• Title/Summary/Keyword: Activated oxygen

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A Study on Agricultural the Treatment of Organic Phosphorous Agricultural Pesticides Wastewater by the Activated Sludge Process (활성슬러지공정에 의한 유기인계 농약폐수처리)

  • 최택열;최규철
    • Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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    • v.21 no.2
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    • pp.36-41
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    • 1995
  • In order to treat effectively various type of wastewater discharged from the manufacture factory of organic phosphorous agricultural pesticides by the activated sludge process. The acclimation test of sludge was carried out by the dilution of completely mixed raw wastewater. The results of experiment were obstained as follows. 1. The moderate dilution rate of mixed raw wastewater was founded to about 30 times. 2. The available range of BOD-SS loading was 0.1~0.15 $kg\cdot BOD/kg\cdot SS\cdot day$ and it was similar to the case of extended aeration activated sludge process. 3. After the acclimation of activated sludge, the concentration of MLSS was 2000 mg/L, removal efficiency of BOD more than 90%, and SVI 100, respectively. 4. The oxygen respiratory rate of acclimated sludge was $47 mg\cdot O_2/g\cdot hr$ and this was increased about 5 times than $10 mg\cdot O_2/g\cdot hr$ of ordinary sludge.

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Removal of Pesticide (Endosulphan) from Water via Adsorption onto Activated Carbons Developed from Date Pits

  • Ashour, Sheikha.S.
    • Carbon letters
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    • v.8 no.2
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    • pp.101-107
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    • 2007
  • Activated carbons were prepared by impregnation of crushed clean date pits in concentrated solutions of phosphoric acid or zinc chloride followed by carbonization in absence of air at $600^{\circ}C$. Steam-activated carbon was prepared by gasifying $600^{\circ}C$-carbonization product at $950^{\circ}C$ to a burn-off = 50%. KOH- activated carbon was prepared by impregnating date pitscarbonization product obtained at $450^{\circ}C$ in concentrated KOH solution followed by carbonization at $840^{\circ}C$. Textural properties of these carbons were determined from nitrogen adsorption at $-196^{\circ}C$ and the chemistry of the carbon surface was investigated by determination and of the surface carbon-oxygen (C-O) groups using bases of variable strength and dilute HCl. The adsorption of endosulphan at $27^{\circ}C$ on all the carbons prepared was undertaken. Adsorption of this pesticide at 32 and $37^{\circ}C$ was also undertaken for steam-activated and KOH-activated carbons. Phosphoric acid-activated carbons and steamactivated carbons are mainly microporous and have high surface concentration of C-O groups of acidic nature. Steamactivated and KOH-activated carbons exhibited surface areas > 1000 $m^2/g$ and contain micro and non-micrpores. The adsorption of endosulphan was related to the surface area of non-micropores and was retarded by the high concentration of surface C-O groups. The thermodynamic properties indicated the feasibility of the adsorption process and the possible regeneration of the carbon for further use.

Effects of NaOH Treatment on the Adsorption Ability of Surface Oxidized Activated Carbon for Heavy Metals

  • Min-Ho Park;So-Jeong Kim;Jung Hwan Kim;Jae-Woo Park
    • Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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    • v.28 no.6
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    • pp.16-23
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    • 2023
  • Heavy metal (Zinc, Cadmium, Lead) adsorption onto surface modified activated carbon was performed in order to better understand the effect of sodium ion addition to activated carbon. Surface modification methods in this research included water washing, nitric acid washing, and sodium addition after nitric acid washing. These surface modifications generated oxygen functional groups with sodium ions on the surface of the activated carbon.. This caused the change of the specific surface area as well as in the ratio of the carboxyl groups. Heavy metal adsorption onto sodium-containing activated carbon was the most among the three modifications. After the adsorption of heavy metals, the carboxyl group ratio decreased and sodium ions on the surface of the activated carbon were almost non-existent after the adsorption of heavy metals onto sodium-containing activated carbon. The results from this research indicated that ion exchange with sodium ions in carboxyl groups effectively improved heavy metal adsorption rather than electrostatic adsorption and hydrogen ion exchange.

Effect of potassium permanganate pretreatment of pitch on the textural properties of pitch-based activated carbons

  • Kim, Dae-Won;Park, Soo-Jin
    • Carbon letters
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    • v.12 no.3
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    • pp.167-170
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    • 2011
  • Petroleum pitch-based activated carbons (ACs) were obtained in this work from a combination of pretreatment with different amounts of potassium permanganate ($KMnO_4$) and chemical activation with potassium hydroxide. The surface characteristics of the pitch after the $KMnO_4$ pretreatment were characterized by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The structural characteristics of the pitch after the $KMnO_4$ pretreatment were determined by means of X-ray diffraction. The influence of the $KMnO_4$ treatment on the textural properties of the petroleum pitch-based ACs was investigated by means of $N_2$/77K adsorption isotherms. The investigation also involved the use of the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller equation and the Dubinin-Radushkevich method. The FT-IR results show that the pretreatment promotes the formation of surface oxygen functionalities and leads to an increase of the interplanar distance ($d_{002}$) of the functional groups induced between carbon layers. Moreover, the specific surface area of the pitch-based ACs increases in proportion to the amount of $KMnO_4$ pretreatment and reaches its highest value of 2334 $m^2$/g with 2 g of $KMnO_4$ because the surface oxygen groups of the pitch act as an active site during chemical activation.

p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase and Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Regulate Nitric Oxide Production and Inflammatory Cytokine Expression in Raw Cells

  • Choi, Cheol-Hee;Kim, Sang-Hyun
    • IMMUNE NETWORK
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    • v.5 no.1
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    • pp.30-35
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    • 2005
  • Background: p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling are thought to have critical role in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced immune response but the molecular mechanism underlying the induction of these signaling are not clear. Methods: Specific inhibitors for p38, SB203580, and for ERK, PD98059 were used. Cells were stimulated by LPS with or without specific MAPK inhibitors. Results: LPS activated inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), subsequent NO productions, and pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expressions (TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, and IL-12). Treatment of both SB203580 and PD98059 decreased LPS-induced NO productions. Concomitant decreases in the expression of iNOS mRNA and protein were detected. SB203580 and PD98059 decreased LPS-induced gene expression of IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6. SB203580 increased LPS-induced expression of TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-12, and reactive oxygen species production, but PD98059 had no effect. Conclusion: These results indicate that both p38 and ERK pathways are involved in LPS-stimulated NO synthesis, and expression of IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6. p38 signaling pathways are involved in LPS-induced TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-12, and reactive oxygen species plays an important role in these signaling in macrophage.

Removal of Sulfur Compounds from Anaerobic Digestion Gas (혐기성 소화 가스로부터 황화합물의 제거)

  • Choi, Do-Young;Jang, Seong-Cheol;Ahn, Byoung-Sung;Choi, Dae-Ki
    • Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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    • v.19 no.1
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    • pp.31-36
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    • 2008
  • In hydrogen production for fuel cell by reforming ADG, sulfur compounds, odorant in ADG, are detrimental to reforming catalyst and fuel cell electrodes. We prepared alkali metal impregnated activated carbon to remove sulfur compounds in ADG by adsorption. The sulfur breakthrough adsorption capacity was changed depending on the oxygen concentration and relative humidity. Oxygen 0.2 vol% and RH 90% showed the highest sulfur breakthrough capacity. Adsorption characteristics of $H_2S$ on KI impregnated activated carbon were evaluated using dynamic adsorption method in a fixed bed. Based on the results, adsorption tower was designed and field-tested.

Formation of Al2O3 Film by Activated Reactive Evaporation Method (활성화 반응 증발법에 의한 Al2O3 박막 형성)

  • Park, Yong-Gwon;Choi, Jae-Ha
    • Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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    • v.14 no.5
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    • pp.292-296
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    • 2001
  • In this work, an ultra-high vacuum activated reactive evaporation equipment was built. With reaction of Al and oxygen plasma, $Al_2O_3$ was deposited on the surface of etched Al foil. The chamber was evacuated down to $2{\times}10^{-7}$ torr initially. The Ar and $O_2$ gas introduced into the chamber to maintain $5{\times}10^{-5}$ torr during deposition. Ar gas prevents recombining of the ionized oxygen. Evaporation was maintained by electron beam evaporator continuously. Heating filament and electrode were used in order to generate plasma. The substrate bias of -300V was introduced to accelerate deposition of evaporated Al atoms. The composition and morphology of deposited $Al_2O_3$ films were analyzed by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), respectively. The Al oxide was formed on the surface of etched Al foil. According to AFM results, the surface morphology of $Al_2O_3$ film indicates uniform feature. Dielectric characteristic was measured as a function of frequency. Measured withstanding voltage and capacitance were 52V and $24{\mu}F/cm^2$, respectively. The obtained $Al_2O_3$ film shows clean condition without contaminants, which could be adapted to capacitor production.

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제약폐수 활성슬러지 공정에서 슬러지의 생물학적 활성 측정

  • Mun, Sun-Sik;Lee, Sang-Hun;Choe, Gwang-Geun;Lee, Sang-Hun;Mun, Hong-Man;Lee, Jin-Won
    • 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 2001.11a
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    • pp.533-536
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    • 2001
  • In this study, biological activity in activated sludge process for pharmaceutical wastewater was analyzed by using respirometer. For various amounts of BOD loadings. oxygen uptake rate was measured and kinetic paramelers were evaluated. By repetition of experiments, optimal operating conditions (eg. MLSS. BOD loadings. oxygen concentration, etc) were decided for the enhancement of activated sludge process.

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The Decomposition of Carbon-dioxide and Methanation with Activated Magnetite (활성화 magnetite를 이용한 이산화탄소 분해와 메탄화에 관한 연구)

  • 임병오;김승호;박영구
    • Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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    • v.15 no.2
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    • pp.183-190
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    • 1999
  • Magnetite was synthesized with $FeSO_4$, and NaOH for the decomposition of carbon dioxide and for the study of the methane formation. The chemical equivalent ratio was changed from 0.5 to 1.50 for the magnetite synthesis. The chemical equivalent ratio was fixed in 1.00, and Nickel chloride and Rhodium chloride equally added and synthesized with the ratio was of 0.10~10.00 mole%. The crystal strucure of the synthesized magnetite was measured XRD. Putting synthesized magnetite in the reactor and using hydrogen gas oxygen-deficient magnetite was made. Injecting carbon dioxide in the reactor, the decomposition reaction was experimented. The formation of methane was confirmed injecting hydrogen gas in the reactor after carbon dioxide was decomposed.

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AMPK-induced mitochondrial biogenesis decelerates retinal pigment epithelial cell degeneration under nutrient starvation

  • Yujin Park;Yeeun Jeong;Sumin Son;Dong-Eun Kim
    • BMB Reports
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    • v.56 no.2
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    • pp.84-89
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    • 2023
  • The implications of nutrient starvation due to aging on the degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is yet to be fully explored. We examined the involvement of AMPK activation in mitochondrial homeostasis and its relationship with the maintenance of a healthy mitochondrial population and epithelial characteristics of RPE cells under nutrient starvation. Nutrient starvation induced mitochondrial senescence, which led to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in RPE cells. As nutrient starvation persisted, RPE cells underwent pathological epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) via the upregulation of TWIST1, a transcription regulator which is activated by ROS-induced NF-κB signaling. Enhanced activation of AMPK with metformin decelerated mitochondrial senescence and EMT progression through mitochondrial biogenesis, primed by activation of PGC1-α. Thus, by facilitating mitochondrial biogenesis, AMPK protects RPE cells from the loss of epithelial integrity due to the accumulation of ROS in senescent mitochondria under nutrient starvation.