• 제목/요약/키워드: Activity monitoring system

검색결과 380건 처리시간 0.03초

Open-top chamber 내(內)에서 오존에 폭로(暴露)시킨 1년생(年生) 느티나무(Zelkova serrata Makino) 묘목(苗木)의 생리적(生理的) 반응(反應)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究) (Physiological Responses of One-year-old Zelkova serrata Makino Seedlings to Ozone in Open-top Chamber)

  • 김현석;이경준
    • 한국산림과학회지
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    • 제84권4호
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    • pp.424-431
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    • 1995
  • 이 연구는 open-top chamber내에서 오존 가스에 폭로시킨 느티나무(Zelkova serrata Makino)의 저항성과 생리적 반응을 구명하기 위하여 수행되었다. 화분에 심어 4월에서 8월까지 온실에서 키운 1년생 느티나무 묘목을 야외에 설치한 두개의 open-top chamber(직경2m, 높이2m)에 70본씩 나누어 넣은 후, 한 chamber는 오존 가스 처리구로, 다른 chamber는 대조구로 실험에 이용하였다. 오존 가스 처리구에는 하루 5시간씩(10.00 AM-15.00 PM) 23일 간 0.1ppm 농도의 오존을 폭로하였으며, 대조구는 일반 대기에 노출시켰다. 오존 가스에 폭로 후 2일, 3일, 혹은 5일마다 각 chamber에서 10본씩의 묘목을 임의로 꺼내어 엽록소 a, b의 양, 총엽록소의 양, ${\beta}$-카로틴의 함량을 측정하였다. 광합성량은 가스교환 chamber 내에서 이산화탄소 흡수량으로 측정하였으며, 호흡량은 암흑에서 산소 흡수량으로 측정하였고, SOD(superoxide dismutase)는 xanthine oxidase방법으로 측정하였다. 오존 폭로 14일 후에 물에 젖은 듯한 반점의 가시적 피해가 나타나기 시작하였으며, 오존 가스는 성엽의 노화를 촉진시켰다. 오존에 폭로시킨 지 이틀 후에 엽록소 a, b의 양은 각각 17%, 31% 감소하였으며, 엽록소 b의 감소 속도가 엽록소 a의 감소 속도보다 빨랐다. ${\beta}$-카로틴은 오존에 폭로시킨 지 이틀 후에 25%가 감소하였으나, 시간이 지남에 따라 회복되는 것으로 나타났다. 광합성 능력은 오존 처리구에서 45% 감소하였고, 호흡량은 28% 증가하였다. SOD활성은 오존 폭로 4일 후부터 증가하여 7일 만에 대조구의 285%에 도달하였다가 이후 다시 감소하여 가시적 피해가 나타나는 시기부터 대조구보다 더 낮은 활성을 보였다. 느티나무 묘목은 오존에 의하여 비교적 민감하게 피해를 받으며, SOD 활성은 오존 폭로에 대하여 초기 방어기작으로 나타나는 생리적 지표라고 결론 짓는다.

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Systemic analysis 방법을 활용한 국내 학교급식 위생의 주요 영향 인자 분석 연구(2005-2014) (Systemic Analysis on Hygiene of Food Catering in Korea (2005-2014))

  • 민지현;박문경;김현정;이종경
    • 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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    • 제30권1호
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    • pp.13-27
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    • 2015
  • Systemic analysis 기법을 이용하여 국내 학교급식의 위해관리를 위한 정보를 제공하고자 학교급식 위생 관련 문헌분석을 실시하였다. 단체급식 및 위생 분야 키워드 47개를 도출한 후, DBpia 검색엔진을 통하여 도출된 키워드를 입력하여 최근 10년간(2005-2014) 생산된 총 1,177개 논문을 검색하였다. 이후 관련논문을 수집하고 전문가리뷰를 통하여 최종 142개 논문을 선정하였다. 시설별, 이해당사자별, 외부요인, 내부요인, 직접적 요인, 간접적 요인으로 나눠 문헌을 분석하였다. 시설별로 학교(64편)가 산업체(5편)나 병원(3편)보다 단체급식 위생 관련문헌이 많았다. 학교급식의 주요요인을 분석한 결과 시스템/시설/설비(15편), 위생교육(12편), 생산/납품업체(6편), 식재료(4편), 복합적 요인(9편)이었다. 학교급식 위생관련 요인을 환경적 요인, 인적 요인, 식재료 요인, 고용 및 직무요인으로 구분하였다. 이해당사자별로 영양사, 조리종사원, 학생, 교직원, 식재료 납품업체 등으로 구분하여 분석하였다. 첫 번째, 환경적 요인으로 시설 설비 영역과 시스템 영역으로 구분하였다. 시설 설비 영역에서 대상이 영양사인 경우 급식시설의 명확하지 않은 구획 및 구분, 다량조리기기의 부족으로 인한 음식 온도관리 미흡, 위생관리를 위한 기기 구비율 저조, 조리실 온 습도 관리 미흡 등이 문제점으로 지적되었다. 대상이 학생인 경우에는 교실배식 환경을 문제로 꼽았다. 시스템 영역에서는 영양사가 대상인 경우 학교 내 구성원 간 HACCP 시스템 팀의 낮은 협력정도가 문제로 지적되었다. 조리사/조리종사원이 대상인 경우에는 과도한 업무량과 높은 노동 강도, 급식소 안전 관련 근무 조건의 열악함이 문제가 되었다. 학부모를 대상으로 조사한 결과에서는 학교급식 모니터 제도의 활동이 저조한 것이 문제로 파악되었다. 두 번째, 인적 요소 측면에서는 "위생교육 부족"이 가장 큰 문제점으로서, 교육대상이 조리종사원인 경우 형식적인 위생교육, HACCP 관련 교육 미흡, 낮은 개인위생관리수행이 문제가 되었다. 대상이 학생인 경우에는 위생교육 경험이 적고, 위생교육의 적용 및 효과가 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 세 번째, 식재료 요소 측면에서 원재료 자체의 위생문제와 신선편이식품 전처리 식재료의 불신이 문제로 파악되었다. 한편, 생산 납품업체 관련 납품업체 배송차량 관리 미흡, 생산 납품업체 직원의 위생관리, HACCP 비인증업체의 위생관리가 문제로 지적되었다. 마지막으로 고용 및 직무 요소 측면에서 영양사와 조리종사원의 고용형태, 연봉수준은 직무만족도 및 직무몰입도에 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났으며, 직무스트레스는 직무수행, 나아가 학교급식 위생에도 영향을 줄 수 있다는 것이 확인되었다. 학교급식 위생의 원인 분석을 통하여 향후 정부는 예산확보, 현장조사, 인증시스템 제도 마련, 근무 조건 개선, 위생훈련 및 점검 강화, 전문가에 의한 위생컨설팅 및 급식장 설계 컨설팅을 강화할 필요가 있다. 본 연구는 향후 급식위생안전 개선을 위한 교육 자료 및 관련 기술 개발에 활용할 수 있다.

생물다양성에 대한 기후변화의 영향과 그 대책 (Effects of climate change on biodiversity and measures for them)

  • 안지홍;임치홍;정성희;김아름;이창석
    • 한국습지학회지
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    • 제18권4호
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    • pp.474-480
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    • 2016
  • 본 연구에서는 지구적 차원에서 생물다양성의 성립 배경과 그동안 일어난 변화 그리고 기후변화가 생물다양성 및 인간에 미치는 영향을 밝히고 그 영향을 줄이기 위한 대안을 제시하였다. 생물다양성은 생명체의 풍부한 정도이며, 생물을 구분하는 모든 수준에서의 다양성을 종합적으로 의미한다. 즉, 생물다양성은 유전자, 종 그리고 생태계 전반과 그들의 상호작용을 아우른다. 이는 생태계의 기반을 구성하며, 모든 사람들이 필수적으로 의존하는 서비스를 제공한다. 그럼에도 불구하고 오늘날 생물다양성은 주로 인간 활동에 의해 점점 더 위협받고 있다. 지구상의 생물은 생명이 탄생한 이래 약 40억년의 역사를 통해 다양한 환경에 적응하고 진화한 결과, 약 1000만 내지 3000만종으로 추정되는 다양한 생물이 존재하게 되었다. 생물다양성을 구성하는 무수한 생명들은 각각의 고유한 특성을 가지고 있으며 다양한 관계 속에 얽혀 있다. 우리들이 현재 생활하고 있는 지구의 환경도 이러한 생물체의 방대한 연관성과 상호작용에 의해 긴 세월 동안 만들어져 왔으며, 인류도 하나의 생물로서 다른 생물들과 관계를 맺으며 살아가고 있다. 이러한 주위의 생물들이 없다면 사람도 살아갈 수 없다. 그러나 인류는 최근 수 백 년 간 과거의 평균 멸종속도를 1000배 가량이나 가속시켜 왔다. 우리는 미래 세대의 풍요로운 삶을 위해서라도 생물다양성을 보전하는 한편, 지속가능하게 이용할 책임이 있다. 우리나라는 세계 어느 국가보다도 빠른 경제 성장을 이루어왔으나, 동시에 이는 남북으로 길게 뻗은 반도 국가라는 지리적 특성에 의해 본래 풍부했던 생물다양성을 빠르게 소실시키는 결과를 야기하였다. 한국인은 오랫동안 농업, 임업 그리고 어업을 해오는 과정에서 자연과의 공존을 통해 독특한 고유의 문화를 창조하였다. 그러나 근래 서구문명의 유입과 과학 기술의 발전 과정에서 이러한 자연과의 관계는 멀어지게 되었으며, 자연과 문화 사이의 조화로운 조합에 의해 창출된 고유한 풍토는 점점 더 사라지고 있다. 한국의 인구는 세계 인구가 지속적으로 증가하는 것과는 반대로 점차 줄어들 것으로 예측되고 있다. 이 시점에서 우리는 인구 감소에 의한 자연의 회복에 발맞추어 급속한 인구 증가 및 경제 성장으로 인해 훼손된 생물다양성을 복원할 필요가 있다. 지구상에 생명이 탄생한 이래 다섯차례의 대멸종이 있었다. 현대의 대멸종은 매우 급속히 진행되고 있으며, 인간 활동에 의한 영향이 주요 원인인 점에서 이전의 것과 구분된다. 기후변화는 실제로 일어나고 있으며, 생물다양성은 이러한 변화에 매우 취약하다. 만약 생명체가 변화하는 환경에서 '진화를 통한 적응', '생존가능한 다른 지역으로의 이주' 등과 같은 생존 방법을 찾아내지 못한다면 이들은 절멸할 것이므로, 기후변화가 지속된다면 생물다양성은 극도로 훼손될 수 밖에 없다. 따라서 우리는 이러한 훼손정도를 최소화하기 위해 기후변화가 생물다양성에 미치는 영향을 보다 적극적이고 심도있게 파악할 필요가 있다. 생물계절의 변화, 식생 이동을 비롯한 분포 범위의 변화, 생물 간 상호작용의 부조화, 먹이 사슬 이상에 기인한 번식 및 생장률 감소, 산호초 백화현상 등이 기후변화에 미치는 영향으로 등장하고 있다. 질병의 확산, 식량 생산 감소, 작물 경작지 범위 변화, 어장 및 어업시기의 변화 등은 인간에 대한 영향으로 나타나고 있다. 기후변화 문제를 해결하기 위해 우선, 우리는 온실 가스 배출량을 감소시켜 기후변화 완화를 시도할 필요가 있다. 그러나 현재 우리가 온실가스 배출을 당장 멈추더라도, 기후변화는 당분간 지속될 전망이다. 이런 점에서, 기후변화 적응 전략을 준비하는 것이 더 현실적이 될 수 있다. 생물다양성에 대한 기후변화 영향의 지속적 모니터링 및 보다 적합한 모니터링 체계 구축이 선행과제가 될 수 있다. 생물다양성이 성립할 수 있는 생태적 공간의 확보, 이동 보조 및 남북을 이어주는 수평 및 저지대와 고지대를 이어주는 수직적 생태네트웍이 기후변화에 따른 생물다양성의 적응을 돕는 대안으로 추천될 수 있다.

폐쇄성 수면 무호흡이 전신성 혈압, 심조율 및 요 Catecholamines 농도 변화에 미치는 영향 (The Influence of Obstructive Sleep Apnea on Systemic Blood Pressure, Cardiac Rhythm and the Changes of Urinary)

  • 노대근;최영미;송정섭;박성학;문화식
    • Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
    • /
    • 제45권1호
    • /
    • pp.153-168
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    • 1998
  • 연구배경: 폐쇄성 수면 무호흡 증후군 환자들에서 동반될 수 있는 전신성 고혈압과 심부정백을 포함한 심혈관계 기능 부전은 장기사망률을 증가시키는 중요한 요인으로 생각되고 있다. 그러나 이들 환자에서 심혈관계 기능부전이 발생하는 병태생리학적 기전에 관한 정설은 확립 되지 못한 실정이다. 방 법: 저자들은 폐쇄성 수면 무호흡 증후군 환자 29명과 대조군 25명을 대상으로 수면다원검사, 각성시와 수면 중 요 catecholamines 농도 측정, 24 시간 활동중 심전도 및 혈압 감시를 실시하여 자료를 비교 분석함으로써 폐쇄성 수면 무호흡이 전신성 혈압, 심조율 및 요 catecholamines 농도 변화에 미치는 영향을 이해하고자 하였다. 결 과: 1) 요 norepinephrine (UNE) 및 epinephrine(UEP) 농도는 페쇄성 수면 무호흡증후군환자와 대조군 모두에서 각성시에 비하여 수면중에 유의하게 감소하였다(P<0.01). 폐쇄성 수면 무호흡 증후군 환자들의 수면중 UNE 농도는 대조군에 비하여 유의하게 높았으나(P<0.05), 각성시 UNE 농도는 대조군과 유의한 차이가 없었다. 두군 모두에서 전신성 고혈압의 동반 여부와 각성시 및 수면중 UNE 및 UEP 농도 상호간의 관련성은 없었다. 2) 폐쇄성 수면 무호흡 증후군 환자들에서는 수면 중 혈압 하강이 없는 경우 (non-dipper) 가 통계적으로 유의하지는 않았으나 대조군에 비하여 많은 경향을 보였으며(P=0.089), 수면중 혈압 하강의 유무와 전신성 고혈압의 동반 여부와는 상호 관련성이 없었다. 3) 전체 연구 대상에서 각성시 및 수면중 평균 수축기 혈압은 무호흡지수, 무호흡-저호흡지수, 수면중 최저 산소포화도, 수면중 산소 탈포화정도와 상호 관련성이 있었으며, 수면중 UNE 농도는 무호흡지수, 무호흡-저호흡지수, 수면중 최저 산소포화도 및 산소 탈포화정도, 수면중 평균 수축기 혈압과 관련성이 있었다. 4) 무호흡지수가 20 이상인 14명의 폐쇄성 수면 무호흡 증후군 환자들에서 무호흡 시기 동안의 섬박동수는 무호흡이 시작되기 전에 비하여 감소하였고, 무호흡이 끝나고 호흡이 재개되는 시기에는 우호흡이 시작되기 전에 비하여 유의한 증가를 보였으며 (P<0.01), 이러한 변화는 무호흡의 기간이 길수록 더욱 현저하였다 (P<0.01). 무호흡 시기와 무호흡이 끝나고 호흡이 재개되는 시기의 심박동수 차이 (${\Delta}HR$) 는 무호흡 발생 전후의 동맥혈 산소포화도의 차이 (${\Delta}SaO_2$)와 매우 유의한 상관관계를 보였다 (r=0.223, P<0.001). 5) 심부정맥의 발생 빈도는 두군 사이에 유의한 차이가 없었으며, 대조군에서는 심실성 기외수축이 각성시에 비하여 수면중에 현저히 감소하였으나(P<0.05), 폐쇄성 수면 무호흡 증후군 환자들에서는 수면중에도 각성시와 차이가 없었다. 결 론: 폐쇄성 수면 무호흡 증후군 환자들은 수면중에 무호홉, 저산소증 및 각성의 주기가 반복됨으로써 교감신경계 활성도의 변화가 초래될 수 있으며, 반복되는 저산소증과 교감신경계 활성도 증가는 전신성 혈압 및 심기능의 변화를 포함한 여러 가지 심혈관계 기능부전의 발생에 영향을 미칠 것으로 생각된다.

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통합병참지원에 관한 연구 (A Study on Integrated Logistic Support)

  • 나명환;김종걸;이낙영;권영일;홍연웅;전영록
    • 한국신뢰성학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국신뢰성학회 2001년도 정기학술대회
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    • pp.277-278
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    • 2001
  • The successful operation of a product In service depends upon the effective provision of logistic support in order to achieve and maintain the required levels of performance and customer satisfaction. Logistic support encompasses the activities and facilities required to maintain a product (hardware and software) in service. Logistic support covers maintenance, manpower and personnel, training, spares, technical documentation and packaging handling, storage and transportation and support facilities.The cost of logistic support is often a major contributor to the Life Cycle Cost (LCC) of a product and increasingly customers are making purchase decisions based on lifecycle cost rather than initial purchase price alone. Logistic support considerations can therefore have a major impact on product sales by ensuring that the product can be easily maintained at a reasonable cost and that all the necessary facilities have been provided to fully support the product in the field so that it meets the required availability. Quantification of support costs allows the manufacturer to estimate the support cost elements and evaluate possible warranty costs. This reduces risk and allows support costs to be set at competitive rates.Integrated Logistic Support (ILS) is a management method by which all the logistic support services required by a customer can be brought together in a structured way and In harmony with a product. In essence the application of ILS:- causes logistic support considerations to be integrated into product design;- develops logistic support arrangements that are consistently related to the design and to each other;- provides the necessary logistic support at the beginning and during customer use at optimum cost.The method by which ILS achieves much of the above is through the application of Logistic Support Analysis (LSA). This is a series of support analysis tasks that are performed throughout the design process in order to ensure that the product can be supported efficiently In accordance with the requirements of the customer.The successful application of ILS will result in a number of customer and supplier benefits. These should include some or all of the following:- greater product uptime;- fewer product modifications due to supportability deficiencies and hence less supplier rework;- better adherence to production schedules in process plants through reduced maintenance, better support;- lower supplier product costs;- Bower customer support costs;- better visibility of support costs;- reduced product LCC;- a better and more saleable product;- Improved safety;- increased overall customer satisfaction;- increased product purchases;- potential for purchase or upgrade of the product sooner through customer savings on support of current product.ILS should be an integral part of the total management process with an on-going improvement activity using monitoring of achieved performance to tailor existing support and influence future design activities. For many years, ILS was predominantly applied to military procurement, primarily using standards generated by the US Government Department of Defense (DoD). The military standards refer to specialized government infrastructures and are too complex for commercial application. The methods and benefits of ILS, however, have potential for much wider application in commercial and civilian use. The concept of ILS is simple and depends on a structured procedure that assures that logistic aspects are fully considered throughout the design and development phases of a product, in close cooperation with the designers. The ability to effectively support the product is given equal weight to performance and is fully considered in relation to its cost.The application of ILS provides improvements in availability, maintenance support and longterm 3ogistic cost savings. Logistic costs are significant through the life of a system and can often amount to many times the initial purchase cost of the system.This study provides guidance on the minimum activities necessary to Implement effective ILS for a wide range of commercial suppliers. The guide supplements IEC60106-4, Guide on maintainability of equipment Part 4: Section Eight maintenance and maintenance support planning, which emphasizes the maintenance aspects of the support requirements and refers to other existing standards where appropriate. The use of Reliability and Maintainability studies is also mentioned in this study, as R&M is an important interface area to ILS.

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천연기념물 제374호 제주 평대리 비자나무 숲의 보존·관리방향 설정을 위한 기초연구 (A Basic Study on the Establishment of Preservation and Management for Natural Monument(No.374) Pyeongdae-ri Torreya nucifera forest of Jeju)

  • 이원호;김동현;김재웅;오해성;최병기;이종성
    • 한국전통조경학회지
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    • 제32권1호
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    • pp.93-106
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    • 2014
  • 본 연구는 천연기념물 제374호 제주 평대리 비자나무 숲의 입지환경, 식생자원과 이용 및 관리현황을 조사하고, 현재 적용되는 관리구역에 대한 등급을 설정한 것으로써 다음과 같은 결과를 도출하였다. 첫째, 제주 평대리 비자나무 숲은 토지이용형태가 농업지역으로 변화하면서 대상지 주변지역으로의 개발압력에 의한 영향이 우려되며, 비자나무 숲 내 곶자왈지대는 종 다양성을 확보할 수 있는 기반요소로 원형보존의 관리계획 설정 및 지형의 변화를 야기하는 개발행위는 배제되어야 한다. 둘째, 제주 평대리 비자나무 숲의 소산식물상은 총 91과 263속 353종 41변종 8품종의 402분류군이 조사되었다. 이 중 환경부 지정 법정 멸종위기식물종 중 멸종위기식물 I II급에 해당하는 식물의 분포가 확인되었으나 현재의 서식처 변화 및 종의 병해, 불법 남획 등에 따른 개체 소실에 의해 비자나무 숲 내 종의 절멸 위험도 존재하므로 제주 평대리 비자나무 숲의 관리방안 설정 시 우선적으로 보호되어야 할 대상으로 고려되어야 한다. 셋째, 비자나무가 상관을 대표하는 식생구조를 나타내고 있으나, 노거수 위주의 영속적 관리와 보존전략은 빈약한 연령구조를 야기하였으며, 일부 구역의 인위적 관리에 의한 숲의 건조화, 자연적 천이에 의한 비자나무의 입지 감소 등의 문제점이 발생하는 바, 수목밀도의 조절 및 후계목 증식 등 제주 평대리 비자나무 숲의 특성을 유지할 수 있는 방안의 마련이 필요하다. 넷째, 이용에 따른 탐방로의 훼손이 발견되었으며, 특히 화산송이길의 훼손 및 분담율이 높게 나타났다. 따라서 화산송이의 단순한 보충보다는 현행 탐방로 외에 추가적인 관광루트 개발을 통한 분담율 완화 방안이 고려되어야 한다. 섯째, 제주 평대리 비자나무 숲의 관광요소 중 높은 선호도를 나타내는 식물적 요소는 이용에 관한 압력이 민감하게 작용하고, 비영속적인 특성상 지속적 모니터링이 필요하며, 추가적 관광요소 개발과 동시에 현재 높은 선호도를 나타내는 요소를 적극 활용하는 등의 방안이 마련되어야 한다. 여섯째, 보호강도별 중요도에 따라 I등급 지역은 존속개체군의 유지와 서식처의 훼손을 방지하고, II등급 지역은 연차별 숲의 재생을 위주로 관리방향을 설정하며, III등급 지역은 비자나무 시범림이나 후계목 증식을 위한 지역으로 설정되어야 한다. IV등급 지역은 고유 식생의 교란이 많이 발생하는 곳으로 부분별 휴식년제의 도입이 필요하다. V등급 지역은 비자나무 숲의 관광활용을 위한 서비스 공간 적지에 속한다. 상이한 등급의 지역 인접에 따른 가장자리효과에 대한 방안으로는 상대적으로 등급이 낮은 곳에 환경간섭을 피하기 위한 버퍼존의 설치와 주기적 모니터링이 요구된다.

9-(4-$[^{18}F]Fluoro-3-hydroxymethylbutyl)$guanine $([^{18}F]FHBG)$의 합성과 헤르페스 단순 바이러스 티미딘 키나아제 이입 간암 세포주에서의 기초 연구 (Synthesis and Preliminary Evaluation of $9-(4-[^{18}F]Fluoro-3-hydroxymethylbutyl)$ Guanine $([^{18}F]FHBG)$ in HSV1-tk Gene Transduced Hepatoma Cell)

  • 문병석;이태섭;이명근;이교철;안광일;전권수;오옥두;지대윤;최창운;임상무;천기정
    • Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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    • 제40권4호
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    • pp.218-227
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    • 2006
  • 목적 : 헤르페스 심플렉스 1형 바이러스 티미딘 키나제(Herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase. HSV1-tk) 유전자는 보고 유전자로서 필요한 조건뿐만 아니라 별도의 치료 유전자를 따로 이입할 필요가 없다는 장점을 가지고 있어 유전자 영상과 치료에서 가장 널리 사용되는 유전자이다. 본 연구에서는 간암세포주에서 HSV1-tk 보고 유전자 발현을 비침습적 PET 영상으로 평가하는데 있어서 $9-(4-[^{18}F]Fluoro-3-hydroxymethylbutyl)$guanine ($[^{18}F]FHBG$)의 유용성을 평가하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 : $[^{18}F]FHBG$는 triester로부터 8단계를 거쳐 합성하였다. $[^{18}F]FHBG$는 전구체로 N2-monomethoxytrityl-9-[4-(tosyl)-3-monomethoxytritylmethylbutyl]guanine를 사용하고 kyptofix [2.2.2.]를 이용한 친핵성 반응으로 $120^{\circ}C$에서 20분 동안 반응한 후에 1 N HCl로 보호기를 제거함으로써 합성하였다. HSV1-tk 보고 유전자가 이입되어 있는 세포주인 MCA-tk와 이입되지 않은 MCA 세포주를 이용하여 in vitro 상에서의 $[^{18}F]FHBG$의 섭취 및 방출 실험을 실시하였으며 섭취량과 발현량의 상관성 평가를 위해 세포수 백분율에 따른 섭취실험을 실시하였다. In vivo 상에서의 평가를 위하여 피하 종양 형성 동물모델을 이용하여 microPET생체영상을 획득하였다. 결과: 합성된 $[^{18}F]FHBG$를 역상 HPLC를 사용하여, 머무름 시간 16-18분에서 분리하였다. 반감기를 고려한 방사화학적 수율은 20-25%, 방사화학적 순도는 95% 이상이었으며 비방사능은 55.0 $GBq/{\mu}\;mol$ 이상이었다. HSV1-tk 유전자가 이입된 MCA-tk 세포에서는 특이적인 $[^{18}F]FHBG$의 집적이 발생하였으며 대조군인 MCA에서는 거의 집적이 이루어지지 않았다. 또한, 방출 실험에서 방출 후 1시간 경과까지 86% 이상의 $[^{18}F]FHBG$가 세포내에 잔류하였다. MCA-tk 세포주의 비율이 증가함에 따라 $[^{18}F]FHBG$의 섭취량도 직선적 상관관계($R^2=0.995$)에 따라 증가하여 기질의 섭취량이 유전자 발현량을 잘 반영하고 있음이 확인되었다. MicroPET을 이용한 생체영상에서도 MCA와 MCA-tk 에서 확연한 집적의 차이를 보여주었다. 결론: 간암세포주에서 HSV1-tk 유전자의 발현 정도와 지속성 그리고 위치를 확인하기 위한 비침습적 PET 영상을 위한 기질로서 $[^{18}F]FHBG$는 매우 유용할 것으로 기대된다.

토양 수분 결핍에 따른 토마토의 생육과 생리적응 (Growth and Physiological Adaptations of Tomato Plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) in Response to Water Scarcity in Soil)

  • 황승미;권택륜;도은수;박미희
    • 생물환경조절학회지
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    • 제19권4호
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    • pp.266-274
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    • 2010
  • 본 연구는 토마토의 토양 수분결핍조건에서의 생장과 생리적인 반응을 근본적으로 조사하기 위하여 수행되었다. 토양에 두가지 수분조건, 심한 수분결핍(-100kPa)과, 대조구인 약한 수분결핍 처리(-25kPa)는 실시간 토양수분함량을 모니터링을 할 수 있는 토양센서와 관수 모듈을 갖춘 micro-irrigation 시스템을 고안, 온실에서 유지되었다. 토양수분함량은 30일동안 변동되었으며, -25kPa로 맞춰진 처리구는 평균 -47kPa, -100kPa 처리구는 평균 -119kPa로 차이를 나타냈다. 이 두 가지 다른 토양수분상태에서 자란 식물체 사이의 생육을 비교해 본 결과 수분결핍상태(-100kPa)에서 자란 식물체가 대조구인 약한 수분결핍(-25kPa) 처리구에 비해 절간수의 차이없이 신장이 유의하게 감소하였으며 건물중의 축적은 더 높게 나타났다. 또한 건물중 당 엽면적의 차이 없이, 엽면적과 엽건중이 수분 결핍이 약한 처리구에 비해 수분결핍이 심한 처리구가 더 높게 나타났다. 이러한 생육상의 차이는 심한 수분스트레스가 엽두께의 변화없이 생체중의 증가와 엽면적 확보를 통해 토마토의 수분스트레스에 적응을 야기시킬 수 있음을 제시했다. 수분결핍에 따른 토마토 생육기간동안, 생리적변화를 조사한 결과, -100kPa 처리구에서 자란 토마토가 대조구인 -25kPa 처리구에 비해 엽의 상대수분함량의 증가와 잎의 삼투압이 낮게 나타났다. 이는 수분스트레스아래서 토마토의 더 나은 수분상태를 유지하기 위한 생리적인 적응을 설명해준다. 아울러 심한 수분스트레스는 대조구에 비해 PSII 활성과 수분활용도를 증가되었으며, 낮은 기공저항도를 나타내었다. 처리간의 광합성의 차이는 없었으며, 토마토 과실의 수와 생육량의 차이는 없었다. 이러한 결과는 토마토 'Picco'가 엽형태의 변형과 삼투압, 수분활용도와 PSII의 활성을 통해 수분결핍상태에서 적응할 수 있게 만들 능력을 보여준다. 본 연구결과에서 나타난 토마토의 수분스트레스 적응 메커니즘은 토마토의 가뭄저항성 스크린에 있어서 고려되어져야 할 것으로 보인다.

Sensory Information Processing

  • Yoshimoto, Chiyoshi
    • 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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    • 제6권2호
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    • pp.1-8
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    • 1985
  • The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70$\pm$1.32mmHg/min)compared to CF dialyzers(4.32$\pm$0.55mmHg/min)(p<0.05). However, there was no observable difference in the UFR between the two dialyzers. Neither APD nor UFR showed any significant increase with an increasing number of reuses for up to more than 20reuses. A substantial number of failures observed in APD(larger than 20mmHe/min)on the reused dialyzers(2 out of 40 CP and S out 26 C-DAK) were attributed to the Possible damage on the fibers. The CF 15-11 HFDs which failed APD test did not show changes in the UFR compared to normal dialyzers indicating that APD is a more sensitive test than UFR test to evaluate the integrity of the fibers. 30527 T00401030527 ^x For quantitative measurement of reflected light from a clinical diagnostic strip, a prototype old reflectance photometer was designed. The strip loader and cassette were made to obtain more accurate reflectance parameters. The strip was illuminated at 45˚c through optical fiber and the intensity of reflected light was determined at rectanguLat angle using a photodiode. The kubelka-munk coefficient and reflection optical density were determined ar four different wavelengths(500, 550, 570 and 610nm) for blood glucose strip. For higher concentration than 300mg/41 about glucose, a saturation state of abforbance was observed at 500, 550 and 570nm. The correlation between glucose concentration and parameters was the best at 610nm. 30535 T00401030535 ^x Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors were grown on the flanks of C3H mice. The mice were divided into two groups. One group was injected with Photofrin II, intravenously (2.5mg/kg body weight). The other group received no Photofrin II. Mice from both groups were irradialed for approximately 15 minutes at 100, 300, or 500 mW/cm2 with the argon (488nm/514.5 nm), dye(628nm) and gold vapor (pulsed 628 nm) laser light. A photosensitizer behaved as an added absorber. Under our experimental conditions, the presence of Photolfrin II increased surface temperature by at least 40% and the temperature rise due to 300 mW/cm2 irradiation exceeded values for hyperthermia. Light and temperature distributions with depth were estimated by a computer model. The model demonstrated the influence of wavelength on the thermal process and proved to be a valuable tool to investigate internal temperature rise. 30536 T00401030536 ^x We investigated the structural geometry of thirty-eight Korean femurs. The purpose of this study is to identify major geometrical differences between Korean femurs 3nd others that we believe belong to Caucasians so that we would be able to get insights into the femoral component design that fits Asians including Koreans. We utilized computerized tomography (CT) images of femurs extracted from cadavers. The CT images were transformed into bitmap data by using a film scanner, and then analyzed by using a commercially available software called Image v.1.0 and a Macintosh IIci computer.The resulting data were compared with already published data. The major results show that the geometry of the Korean femurs is significantly different from that of Caucasians: (1) the anteversion angle and the canal flare index are greater by the amount of approximately 8˚ and 0.5, respectively, (2) the shape of the isthmus cross section is more round, and (3) the distance between the teaser trochanter and the proximal border of the isthmus is shelter by about 15 mm. The results suggested that the femoral component suitable for Asians should be different from the currently-used components designed and manufactured mostly by European or American companies. 30537 T00401030537 ^x It is well known that nonlinear propagation characteristics of the wave in the tissue may give very useful information for the medical diagnoisis. In this paper, a new method to detect nonlinear propagation characteristics of the internal vibration in the tissue for the low frequency mechanical vibration by using bispectral analysis is proposed. In the method, low frequency vibration of f0( = 100Hz) is applied on the surface of the object, and the waveform of the internal vibration x (t) is measured from Doppler frequency modulation of silmultaneously transmitted probing ultrasonic waves. Then, the bispectra of the signal x (t) at the frequencies (f0, f0) and (f0, 2f0) are calculated to estimate the nonlinear propagation characteristics as their magnitude ratio, w here since bispectrum is free from the gaussian additive noise we can get the value with high S/N. Basic experimental system is constructed by using 3.0 MHz probing ultrasonic waves and the several experiments are carried out for some phantoms. Results show the superiority of the proposed method to the conventional method using power spectrum and also its usefulness for the tissue characterization. 30541 T00401030541 ^x This paper describes the implementation of a computerized radial pulse diagnosis by aids of a clinical expert. On this base, we composed of the radial pulse diagnosis system in korean traditional medicine. The system composed of a radial pulse wave detection system and a radial pulse diagnosis system. With a detection system, we detected Inyoung and Cheongu radial pulse wave and processed it. Then, we have got the characteristic parameters of radial pulse wave and also quantified that according to the method of Inyoung-Cheongu Comparison Radial Pulse Diagnosis. We defined the jugement standard of radial pulse diagnosis system and then we confirmed the possibility for realization of automatic radial pulse diagnosis in korean traditional medicine. 30545 T00401030545 ^x Microspheres are expected to be applied to biomedical areas such as solid-phase immunoassays, drug delivery systems, immunomagnetic cell separation. To synthesize microspheres for biomedical application, "two stage shot growth method" was developed. The uniformity ratio of synthesized microspheres was always smaller than 1.05. And the surface charge density (or the number of ionizable functional groups) of the microspheres synthesized by "two stage shot growth method" was 6~13 times higher than that of the microspheres synthesized by conventional seeded batch copolymerization. As a previous step for biomedical application, adsorption experiments of bovine albumin on microspheres were carried out under various conditions. The maximum adsorbed amount was obtained in the neighborhood of pH 4.5. Isoelectric point of bovine albumin is pH 5.0, so experimental result shows that it shifted to acid area. The adsorption isotherm was obtained, the plateau region was always reached at 2.Og/L (bulk concentration of bovine albumin).The effect of the kind and the amount of surface functional group was also examined. 30575 T00401030575 ^x A medical image workstation was developed using multimedia technique. The system based on PC-486DX was designed to acquire medical images produced by medical imaging instruments and related audio information, that is, doctors' reporting results. Input information was processed and analyzed, then the results were presented in the form of graph and animation. All the informations of the system were hierarchically related with the image as the apex. Processing and analysis algorithms were implemented so that the diagnostic accuracy could be improved. The diagnosed information can be transferred for patient diagnosis through LAN(local area network). 30592 T00401030592 ^x In the conventional infrared imaging system, complex infrared lens systems are usually used for directing collimated narrow infrared beams into the high speed 2-dimensional optic scanner. In this paper, a simple reflective infrared optic system with a 2-dimensional optic scanner is proposed for the realization of medical infrared thermography system. It has been experimentally proven that the intfrared thermography system composed of the proposed optic system has the temperature resolution of 0.1˚c under the spatial resolution of lmrad, the image matrix size of 256 X 240, and tile imaging time of 4 seconds. 30593 T00401030593 ^x In this paper, MIIS (Medical Image Information System) has been designed and implemented using INGRES RDBMS, which is based on a client/server architecture. The implemented system allows users to register and retrieve patient information, medical images and diagnostic reports. It also provides the function to display these information on workstation windows simultaneously by using the designed menu-driven graphic user interface. The medical image compression/decompression techniques are implemented and integrated into the medical image database system for the efficient data storage and the fast access through the network. 30594 T00401030594 ^x In this paper, computerized BEAM was implemented for the space domain analysis of EEG. Trans-formation from temporal summation to two-dimensional mappings is formed by 4 nearest point inter-polaton method. Methods of representation of BEAM are two. One is dot density method which classify brain electrical potential 9 levels by dot density of gray levels and the other is colour method which classify brain electrical 12 levels by red-green colours. In this BEAM, instantaneous change and average energy distribution over any arbitrary time interval of brain electrical activity could be observed and analyzed easily. In the frequency domain, the distribution of energy spectrum of a special band can easily be distinguished normality and abnormality. 30608 T00401030608 ^x Laboratory information system (LIS) is a key tool to manage laboratory data in clinical pathology. Our department has developed an information system for routine hematology using down-sized computer system. We have used an IBM 486 compatible PC with 16MB main memory, 210 MB hard disk drive, 9 RS-232C port and 24 pin dot printer. The operating system and database management system were SCO UNIX and SCO foxbase, respectively. For program development, we used Xbase language provided by SCO foxbase. The C language was used for interface purpose. To make the system use friendly, pull-down menu was used. The system connected to our hospital information system via application program interface (API), so the information related to patient and request details is automatically transmitted to our computer. Our system interfaced with fwd complete blood count analyzers(Sysmex NE-8000 and Coulter STKS) for unidirectional data tansmission from analyzer to computer. The authors suggests that this system based on down-sized computer could provide a progressive approach to total LIS based on local area network, and the implemented system could serve as a model for other hospital's LIS for routine hematology. 30609 T00401030609 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. To use as the structural matrix of the composite, collagen was purified from human umbilical cord. The obtained collagen was treated by pepsin to remove telopeptides, and finally, the immune-free atelocollagen was produced: The cross linked atelocollagen was highly resistant to the collagenase induced collagenolysis. The cross linked collagen demonstrated an improved tensile strength. 30618 T00401030618 ^x This paper is a study on the design of adptive filter for QRS complex detection. We propose a simple adaptive algorithm to increase capability of noise cancelation in QRS complex detection with two stage adaptive filter. At the first stage, background noise is removed and at the next stage, only spectrum of QRS complex components is passed. Two adaptive filters can afford to keep track of the changes of both noise and QRS complex. Each adaptive filter consists of prediction error filter and FIR filter The impulse response of FIR filter uses coefficients of prediction error filter. The detection rates for 105 and 108 of MIT/BIH data base were 99.3% and 97.4% respectively. 30619 T00401030619 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed and produced a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. Human umbilical cord origin pepsin treated type I atelocollagen was used as the structural matrix, by which sintered or non-sintered carbonate apatite was encapsulated to form an inorganic-organic composite. With cross linking atelocollagen by UV ray irradiation, the resistance to both compressive and tensile strength was increased. Collagen degradation by the collagenase induced collagenolysis was also decreased. 30620 T00401030620 ^x We have developed a monoleaflet polymer valve as an inexpensive and viable alternative, especially for short-term use in the ventricular assist device or total artificial heart. The frame and leaflet of the polymer valve were made from polyurethane, To evaluate the hemodynamic performance of the polymer valve a comparative study of flow dynamics past a polymer valve and a St. Jude Medical prosthetic valve under physiological pulsatile flow conditions in vitro was made. Comparisons between the valves were made on the transvalvular pressure drop, regurgitation volume and maximum valve opening area. The polymer valve showed smaller regurgitation volume and transvalvular pressure drop compared to the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. The results showed that the functional characteristics of the polymer valve compared favorably with those of the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. 30621 T00401030621 ^x Explosive evaporative removal process of biological tissue by absorption of a CW laser has been simulated by using gelatin and a multimode Nd:YAG laser. Because the point of maximun temperature of laser-irradiated gelatin exists below the surface due to surface cooling, evaporation at the boiling temperature is made explosively from below the surface. The important parameters of this process are the conduction loss to laser power absorption (defined as the conduction-to-laser power parameter, Nk), the convection heat transfer at the surface to conduction loss (defined as Bi), dimensionless extinction coefficient (defined as Br.), and dimensionless irradiation time (defined as Fo). Dependence of Fo on Nk and Bi has been observed by experiment, and the results have been compared with the numerical results obtained by solving a 2-dimensional conduction equation. Fo and explosion depth (from the surface to the point of maximun temperature) are increased when Nk and Bi are increased.To find out the minimum laser power for explosive evaporative removal process, steady state analysis has been also made. The limit of Nk to induce evaporative removal, which is proportional to the inverse of the laser power, has been obtained. 30622 T00401030622 ^x N1 and N2 gross neural action potentials were measured from the round window of the guinea pig cochlea at the onset of the acoustic stimuli. N1-N2 audiograms were made by means of regulating stimulant intensities in order to produce constant N1-N2 potentials as criteria for different input tone pip frequencies. The lowest threshold was measured with an input tone pip I5 dB SPL in intensity and 12 KHz in frequency when the animal was in normal physiological condition. The procedure of experimental measurements is explained in detail. This experimental approach is very useful for the investigation of the Cochlear function. Both noN1inear and active functions of the Cochlea can be monitored by N1-N2 audiograms. 30623 T00401030623 ^x In electrical impedance tomography(EIT), we use boundary current and voltage measurements toprovide the information about the cross-sectional distribution of electrical impedance or resistivity. One of the major problems in EIT has been the inaccessibility of internal voltage or current data in finding the internal impedance values. We propose a new image reconstruction method using internal current density data measured by NMR. We obtained a two-dimensional current density distribution within a phantom by processing the real and imaginary MR images from a 4.77 NMR machine. We implemented a resistivity mage reconstruction algorithm using the finite element method and sensitivity matrix. We presented computer simulation results of the mage reconstruction algorithm and furture direction of the research. 30624 T00401030624 ^x A new method of digital image analysis technique for discrimination of cancer cell was presented in this paper. The object image was the Thyroid eland cells image that was diagnosed as normal and abnormal (two types of abnormal: follicular neoplastic cell, and papillary neoplastic cell), respectively. By using the proposed region segmentation algorithm, the cells were segmented into nucleus. The 16 feature parameters were used to calculate the features of each nucleus. A9 a consequence of using dominant feature parameters method proposed in this paper, discrimination rate of 91.11% was obtained for Thyroid Gland cells. 30625 T00401030625 ^x An electrical stimulator was designed to induce locomotion for paraplegic patients caused by central nervous system injury. Optimal stimulus parameters, which can minimize muscle fatigue and can achieve effective muscle contraction were determined in slow and fast muscles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulus patterns of our stimulator were designed to simulate electromyographic activity monitored during locomotion of normal subjects. Muscle types of the lower extremity were classified according to their mechanical property of contraction, which are slow muscle (msoleus m.) and fast muscle (medial gastrocneminus m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m.). Optimal parameters of electrical stimulation for slow muscles were 20 Hz, 0.2 ms square pulse. For fast muscle, 40 Hz, 0.3 ms square pulse was optimal to produce repeated contraction. Higher stimulus intensity was required when synergistic muscles were stimulated simultaneously than when they were stimulated individually. Electrical stimulation for each muscle was designed to generate bipedal locomotion, so that individual muscles alternate contraction and relaxation to simulate stance and swing phases. Portable electrical stimulator with 16 channels built in microprocessor was constructed and applied to paraplegic patients due to lumbar cord injury. The electrical stimulator restored partially gait function in paraplegic patients. 30626 T00401030626 ^x Two-Dimensional modelling of the Cochlear biomechanics is presented in this paper. The Laplace partial differential equation which represents the fluid mechanics of the Cochlea has been transformed into two-dimensional electrical transmission line. The procedure of this transformation is explained in detail. The comparison between one and two dimensional models is also presented. This electrical modelling of the basilar membrane (BM) is clearly useful for the next approach to the further. Development of active elements which are essential in the producing of the sharp tuning of the BM. This paper shows that two-dimension model is qualitatively better than one-dimensional model both in amplitude and phase responses of the BM displacement. The present model is only for frequency response. However because the model is electrical, the two-dimensional transmission line model can be extended to time response without any difficult. 30627 T00401030627 ^x A method has been proposed for the fully automatic detection of left ventricular endocardial boundary in 2D short axis echocardiogram using geometric model. The procedure has the following three distinct stages. First, the initial center is estimated by the initial center estimation algorithm which is applied to decimated image. Second, the center estimation algorithm is applied to original image and then best-fit elliptic model estimation is processed. Third, best-fit boundary is detected by the cost function which is based on the best-fit elliptic model. The proposed method shows effective result without manual intervention by a human operator. 30628 T00401030628 ^x The intelligent trajectory control method that controls moving direction and average velocity for a prosthetic arm is proposed by pattern recognition and force estimations using EMG signals. Also, we propose the real time trajectory planning method which generates continuous accelleration paths using 3 stage linear filters to minimize the impact to human body induced by arm motions and to reduce the muscle fatigue. We use combination of MLP and fuzzy filter for pattern recognition to estimate the direction of a muscle and Hogan's method for the force estimation. EMG signals are acquired by using a amputation simulator and 2 dimensional joystick motion. The simulation results of proposed prosthetic arm control system using the EMf signals show that the arm is effectively followed the desired trajectory depended on estimated force and direction of muscle movements. 30638 T00401030638 ^x A new neural network architecture for the recognition of patterns from images is proposed, which is partially based on the results of physiological studies. The proposed network is composed of multi-layers and the nerve cells in each layer are connected by spatial filters which approximate receptive fields in optic nerve fields. In the proposed method, patterns recognition for complicated images is carried out using global features as well as local features such as lines and end-points. A new generating method of matched filers representing global features is proposed in this network. 30659 T00401030659 ^x An implementation scheme of the magnetic nerve stimulator using a switching mode power supply is proposed. By using a switching mode power supply rather than a conventional linear power supply for charging high voltage capacitors, the weight and size of the magnetic nerve stimulator can be considerably reduced. Maximum output voltage of the developed magnetic nerve stimulator using the switching mode power supply is 3, 000 volts and switching time is about 100 msec. Experimental results or human nerve stimulations using the developed stimulator are presented. 30768 T00401030768 ^x In this paper, we describe the design methodology and specifications of the developed module-based bedside monitors for patient monitoring. The bedside monitor consists of a main unit and module cases with various parameter modules. The main unit includes a 12.1" TFT color LCD, a main CPU board, and peripherals such as a module controller, Ethernet LAN card, video card, rotate/push button controller, etc. The main unit can connect at maximum three module cases each of which can accommodate up to 7 parameter modules. They include the modules for electrocardiograph, respiration, invasive blood pressure, noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, and SpO2 with Plethysmograph.SpO2 with Plethysmograph.

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High Resolution HC$_3$N Observations toward the Central Region of Sagittarius B2

  • H.S-Ching;Oh, M.ishi;M.Morimoto
    • 한국우주과학회:학술대회논문집(한국우주과학회보)
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    • 한국우주과학회 1993년도 한국우주과학회보 제2권2호
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    • pp.17-17
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    • 1993
  • The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70${\pm}$1.32mmHg/min)compared to CF dialyzers(4.32${\pm}$0.55mmHg/min)(p<0.05). However, there was no observable difference in the UFR between the two dialyzers. Neither APD nor UFR showed any significant increase with an increasing number of reuses for up to more than 20reuses. A substantial number of failures observed in APD(larger than 20mmHe/min)on the reused dialyzers(2 out of 40 CP and S out 26 C-DAK) were attributed to the Possible damage on the fibers. The CF 15-11 HFDs which failed APD test did not show changes in the UFR compared to normal dialyzers indicating that APD is a more sensitive test than UFR test to evaluate the integrity of the fibers. 30527 T00401030527 ^x For quantitative measurement of reflected light from a clinical diagnostic strip, a prototype old reflectance photometer was designed. The strip loader and cassette were made to obtain more accurate reflectance parameters. The strip was illuminated at 45˚c through optical fiber and the intensity of reflected light was determined at rectanguLat angle using a photodiode. The kubelka-munk coefficient and reflection optical density were determined ar four different wavelengths(500,550,570 and 610nm) for blood glucose strip. For higher concentration than 300mg/41 about glucose, a saturation state of abforbance was observed at 500,550 and 570nm. The correlation between glucose concentration and parameters was the best at 610nm. 30535 T00401030535 ^x Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors were grown on the flanks of C3H mice. The mice were divided into two groups. One group was injected with Photofrin II, intravenously (2.5mg/kg body weight). The other group received no Photofrin II. Mice from both groups were irradialed for approximately 15 minutes at 100,300, or 500 mW/cm2 with the argon (488nm/514.5 nm), dye(628nm) and gold vapor (pulsed 628 nm) laser light. A photosensitizer behaved as an added absorber. Under our experimental conditions, the presence of Photolfrin II increased surface temperature by at least 40% and the temperature rise due to 300 mW/cm2 irradiation exceeded values for hyperthermia. Light and temperature distributions with depth were estimated by a computer model. The model demonstrated the influence of wavelength on the thermal process and proved to be a valuable tool to investigate internal temperature rise. 30536 T00401030536 ^x We investigated the structural geometry of thirty-eight Korean femurs. The purpose of this study is to identify major geometrical differences between Korean femurs 3nd others that we believe belong to Caucasians so that we would be able to get insights into the femoral component design that fits Asians including Koreans. We utilized computerized tomography (CT) images of femurs extracted from cadavers. The CT images were transformed into bitmap data by using a film scanner, and then analyzed by using a commercially available software called Image v.1.0 and a Macintosh IIci computer.The resulting data were compared with already published data. The major results show that the geometry of the Korean femurs is significantly different from that of Caucasians: (1) the anteversion angle and the canal flare index are greater by the amount of approximately 8˚ and 0.5, respectively, (2) the shape of the isthmus cross section is more round, and (3) the distance between the teaser trochanter and the proximal border of the isthmus is shelter by about 15 mm. The results suggested that the femoral component suitable for Asians should be different from the currently-used components designed and manufactured mostly by European or American companies. 30537 T00401030537 ^x It is well known that nonlinear propagation characteristics of the wave in the tissue may give very useful information for the medical diagnoisis. In this paper, a new method to detect nonlinear propagation characteristics of the internal vibration in the tissue for the low frequency mechanical vibration by using bispectral analysis is proposed. In the method, low frequency vibration of f0( = 100Hz) is applied on the surface of the object, and the waveform of the internal vibration x (t) is measured from Doppler frequency modulation of silmultaneously transmitted probing ultrasonic waves. Then, the bispectra of the signal x (t) at the frequencies (f0, f0) and (f0, 2f0) are calculated to estimate the nonlinear propagation characteristics as their magnitude ratio, w here since bispectrum is free from the gaussian additive noise we can get the value with high S/N. Basic experimental system is constructed by using 3.0 MHz probing ultrasonic waves and the several experiments are carried out for some phantoms. Results show the superiority of the proposed method to the conventional method using power spectrum and also its usefulness for the tissue characterization. 30541 T00401030541 ^x This paper describes the implementation of a computerized radial pulse diagnosis by aids of a clinical expert. On this base, we composed of the radial pulse diagnosis system in korean traditional medicine. The system composed of a radial pulse wave detection system and a radial pulse diagnosis system. With a detection system, we detected Inyoung and Cheongu radial pulse wave and processed it. Then, we have got the characteristic parameters of radial pulse wave and also quantified that according to the method of Inyoung-Cheongu Comparison Radial Pulse Diagnosis. We defined the jugement standard of radial pulse diagnosis system and then we confirmed the possibility for realization of automatic radial pulse diagnosis in korean traditional medicine. 30545 T00401030545 ^x Microspheres are expected to be applied to biomedical areas such as solid-phase immunoassays, drug delivery systems, immunomagnetic cell separation. To synthesize microspheres for biomedical application, "two stage shot growth method" was developed. The uniformity ratio of synthesized microspheres was always smaller than 1.05. And the surface charge density (or the number of ionizable functional groups) of the microspheres synthesized by "two stage shot growth method" was 6~13 times higher than that of the microspheres synthesized by conventional seeded batch copolymerization. As a previous step for biomedical application, adsorption experiments of bovine albumin on microspheres were carried out under various conditions. The maximum adsorbed amount was obtained in the neighborhood of pH 4.5. Isoelectric point of bovine albumin is pH 5.0, so experimental result shows that it shifted to acid area. The adsorption isotherm was obtained, the plateau region was always reached at 2.Og/L (bulk concentration of bovine albumin).The effect of the kind and the amount of surface functional group was also examined. 30575 T00401030575 ^x A medical image workstation was developed using multimedia technique. The system based on PC-486DX was designed to acquire medical images produced by medical imaging instruments and related audio information, that is, doctors' reporting results. Input information was processed and analyzed, then the results were presented in the form of graph and animation. All the informations of the system were hierarchically related with the image as the apex. Processing and analysis algorithms were implemented so that the diagnostic accuracy could be improved. The diagnosed information can be transferred for patient diagnosis through LAN(local area network). 30592 T00401030592 ^x In the conventional infrared imaging system, complex infrared lens systems are usually used for directing collimated narrow infrared beams into the high speed 2-dimensional optic scanner. In this paper, a simple reflective infrared optic system with a 2-dimensional optic scanner is proposed for the realization of medical infrared thermography system. It has been experimentally proven that the intfrared thermography system composed of the proposed optic system has the temperature resolution of 0.1˚c under the spatial resolution of lmrad, the image matrix size of 256 X 240, and tile imaging time of 4 seconds. 30593 T00401030593 ^x In this paper, MIIS (Medical Image Information System) has been designed and implemented using INGRES RDBMS, which is based on a client/server architecture. The implemented system allows users to register and retrieve patient information, medical images and diagnostic reports. It also provides the function to display these information on workstation windows simultaneously by using the designed menu-driven graphic user interface. The medical image compression/decompression techniques are implemented and integrated into the medical image database system for the efficient data storage and the fast access through the network. 30594 T00401030594 ^x In this paper, computerized BEAM was implemented for the space domain analysis of EEG. Trans-formation from temporal summation to two-dimensional mappings is formed by 4 nearest point inter-polaton method. Methods of representation of BEAM are two. One is dot density method which classify brain electrical potential 9 levels by dot density of gray levels and the other is colour method which classify brain electrical 12 levels by red-green colours. In this BEAM, instantaneous change and average energy distribution over any arbitrary time interval of brain electrical activity could be observed and analyzed easily. In the frequency domain, the distribution of energy spectrum of a special band can easily be distinguished normality and abnormality. 30608 T00401030608 ^x Laboratory information system (LIS) is a key tool to manage laboratory data in clinical pathology. Our department has developed an information system for routine hematology using down-sized computer system. We have used an IBM 486 compatible PC with 16MB main memory, 210 MB hard disk drive, 9 RS-232C port and 24 pin dot printer. The operating system and database management system were SCO UNIX and SCO foxbase, respectively. For program development, we used Xbase language provided by SCO foxbase. The C language was used for interface purpose. To make the system use friendly, pull-down menu was used. The system connected to our hospital information system via application program interface (API), so the information related to patient and request details is automatically transmitted to our computer. Our system interfaced with fwd complete blood count analyzers(Sysmex NE-8000 and Coulter STKS) for unidirectional data tansmission from analyzer to computer. The authors suggests that this system based on down-sized computer could provide a progressive approach to total LIS based on local area network, and the implemented system could serve as a model for other hospital's LIS for routine hematology. 30609 T00401030609 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. To use as the structural matrix of the composite, collagen was purified from human umbilical cord. The obtained collagen was treated by pepsin to remove telopeptides, and finally, the immune-free atelocollagen was produced: The cross linked atelocollagen was highly resistant to the collagenase induced collagenolysis. The cross linked collagen demonstrated an improved tensile strength. 30618 T00401030618 ^x This paper is a study on the design of adptive filter for QRS complex detection. We propose a simple adaptive algorithm to increase capability of noise cancelation in QRS complex detection with two stage adaptive filter. At the first stage, background noise is removed and at the next stage, only spectrum of QRS complex components is passed. Two adaptive filters can afford to keep track of the changes of both noise and QRS complex. Each adaptive filter consists of prediction error filter and FIR filter The impulse response of FIR filter uses coefficients of prediction error filter. The detection rates for 105 and 108 of MIT/BIH data base were 99.3% and 97.4% respectively. 30619 T00401030619 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed and produced a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. Human umbilical cord origin pepsin treated type I atelocollagen was used as the structural matrix, by which sintered or non-sintered carbonate apatite was encapsulated to form an inorganic-organic composite. With cross linking atelocollagen by UV ray irradiation, the resistance to both compressive and tensile strength was increased. Collagen degradation by the collagenase induced collagenolysis was also decreased. 30620 T00401030620 ^x We have developed a monoleaflet polymer valve as an inexpensive and viable alternative, especially for short-term use in the ventricular assist device or total artificial heart. The frame and leaflet of the polymer valve were made from polyurethane, To evaluate the hemodynamic performance of the polymer valve a comparative study of flow dynamics past a polymer valve and a St. Jude Medical prosthetic valve under physiological pulsatile flow conditions in vitro was made. Comparisons between the valves were made on the transvalvular pressure drop, regurgitation volume and maximum valve opening area. The polymer valve showed smaller regurgitation volume and transvalvular pressure drop compared to the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. The results showed that the functional characteristics of the polymer valve compared favorably with those of the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. 30621 T00401030621 ^x Explosive evaporative removal process of biological tissue by absorption of a CW laser has been simulated by using gelatin and a multimode Nd:YAG laser. Because the point of maximun temperature of laser-irradiated gelatin exists below the surface due to surface cooling, evaporation at the boiling temperature is made explosively from below the surface. The important parameters of this process are the conduction loss to laser power absorption (defined as the conduction-to-laser power parameter, Nk), the convection heat transfer at the surface to conduction loss (defined as Bi), dimensionless extinction coefficient (defined as Br.), and dimensionless irradiation time (defined as Fo). Dependence of Fo on Nk and Bi has been observed by experiment, and the results have been compared with the numerical results obtained by solving a 2-dimensional conduction equation. Fo and explosion depth (from the surface to the point of maximun temperature) are increased when Nk and Bi are increased.To find out the minimum laser power for explosive evaporative removal process, steady state analysis has been also made. The limit of Nk to induce evaporative removal, which is proportional to the inverse of the laser power, has been obtained. 30622 T00401030622 ^x N1 and N2 gross neural action potentials were measured from the round window of the guinea pig cochlea at the onset of the acoustic stimuli. N1-N2 audiograms were made by means of regulating stimulant intensities in order to produce constant N1-N2 potentials as criteria for different input tone pip frequencies. The lowest threshold was measured with an input tone pip I5 dB SPL in intensity and 12 KHz in frequency when the animal was in normal physiological condition. The procedure of experimental measurements is explained in detail. This experimental approach is very useful for the investigation of the Cochlear function. Both noN1inear and active functions of the Cochlea can be monitored by N1-N2 audiograms. 30623 T00401030623 ^x In electrical impedance tomography(EIT), we use boundary current and voltage measurements toprovide the information about the cross-sectional distribution of electrical impedance or resistivity. One of the major problems in EIT has been the inaccessibility of internal voltage or current data in finding the internal impedance values. We propose a new image reconstruction method using internal current density data measured by NMR. We obtained a two-dimensional current density distribution within a phantom by processing the real and imaginary MR images from a 4.77 NMR machine. We implemented a resistivity mage reconstruction algorithm using the finite element method and sensitivity matrix. We presented computer simulation results of the mage reconstruction algorithm and furture direction of the research. 30624 T00401030624 ^x A new method of digital image analysis technique for discrimination of cancer cell was presented in this paper. The object image was the Thyroid eland cells image that was diagnosed as normal and abnormal (two types of abnormal: follicular neoplastic cell, and papillary neoplastic cell), respectively. By using the proposed region segmentation algorithm, the cells were segmented into nucleus. The 16 feature parameters were used to calculate the features of each nucleus. A9 a consequence of using dominant feature parameters method proposed in this paper, discrimination rate of 91.11% was obtained for Thyroid Gland cells. 30625 T00401030625 ^x An electrical stimulator was designed to induce locomotion for paraplegic patients caused by central nervous system injury. Optimal stimulus parameters, which can minimize muscle fatigue and can achieve effective muscle contraction were determined in slow and fast muscles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulus patterns of our stimulator were designed to simulate electromyographic activity monitored during locomotion of normal subjects. Muscle types of the lower extremity were classified according to their mechanical property of contraction, which are slow muscle (msoleus m.) and fast muscle (medial gastrocneminus m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m.). Optimal parameters of electrical stimulation for slow muscles were 20 Hz, 0.2 ms square pulse. For fast muscle, 40 Hz, 0.3 ms square pulse was optimal to produce repeated contraction. Higher stimulus intensity was required when synergistic muscles were stimulated simultaneously than when they were stimulated individually. Electrical stimulation for each muscle was designed to generate bipedal locomotion, so that individual muscles alternate contraction and relaxation to simulate stance and swing phases. Portable electrical stimulator with 16 channels built in microprocessor was constructed and applied to paraplegic patients due to lumbar cord injury. The electrical stimulator restored partially gait function in paraplegic patients. 30626 T00401030626 ^x Two-Dimensional modelling of the Cochlear biomechanics is presented in this paper. The Laplace partial differential equation which represents the fluid mechanics of the Cochlea has been transformed into two-dimensional electrical transmission line. The procedure of this transformation is explained in detail. The comparison between one and two dimensional models is also presented. This electrical modelling of the basilar membrane (BM) is clearly useful for the next approach to the further. Development of active elements which are essential in the producing of the sharp tuning of the BM. This paper shows that two-dimension model is qualitatively better than one-dimensional model both in amplitude and phase responses of the BM displacement. The present model is only for frequency response. However because the model is electrical, the two-dimensional transmission line model can be extended to time response without any difficult. 30627 T00401030627 ^x A method has been proposed for the fully automatic detection of left ventricular endocardial boundary in 2D short axis echocardiogram using geometric model. The procedure has the following three distinct stages. First, the initial center is estimated by the initial center estimation algorithm which is applied to decimated image. Second, the center estimation algorithm is applied to original image and then best-fit elliptic model estimation is processed. Third, best-fit boundary is detected by the cost function which is based on the best-fit elliptic model. The proposed method shows effective result without manual intervention by a human operator. 30628 T00401030628 ^x The intelligent trajectory control method that controls moving direction and average velocity for a prosthetic arm is proposed by pattern recognition and force estimations using EMG signals. Also, we propose the real time trajectory planning method which generates continuous accelleration paths using 3 stage linear filters to minimize the impact to human body induced by arm motions and to reduce the muscle fatigue. We use combination of MLP and fuzzy filter for pattern recognition to estimate the direction of a muscle and Hogan's method for the force estimation. EMG signals are acquired by using a amputation simulator and 2 dimensional joystick motion. The simulation results of proposed prosthetic arm control system using the EMf signals show that the arm is effectively followed the desired trajectory depended on estimated force and direction of muscle movements. 30638 T00401030638 ^x A new neural network architecture for the recognition of patterns from images is proposed, which is partially based on the results of physiological studies. The proposed network is composed of multi-layers and the nerve cells in each layer are connected by spatial filters which approximate receptive fields in optic nerve fields. In the proposed method, patterns recognition for complicated images is carried out using global features as well as local features such as lines and end-points. A new generating method of matched filers representing global features is proposed in this network. 30659 T00401030659 ^x An implementation scheme of the magnetic nerve stimulator using a switching mode power supply is proposed. By using a switching mode power supply rather than a conventional linear power supply for charging high voltage capacitors, the weight and size of the magnetic nerve stimulator can be considerably reduced. Maximum output voltage of the developed magnetic nerve stimulator using the switching mode power supply is 3,000 volts and switching time is about 100 msec. Experimental results or human nerve stimulations using the developed stimulator are presented. 30768 T00401030768 ^x In this paper, we describe the design methodology and specifications of the developed module-based bedside monitors for patient monitoring. The bedside monitor consists of a main unit and module cases with various parameter modules. The main unit includes a 12.1" TFT color LCD, a main CPU board, and peripherals such as a module controller, Ethernet LAN card, video card, rotate/push button controller, etc. The main unit can connect at maximum three module cases each of which can accommodate up to 7 parameter modules. They include the modules for electrocardiograph, respiration, invasive blood pressure, noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, and SpO2 with Plethysmograph.

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