(Media Access Control) protocol based on flexible RWT(RTS Waiting Time) for underwater mobile ad-hoc networks with a three-way handshaking mechanism. This protocol can solve a problem of collision between RTS(Request-To-Send) and CTS(Clear-To-Send) packets in existing MACA(Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance) protocol. This proposed MAC protocol is also an effective protocol which can apply to underwater mobile ad-hoc networks in a real field by using implementable technologies. We set flexible RTS Waiting Time called RWT, considering various characteristics of underwater environment. It is possible to support variable network size according to node mobility. Finally, we conduct a performance evaluation between proposed MAC protocol and existing MACA based MAC protocol through practical implementation and experiment. As a result, we verify the superiority of our proposed MAC protocol in terms of throughput, packet drop rate, average transmission time, energy consumption and channel utilization.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.507-516
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• 2004

Alzheimer's disease(AD) is a geriatric dementia that is widespread in old age. In the near future AD will be the commom disease in public health service. Although a variety of oriental presciptions in study POD(Polygala tenuifolia extracted from dichlorometan) have been traditionally utilized for the treatment of AD, their pharmacological effects and action mechanisms have not yet fully elucidated. It has been widely believed that AP peptide divided from APP causes apoptotic neurotoxicity in AD brain. However, recent evidence suggests that CT105, carboxy terminal 105 aminoacids peptide fragment of APP, may be an important factor causing neurotoxicity in AD. SK-N-SH cells expressed with CT105 exhibited remarkable apoptotic cell damage. Based on morphological observations by phase contrast microscope and NO formation in the culture media, the CT105-induced cell death was significantly inhibited by POD. In addition, AD is one of brain degeneration disease. So We studied on herbal medicine that have a relation of brain degeneration. From old times, In Oriental Medicine, PO water extract has been used for disease in relation to brain degeneration. We were examined by ROS formation, neurite outgrowth assay and DPPH scravage assay. Additionally, we investigated the association between the CT105 and neurite degeneration caused by CT105-induced apoptotic response in neurone cells. We studied on the regeneratory and inhibitory effects of anti-Alzheimer disease in pCT105-induced neuroblastoma cell lines by POD. Findings from our experiments have shown that POD inhibits the synthesis or activities of CT105, which has neurotoxityies and apoptotic activities in cell line. In addition, treatment of POD(>50 ㎍/㎖ for 12 hours) partially prevented CT(105)-induced cytotoxicity in SK-N-SH cell lines, and were inhibited by the treatment with its. POD(>50 ㎍/㎖ for 12 hours) repaired CT105-induced neurite outgrowth when SK-N-SH cell lines was transfected with CT105. As the result of this study, In POD group, the apoptosis in the nervous system is inhibited, the repair against the degerneration of Neuroblastoma cells by CT105 expression is promoted. Decrease of memory induced by injection of scopolamin into rat was also attenuted by POD, based on passive avoidance test. Taken together, POD exhibited inhibition of CT105-induced apoptotic cell death. POD was found to reduce the activity of AchE and induced about the CA1 in rat hippocampus. Base on these findings, POD may be beneficial for the treatment of AD.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.232-238
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• 2014

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease without known ways to cure. A key neuropathologic manifestation of the disease is extracellular deposition of beta-amyloid peptide (Ab). Specific mechanisms underlying the development of the disease have not yet been fully understood. In this study, we investigated effects of 4-O-methylhonokiol on memory dysfunction in APP/PS1 double transgenic mice. 4-O-methylhonokiol (1 mg/kg for 3 month) significantly reduced deficit in learning and memory of the transgenic mice, as determined by the Morris water maze test and step-through passive avoidance test. Our biochemical analysis suggested that 4-O-methylhonokiol ameliorated $A{\beta}$ accumulation in the cortex and hippocampus via reduction in beta-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 expression. In addition, 4-O-methylhonokiol attenuated lipid peroxidation and elevated glutathione peroxidase activity in the double transgenic mice brains. Thus, suppressive effects of 4-O-methylhonokiol on $A{\beta}$ generation and oxidative stress in the brains of transgenic mice may be responsible for the enhancement in cognitive function. These results suggest that the natural compound has potential to intervene memory deficit and progressive neurodegeneration in AD patients.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.1108-1119
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• 2015

Multicast communication of mobile ad hoc networks is vulnerable to internal attacks due to its routing structure and high scalability of its participants. Though existing intrusion detection systems (IDSs) act smartly to defend against attack strategies, adversaries also accordingly update their attacking plans intelligently so as to intervene in successful defending schemes. In our work, we present a novel indirect internal stealthy attack on a tree-based multicast routing protocol. Such an indirect stealthy attack intelligently makes neighbor nodes drop their routing-layer unicast control packets instead of processing or forwarding them. The adversary targets the collision avoidance mechanism of the Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol to indirectly affect the routing layer process. Simulation results show the success of this attacking strategy over the existing "stealthy attack in wireless ad hoc networks: detection and countermeasure (SADEC)" detection system. We design a cross-layer automata-based stealthy attack on multicast routing protocols (SAMRP) attacker detection system to identify and isolate the proposed attacker. NS-2 simulation and analytical results show the efficient performance, against an indirect internal stealthy attack, of SAMRP over the existing SADEC and BLM attacker detection systems.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.409-414
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• 2007

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) plays a role in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we examined the improving effect of L-theanine, a major amino acid in Japanese green tea (Camellia sinensis) on the scopolamine (1 mg/kg/mouse)-induced memory dysfunction in mice. Treatment with L-theanine (2, 4 mg/kg/mouse p.o.) in the drinking water for 7 days reversed the scopolamine-induced latency time and distance in the water maze test, latency time in the passive avoidance test, and inhibited AChE activity. This study suggests that L-theanine may be a useful agent for prevention of progression of AD.