• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.101-108
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• 2004

For the last 30 years, the use of EPS as a lightweight filling material has grown significantly throughout the world. The fields of applying EPS block have also increased. The most representative example in geotechnical applications is using EPS block as a compressible inclusion that causes the reduction of static earth pressure on earth-retaining wall, bridge abutment and pipes. EPS blocks have a good workability by its lightweight characteristic and a uniform engineering property with the change of its density. Also EPS blocks have best material property as a compressible inclusion. This paper analyzes that the compressible inclusion function of EPS causes the reduction of static earth pressure on retaining wall and concrete box culvert. A series of in-situ tests were conducted to evaluate the reduction of static earth pressure using EPS inclusion. Based on in-situ test, it is found that the magnitude of static earth pressure was reduced to about 20% for the retaining wall and about 45∼53% for the box culvert compared with theoretical active earth pressure.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.299-303
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• 2004

Prescription filling in powder form is performed in community pharmacy practice to adjust dose for children and patients who cannot swallow whole tablet. However, there are few reports regarding the stability of the active ingredient and possible microbial growth after the medication is dispensed to powder form. This study examined the stability of atenolol, an antihypertensive agent, and microbial growth in the unit dose pouches dispensed at twenty-one community pharmacies located in Taegu area. Randomly chosen first unit dose pouch contained 77.4% of the prescribed dose of the drug and there were only four community pharmacies that dispensed the drug within 10% deviation from the dose prescribed by physician. Surprisingly, there were three community pharmacies that dispensed the drug with greater than 40% deviation, which may pose a major concern regarding the efficacy and safety of the drug prescribed for the treatment of hypertension. Atenolol content during a month did not indicate significant change, showing 5.4%, 4.3%, and 3.3% of decrease in 50%, 80%, and 90% relative humidity conditions, respectively. Microbiological examination during a month showed less than 0.5 microorganism in high power field (hpf) in all the relative humidity conditions tested. Based on this study, pharmacy practice in community pharmacy needs to be rigorously regulated to ensure that the dose of the prescribed drug is properly incorporated into the unit dose pouch dispensed as powder form.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.45-56
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• 2014

Frozen ground in cold region consists of an upper active layer and lower permafrost which is permanently frozen land. During the summer season, the air temperature is high enough to make the frozen ground melt, which causes the reduction of soil strength and thaw settlement. These phenomena result in structural instability, so it is necessary to apply frozen ground stability techniques. Thermosyphon is a closed natural two-phase convection device to maintain the ground temperature below $0^{\circ}C$ by extracting heat from the ground and discharges it into the atmosphere. Experimental and numerical investigation has been performed to estimate the effect of the refrigerant filling ratio in thermosyphon using R-134a refrigerant and the thermal conductance of the thermosyphon.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.15-25
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to identify the oral health behaviors of the Sanitation Workers and to lay the basis for the policy direction for promoting industrial oral health. A total of 79 self - filling questionnaires were analyzed for Sanitation Workers in Gwangju Metropolitan City. As a result, oral health education experience was about 25% compared to 80% of scaling experience. Oral hygiene is related to academic background, type of employment, and number of years of work. Periodontal status was higher in 'high sensitivity' and 'gum edema' than high school education or higher. The higher the income and education, the more perceived periodontal status was 'normal' or 'worse'. Therefore, it is meaningful that we analyzed sanitation worker and it is necessary to take various efforts and countermeasures to improve the oral health of the industry by expanding the opportunities for oral health education by taking into consideration the Sanitation Workers and developing active and complex programs.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.62 no.4
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• pp.304-310
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• 2017

This study was conducted over a 3-year period from 2013 to 2015 in the mid-northern inland, Cheolweon, Korea, to investigate changes in flowering date, daily mean temperature during grain filling, and yield characteristics affected by transplanting date in an early-maturing rice variety, 'Joun'. Thirty-day-old seedlings were transplanted at four different dates at 15-day interval from May 5 to June 19. Flowering dates were July 16, July 21, July 31, and August 14 when transplanting was performed on May 5, May 20, June 4, and June 19, respectively. Late transplanting resulted in higher daily mean temperature before flowering but late-transplanted rice required fewer days and lower cumulative temperature to reach flowering from transplanting. As transplanting was delayed, daily mean temperature for 40 days after flowering decreased, whereas daily sunshine hours for the same period increased, with a temperature of $24.8^{\circ}C$ and sunshine for 5.8 hours being recorded at the transplanting on May 5, and with a temperature of $21.0^{\circ}C$ and sunshine for 7.7 hours at the transplanting on June 19. With late transplanting, panicles per square meter significantly decreased, whereas spikelets per panicle showed an increasing trend. Regression analysis showed that maximum head rice yield was attained from the transplanting on May 18, for which the flowering date was July 21, and daily mean temperature for 40 days from that flowering date was $24.6^{\circ}C$. A decrease in head rice yield by 5% and 10% of the maximum was observed for rice transplanted on June 6 and June 15, which resulted in flowering dates of August 2 and August 11, respectively, and the daily mean temperatures for 40 days from flowering were 23.2 and $21.7^{\circ}C$, respectively. Therefore, in mid-northern inland, it is recommended to transplant 'Joun' on May 18 to induce flowering on July 21, when grain filling is subjected to a daily mean temperature of $24.6^{\circ}C$ during active filling stage.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.15-24
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the tissue response in applying of various bone substitutes included toothash-plaster mixture, resorbable hydroxylapatite (HA) and demineralized freeze-dried bone and to show the clinical usefulness of toothash-plaster mixture for the repair of craniomaxillofacial bone defect. For this experiment, 100 Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 200gm or more were used. There were four experimental groups: group I, toothash-plaster mixture; group II, demineralized freeze-dried bone; group III, resorbable HA; and group IV, control group. A full thickness, round bone defect measuring 10mm in diameter was created in the midcranium, and the substitutes cited above were embedded in the experimental rats based on their group assignment. Blood clot was filled in the rats assigned to the control group. Experimental rats were sacrificed on the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 8th, 12th and 24th week after implantation and stained with the hematoxylineosin, Masson's Trichrome, using Van Gieson's stain method, and were examined under light microscope. The results were as follows: 1. In all the groups, prominent inflammatory reaction and the infiltration of multinucleated giant cells were noted during the early stage. Gradual healing decreased this reaction. 2. Among the rats in the experimental group II, which were given demineralized freeze-dried bone implants, active formation of new bone traveculae manifested. Chondroid tissues appeared, and it was suggested that the defect was filled with newly formed bone by virtue of osteoinductive activity. On the 12th week after the experiments, most of the defect was filled with newly formed bone trabeculae. 3. In experimental groups I and III, it was noted that HA manifested a healing process similar to that characterized by the toothash-plaster mixture, but inflammatory reaction was more prominent in experimental group I. Active osteoblasts were observed along the periphery of osteoid tissues, while newly formed bone trabeculae appeared adjacent to the implanted materials three weeks later. Formation increased to the extent that newly formed bone trabeculae fused directly with the host bone. Increase in new bone ingrowth into the filling materials was revealed by both experimental groups. 4. In the control group, new bone formation adjacent to the host bone was observed, but most of the defect was filled with mature connective tissue 24 weeks after the experiments.

• Journal of National Security and Military Science
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• s.9
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• pp.313-340
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• 2011

The National Defense Reformation bill of "National Defense Reformation 2020" which have been constantly disputed and reformed by the government went through various levels of complementary measures after the North Korean sinking on the Republic of Korea (ROK) Naval Vessel "Cheonan". The final outcome of this reform is also known as the 307 Plan and this was announced on the 8th March. The reformed National Defense Reformation is to reduce the number of units and military personnel under the military structure reformation. However, in order for us to undertake successful National Defense Reformation, the use of privatized civilian resources are essential. Therefore according to this theory, the ROK Ministry of National Defense (MND) have selected the usage of privatized resources as one of the main core agenda for the National Defense Reformation management procedures, and under this agenda the MND plans to further expand the usage of private Especially the MND plans to minimize the personnel resources applied in non-combat areas and in turn use these supplemented personnel with optimization. In order to do this, the MND have initiated necessary appropriate analysis over the whole national defense section by understanding various projects and acquisition requests required by each militaries and civilian research institutions. However for efficient management of privatized civilian resources, first of all, those possible efficient private resources which can achieve optimization will need to be identified, and secondly continuous systematic reinforcements will need to be made in private resource usage legislations. Furthermore, we would need to consider the possibility of labor disputes because of privatization expansion. Therefore, full legal and systematic complementary measures are required in all possible issue arising areas which can affect the combat readiness posture. There is another problem of huge increase in operational expenses as reduction of standby forces are only reducing the number of soldiers and filling these numbers with more cost expensive commissioned officers. However, to overcome this problem, we would need to reduce the number of positions available for active officers and fill these positions with military reserve personnel who previously had working experiences with the related positions (thereby guaranteeing active officers re-employment after completing active service). This would in tum maintain the standards of combat readiness posture and reduce necessary financial budgets which may newly arise. The area of maintenance, supply, transportation, training & education duties which are highly efficient when using privatized resources, will need to be transformed from military management based to civilian management based system. For maintenance, this can be processed by integrating National Maintenance Support System. In order for us to undertake this procedure, we would need to develop maintenance units which are possible to be privatized and this will in turn reduce the military personnel executing job duties, improve service quality and prevent duplicate investments etc. For supply area, we will need to establish Integrated Military Logistics Center in-connection with national and civilian logistics system. This will in turn reduce the logistics time frame as well as required personnel and equipments. In terms of transportation, we will need to further expand the renting and leasing system. This will need to be executed by integrating the National Defense Transportation Information System which will in turn reduce the required personnel and financial budgets. Finally for training and education, retired military personnel can be employed as training instructors and at the military academy, further expansion in the number of civilian professors can be employed in-connection with National Defense Reformation. In other words, more active privatized civilian resources will need to be managed and used for National Defense Reformation.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.758-770
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• 1996

Discectomy is the oldest and most commonly performed operation for the painful temporomandibular joint with internal derangement. It is the one operation for which there are longest follow-up study, with Eriksson, Silver, and Tolvanen et al reporting good results in patients about 30 years after discectomy. About 80% to 90% of patients clinically experience relief from pain and dysfunction after discectomy, and interestingly, the results may improve with time. However such as Myrhaug found headache and Poswillo supposed pain and limitation of movement as postoperative complications, even though this operation had the longest follow-up term, several aspects of discectomy remain unclear. The controversies to discectomy for TMJ with pain and dysfunction have laid emphasis only upon clinical results, and then the histomorphological study was planned to evaluate the morphologic change of TMJ after discectomy. To clarify the nature of the change through an observation on the morphologic changes of articular cartilage and subchondral bone of the condyle resulting from experimental unilateral discectomy in rabbit, the author excised the left articular discs of 12 male rabbits(control 4 rabbits), weighing about 3kg, and at 1, 3, 6, 9 weeks following surgery, harvested both(left surgical site and right nonsurgical sits) TMJ. The specimens were examined with light microscope after H-E and MT stain and the obtained results were as follows. 1. Histopathological features showed thickening of articular zone and active proliferation of fibrocartilaginous zone associated with slight proliferative zone in surgical site than control group. Also replacement of chondrocytes in calcified cartilaginous zone into bone cells was observed. 2. There were thinning of thickness of each zone of articular cartilage except calcified cartilagnous zone was observed in nonsurgical site. 3. In MT stain of condylar trabeculae, there was increased calcification in nonsurgical site than control and surgical site and the degree of calcification was similar in surgical site and control group. 4. In both site of experimental group no features of degenerative changes were observed. From the above results, it is presumed that the morphologic changes of surgical site discectomy are compensatory remodeling process characterized by an hyperplastic reaction of the articular zone and fibrocartilaginous zone filling the void created by removing the disc, and the bone changes are secondary to changes in the cartilage. Increased degree of calcification seen in condylar trabeculae of nonsurgical site results from the excessive use of condyle of that site.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.70
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• pp.35-65
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• 2015

This paper is consisted of the thesis that the decontextualized limitation of media cultural studeis in Korea should be overcome by walking into and linking with today's urban crisis and everyday life. It proposes us to become the flaneurs who do not hesitate to go to, think of, and experience actively the city in crisis under the capital/state domination. It's conclusion would be that we must practice participation observation at the fields and thus recover the critical element of cultural studies writing, by entering into the city and seeing at the features of crisis routinely expressed and symptomatically appear in there. For and before this, the author will first of all pay attention to John Fiske in later period, who was merely perceived and falsely regarded as an active audience theorist. He will also review de Certeau from whom Fiske has borrowed the concept of tactics, and Berman who has further practiced the very spatial tactic. The paper is prepared so as to expand the ideas and thoughts of them who have gone beyond the boundary of text, audience and onto the context of urban space. It's goal is much more than rescuing, recovering Fiske's alternative trajectory. It tries to reconstruct the tradition of urban media cultural studies critically connected with the dangerous, life-threatening capitalist condition. Furthermore, by filling up the theoretical vacuum left behind disconnected and cut away from Fiske, it attempts to find a vision, prospect of cultural studies that will actively engage themselves dialectally with dangerous yet hopeful life of the city and its popular masses.

• The Korean Journal of Elementary Counseling
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.227-253
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• 2006

It seems common for students living at a small county and islands to experience psychological conflicts and be unaccustomed in the peer society because they are not familiar with peer interaction and social skills. This is a case study of L (hereinafter called L) who was grown up in the sheltered school at a small county. L was psychologically disturbed because he couldn't get along well in the transferred school. It is the reason why he had lived in the sheltered school at a small county, so he had not enough exposure to interact with peer and social skills. Sometimes he was obstinate irrationally and when he had trouble with friends, he threw something out or went out of school and tricked juniors dangerously. The fact of disperse with families, parent's indifference, and hate of older brother made L to have ill feeling against family. He had low motivation and low self confident in learning because of short attention time and accumulated poor learning progress. In this study, he was evaluated at various area, such as, intelligent, affective, personal and inter-personal, before counselling. To evaluated the effect of the counselling, K-WISC-III, KPRC, sentence filling test, social adaptation ability test, etc, were administered right after the counselling was over and 8 weeks later. For specific information gathering and analysing, observation diary and deepen counselling were accomplished by homeroom teacher, his mother, and his peers. To correct his problematic behaviors, 13 counseling sessions were accomplished for 6 months and those counselling sessions were recorded and analysed definitely. Followings are the result of this case study. First, he was recovered from the anxiety of inter-personal interaction and he started to interact with peers. The result of sac scale score of KPRC profile was lower than before as much as average student after counseling and 8 weeks later. This reveals that the distress against interpersonal relation have settled. Especially, through the result of sentence filing test, he seemed to feel attachment to peers and be positive, active in the relation of peer. For instance, he was active in the open class lesson and interacted well with peers. It could be said that he overcame the psychological distress comparing with previous time. Second, he could apologize to his peer and juniors for his fault. His attitude were well shown in the letter from an old friend at the sheltered school, average KPRC profiling score comparing with previous counseling time, and remarkable decrease of attack scale score of teacher and peer. Third, his view toward family turn out positive. He recognized his situation that he lived apart from family and even worried about his parent's financial difficulty. Through solving the confliction with his older brother, he could acquire the feeling of family reunion. Fourth, his learning motivation and self-confidence were increased. He confirmed his future positively and he might be judged more attentive because his intelligence index was higher than before as much as average student. With the main goal of this study, verification for effectiveness of counseling. understanding and helping problematic students such as L who lives at a small county and island through investigation of their real situation and problems with the method of counseling and socio-cultural analysis is worthwhile. Identification of ideal relationship with peer is related with positive self-conception, harmonic social adaptation and development of child. It is time to investigate easy adaptive in classroom and well-organised program to acquire general social skills for sheltered school students at a small county and islands.