• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.17-31
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to analyze the concept of physical activity. The method was based on the steps of concept analysis by Walker and Avant(1988). The result of this study were as follows； Upon the concept analysis, physical activity is defined as a series of bodily movements which is performed voluntarily by individual. The defining attributes of physical activity were a series of bodily movements, energy expenditure, goal-directedness, and self-control of the body. The antecedents of physical activity were neuromusculoskeletal function, cardiopulmonary function and cognitive function. And the consequences of physical activity were improvement of physical function, induction of fatigue, and need(physiopsychosocial) satisfaction. Further studies are needed to develop the concept of physical activity using the Hybrid model. In addition, considering personal characteristics it is important to study the facilitating factors of physical activity.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.391-403
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• 2023

Purpose: This study evaluated the validity of a physical activity classification table (PACT) based on total energy expenditure (TEE) and physical activity level (PAL) measured using the doubly labeled water (DLW) method in Korean adults and the elderly. Methods: A total of 141 (male 70, female 71) adults and elderly were included. The reference standards TEE_DLW, PAL_DLW were measured over a 14-day period using DLW. A 24-hour physical activity diary was kept for three days (two days during the week and one day on the weekend). PAL_PACT was calculated by classifying the activity type and intensity using the PACT. PAL_PACT was multiplied by resting energy expenditure measured by indirect calorimetry to estimate TEE_PACT. Results: The mean age of the study participants was 50.5 ± 18.8 years, and the mean body mass index was 23.4 ± 3.3 kg/m². A comparison of TEE_DLW and TEE_PACT by sex and age showed no significant differences. The bias, the difference between TEE_DLW and TEE_PACT, was male 17.3 kcal/day and female -4.5 kcal/day. The percentage of accurate predictions (values within ± 10% of the TEE_DLW) of TEE_PACT was 58.6% in males and 54.9% in females, with the highest prediction values in the age group 40-64 years (70.9%) in males and over 65 years (73.9%) in females. The spearman correlation coefficient (r) between TEE_PACT and TEE_DLW was 0.769, indicating a significant positive correlation (p < 0.001). Conclusion: In this study, the use of a new PACT for calculating TEE and PAL was evaluated as valid. A web version of the software program and a smartphone application need to be developed using PACT to make it easier to apply for research purposes.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.131-142
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to assess the physical activity and energy balance of weekdays and weekend in male high school students. Fifty healthy male high school students participated in this study. Anthropometric data were collected. Physical activity level (PAL) and energy intake for weekdays and weekend were calculated from a physical activity diary and food diary using the 24-hour recall method and interview. The resting metabolic rate (RMR) and estimated energy requirement (EER) were calculated from the prediction equations suggested in 2015 KDRIs. Total energy expenditure (TEE) was calculated by multiplying RMR by PAL. Mean age of subjects was $15.9{\pm}0.33years$. The daily pedometer counts were significantly higher in the weekdays (12,837 steps) than in weekend (6,661 steps) (P<0.001). The PAL of the weekdays ($1.63{\pm}0.17$) was significantly higher than that ($1.37{\pm}0.26$) of the weekend (P<0.001). PAL was significantly correlated with pedometer counts on the weekdays (r=0.495) and weekend (r=0.686). The total energy intakes ($2,847.2{\pm}681.5kcal$) and TEE ($3,046.3{\pm}437.3kcal$) of weekdays were significantly higher than those of the weekend. The results of this study would be useful to develop nutrition and exercise programs for male high school students on weekdays and weekend, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Exercise Nutrition
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.22-27
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• 2019

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to compare the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) between different types of exercises in women with normal weight obesity (NWO). [Methods] Nine university students with NWO having body mass index <25 kg/m² and body fat percentage >30% participated in the study. First, continuous exercise (CEx) on an ergometer for 30 minutes at 60% of maximal oxygen consumption (VO_2max) and interval exercise (IEx) at 80% VO_2max for 2 minutes were performed. This was followed by exercise performed at 40% VO_2max for 1 minute and at 80% VO_2max for 3 minutes, performed 6 times repeatedly for a total of 26 minutes. The accumulation of short duration exercise (AEx) was performed for 3-bouts of 10 minutes each at 60% VO_2max. [Results] The major findings were as follows: energy consumption during the exercises showed no significant difference between CEx, IEx, and AEx; EPOC was higher in IEx and AEx as compared to CEx for all dependent variables (e.g. total oxygen consumption, total calorie, summation of heart rate, and EPOC duration); and the lipid profile showed no significant difference. [Conclusions] Our study confirmed that when homogenizing the energy expenditure for various exercises in NWO individuals, EPOC was higher in IEx and AEx than in CEx. Therefore, IEx and AEx can be considered as effective exercise methods for increasing energy expenditure in NWO females.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.1-26
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• 2010

We achieved both industrialization and democratization during the shortest period in the world. We also achieved good performance in national health insurance: universal coverage, solidarity in financing, equitable access of health care. However, national health insurance system has faced the problem of sustainability: various expenditure and financing problems. The problem of sustainablity has two facets of economic sustainability and fiscal sustainability. Economic sustainability refers to growth in health spending as a proportion of gross domestic product(GDP). Rapid increasing rate of health spending exceeds the growth rate of domestic product. Growth in health spending is more likely to threaten other areas of economic activity. Concern on fiscal sustainability relates to revenue and expenditure on health care. Health care financing face demographic and technical obstacles. Democratic obstacle is aging problem. Technical obstacle is collection of contribution. Expenditure of health care has various problems in benefit structure and efficiency of health care system. In this article, I suggest several policy reforms to enhance sustainability: generating additional revenue from value added tax, changing method of levying contribution, increasing efficiency of health care system by introducing the competition principle. restructuring of benefit scheme of health insurance. contracting with health care institutions to provide health care services.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.103-119
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• 2020

Purpose - This study aimed to clarify the effects of CEO characteristics and marketing activities on management performance of fashion corporate by using financial statement. Design/methodology/approach - This study collected a sample of total 170 companies that can obtain the corresponding data among fashion manufacturing companies listed on KOSPI. The data of the financial statements reported from 2011 to 2018 were analyzed. Correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis were conducted. Findings - First, the more the number of CEO and the younger the CEO, the more employee welfare and training expenditures of internal marketing. The age of the CEO had a negative effect on all external marketing activities. The CEO number had a negative effect on sales promotion and advertising expenditures, but a positive effect on entertainment expenditure of external marketing. Second, as a effect of marketing activities on management performance, the welfare and training expenditures of internal marketing and entertainment expenditure of external marketing had a positive effect but sales promotion expenditure of external marketing had a negative effect on management performance. Research implications or Originality - Marketing activities that consider the differentiated factors of fashion corporate are necessary. Also, the objective accounting information can provide practical information for fashion industry.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.7-14
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• 2006

Despite well-known benefits of physical activity for older adults, most older adults remain significantly underactive. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a physical activity on blood cholesterol in older adults with an inclusive, choice-based physical activity promotion program to increase lifetime physical activity levels of seniors. A six-month comparison-group trial was conducted with 14 older adults(experimental group = 8, control group = 6) in community senior center. Changes in self-reported physical activity and blood cholesterol were evaluated using paired t-test. The intervention group increased estimated caloric expenditure by 858 calories/week in physical activities of any intensity (p=.050), total cholesterol(p=0.049), high density lipoprotein cholesterol(p=0.045). Control group changes were also negligible. The program led to meaningful physical activity increase. Individually tailored programs to encourage lifestyle changes in seniors may be effective and applicable to health care and community settings.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.109-114
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to estimate the energy expenditure simply and practically during physical activities. The physical activity is quantified by the integration of the accelerometer signals obtained from the triaxial accelerometer attached at the waist level of the human body. To find a relationship between energy expenditure and accelerometer data, 6 male and 5 female subjects walked and ran on the treadmill with speeds of 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, and 8.5 km/hr. Each subject performed walking at the speed lower than 6.0 km/hr and running at the speed higher than 6.5 km/hr. Actual energy expenditure was determined by a continuous direct gas analyzer. Two predictive equations of walking and running mode for energy expenditure which includes gender, body mass index(BMI) and data from accelerometer were developed using multiple regression analysis. The correlation coefficients and coefficients of determination between the estimated and measured energy expenditure were R=0.936, R2=0.876 and R=0.881, R2=0.776 in walking and running mode, respectively. For further study, experiments on a larger scale of test subjects are essential for acquiring more reliable results.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.76-93
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• 2020

Purpose: In this study, the general characteristics of subjects who spent more than a certain amount of cost for general medical examination at the general hospital health promotion center, and the characteristics of disease, family history, and lifestyle (smoking, alcohol, physical activity, oral care) significantly differed in cost expenditure. We intend to provide basic data for establishing an appropriate marketing strategy for comprehensive examination. Method: It was conducted for users who received comprehensive checkups at a health promotion center at a general hospital in Seoul. The research data collection period is for 979 people who performed comprehensive examinations from January 2019 to December 2020. In order to carry out a comprehensive examination, a questionnaire before the examination was distributed to the subjects who visited the hospital to prepare, and the investigation was conducted in a way that the subjects of the investigation directly filled in. Results: There was a significant influence on the difference in expenditure for comprehensive examination according to the gender, age, and type of health insurance of the subject. In addition, there were significant differences in expenditure according to the presence or absence of disease and the type of family history. Weight loss, smoking history, smoking period, smoking frequency, drinking history, and drinking frequency all had significant effects on cost expenditure. Also, strength training and oral treatment management showed a significant effect on the cost of comprehensive examination. The number of flossing and interdental brushing was also found to have a significant effect. According to the results of multiple regression analysis, disease history (t=2.683, p<.01) and mean smoking frequency (t=4.315, p<.001) appeared to have the most significant effect on expenditure statistically. In other words, when the subject has a history of disease and when the average number of smoking is large, it means that the comprehensive examination cost is remarkably large. Conclusion: By using these contents, hospitals can further refine the marketing of the examination center. In addition, a more convenient and specialized process should be used by patients by linking the general medical department and the examination center well. In terms of management of operating medical institutions, this can be expected to create patients and increase profits.

• The Journal of Korean Institute for Practical Engineering Education
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.146-153
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• 2010

The physics theory applied to the elliptical health trainers can be a good example in engineering education. From the point of view of the physics education the measurement of mechanical and thermal energy expenditure in elliptical trainers can be related to the muscle activity, quantity of motion, and metabolic cost. We realized that the low speed training is effective for high basal metabolism due to increasing the muscle activity even if the high speed training is effective for training down. Elliptical Trainer may provide an effective oxygen exhaustion and thus effective training down. However, the metabolic cost does not have much relation to the amount of training under the high speed of trainer.