• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.3735-3742
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• 2013

Background: Cardamom (Elettaria cardamom), also known as "Queen of Spices", has been traditionally used as a culinary ingredient due to its pleasant aroma and taste. In addition to this role, studies on cardamom have demonstrated cancer chemopreventive potential in in vitro and in vivo systems. Nevertheless, the precise poly-pharmacological nature of naturally occurring chemo-preventive compounds in cardamom has still not been fully demystified. Methods:In this study, an effort has been made to identify the proapoptopic, anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, anti-invasive and anti-angiogenic targets of Cardamom's bioactive principles (eucalyptol, alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, d-limonene and geraniol) by employing a dual reverse virtual screening protocol. Experimentally proven target information of the bioactive principles was annotated from bioassay databases and compared with the virtually screened set of targets to evaluate the reliability of the computational identification. To study the molecular interaction pattern of the anti-tumor action, molecular docking simulation was performed with Auto Dock Pyrx. Interaction studies of binding pose of eucalyptol with Caspase 3 were conducted to obtain an insight into the interacting amino acids and their inter-molecular bondings. Results:A prioritized list of target proteins associated with multiple forms of cancer and ranked by their Fit Score (Pharm Mapper) and descending 3D score (Reverse Screen 3D) were obtained from the two independent inverse screening platforms. Molecular docking studies exploring the bioactive principle targeted action revealed that H- bonds and electrostatic interactions forms the chief contributing factor in inter-molecular interactions associated with anti-tumor activity. Eucalyptol binds to the Caspase 3 with a specific framework that is well-suited for nucleophilic attacks by polar residues inside the Caspase 3 catalytic site. Conclusion:This study revealed vital information about the poly-pharmacological anti-tumor mode-of-action of essential oils in cardamom. In addition, a probabilistic set of anti-tumor targets for cardamom was generated, which can be further confirmed by in vivo and in vitro experiments.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.6 no.5
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• pp.85-95
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• 2006

In this paper, we propose a method for simplifying the modeling of 'walk' for various instances of quadruped and easily extending the model of 'walk' for the instance of new subordinate class which is not defined in the original class hierarchy by using the sophisticatedly modeled 'walk' of quadruped. To achieve this method, we apply the analyzed pattern of walk and classification according to the structural similarity of quadruped studied in the previous researches to the class hierarchy and propose a method for inheriting the actions of super class. This paper model the 'walk' of quadruped by concertizing the characteristics of quadruped and defining the necessary factors and appropriate domains in terms of parameters of 'walk' and apply the model to the horse and cow, typical instances of quadruped.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.59-75
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• 2008

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to identify the stages of change distributions for nine major health behaviors among poor children in underserved area, and to provide basic information for developing specific objectives and strategies for health education program. Methods: The health behavior data were obtained with a self-administered questionnaire and analysed for 3,081 poor children in 106 local children's centers nationwide. Stages of change classification were based on self-reported responses to five statements. The health behaviors included were balanced diet, safety behavior (helmet and protective device use while riding), regular exercise, smoking, alcohol use, drug use, sleep pattern, weight management and stress management. Results: Poor children were more likely in precontemplation and less frequently in action and maintenance stages for a safety behavior. 33.1% of respondents were precontemplators, 29.9% contemplators, and 6.5% in preparation stage. Only 4.3% and 9.6% were in action and maintenance stages, respectively. Gender differences were apparent. Boys were more likely to be precontemplators for nine health behaviors. Children from the lowest socioeconomic status and disrupted family were more likely to be in precontemplation for weight management and exercise behaviors. Children living with both parents were more likely to be in the action and maintenance stages for nine health behaviors. Stages of change for balanced diet and smoking were significantly related with those for other eight health behaviors. And the stage of exercise adoption was found to be significantly related with those for other seven health behaviors. Conclusion: Safety education must receive high priority in health education program for low income children. Balanced diet smoking cessation and regular exercise could be a possible gateway behavior toward healthier lifestyle practices.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.13-26
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• 2021

Objectives : This study was planned to help clinical treatment by examining the efficacy and frequency of use of medicines with removing nebula and improving vision action, centering on historical literature. Methods : Chinese literature centered on CNKI published after 2000 and ophthalmic books of the Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Library, regardless of the publication period. Domestic literature was searched using NDSL and OASIS, and literature published after 2000 was referenced. Results : According to traditional medical classics, as medicine with removing nebula and improving vision action, medicine with dispelling wind and clearing heat action accounted for the majority. However, it is desirable to use these medicine in the early stages of the disease. Conclusions : 1. Among the external contacts that induce corneal opacity, the wind-heat pattern was the most common. Among the visceral manifestation patterns that induce corneal opacity, liver or spleen was the most common. Cold-tempered medicine which is dispelling wind, clearing heat and bottling up the liver were most commonly used as therapeutic medicine. 2. As removing nebula and improving vision medicine, Cassiae Semen, Chrysanthmi Flos, Eriocauli Flos, and Buddlejae Flos have been widely used. 3. It has been investigated that removing nebula and improving vision medicine can be effectively used in the early stages of various diseases that cause corneal opacity.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.47-57
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• 2013

Studies evaluating the health effects of hazardous air pollutants assume that people's exposure to typical pollutant level is the same as specific regional pollutant level. However, depending on social and demographic factors, time-activity pattern of people can vary widely. Since most people live in indoor environments over 88% of the day, evaluating exposure to hazardous air pollutants is hard to characterize. Objective of this study was to estimate the exposure levels of university students of $NO_2$, VOCs(BTEX) and $PM_{10}$ using the scenarios with time-activity pattern and indoor concentrations. Using data from time-use survey of National Statistical Office in 2009, we investigated time-activity pattern of university students and hourly major action. A total of 1,057 university students on weekday and 640 on weekend spent their times at indoor house 13.04 hr(54.32%), other indoors 7.70 hr(32.06%), and transportation 2.36 hr(9.83%). Indoor environments in which university students spent their times were mainly house and school. Air pollutants concentrations of other indoor environments except house and school such as bar, internet cafe and billiard hall were higher than outdoors, indicating that indoor to outdoor ratios were above 1. According to three types of exposure scenarios, exposure to air pollutants could be reduced by going home after school.

• The Transactions of the Korea Information Processing Society
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• v.4 no.11
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• pp.2786-2800
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• 1997

In this paper, we investigate how well the channel memory (statistical dependence in the occurrence of transmission errors) can be used in the evaluation of widely used error control schemes. For this we assume a special case named as the simplest Markovian block-error pattern with two states, in which each block is classified into two classes of whether the block transmission is in error or not. We apply the derived pattern to the performance evaluation of the practical link-level procedures, LAPB/D/M with multi-reject options, and investigate both throughput and user-perceived response time behaviors on the discrete-time domain to determine how much the performance of error recovery action is improved under burst error condition. Through numerical examples, we show that the simplest Markovian block-error pattern tends to be superior in throughput and delay characteristics to the random error case. Also, instead of mean alone, we propose a new measure of the response time specified as mean plus two standard deviations 50 as to consider user-perceived worst cases, and show that it results in much greater sensitivity to parameter variations than does mean alone.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.45-58
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• 2017

Objectives: The aim of this trial is to investigate the effect of Ginseng and Wild Cultivated Ginseng to Heat pattern subject. Methods: Eighty-nine Subjects were diagnosed as heat pattern by Cold-Heat Patternization and divided into Ginseng group (n=30), Wild Cultivated Ginseng group (n=31) and Placebo group (n=28) in their 1 st visit. In each visit, The researchers measured the subject's facial temperature using the infrared thermometer (Testo 835-T1). After that, The subjects were asked to mark the current score of flushing on the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and to complete the Chalder-Fatigue Scale (CFS) in each visit. The subjects took the test drug for one week and returned the remaining drug on the 2nd visit. The trial result was analyzed with one-way ANOVA using SPSS for Windows version 18. Results: 1. Systolic blood pressure was significantly lower in the Ginseng group and Wild Cultivated Ginseng group than in the control group (p=0.021). 2. There was no significant difference in facial temperature between each groups. 3. The current score of flushing showed the greatest decrease in the Ginseng group compared to the other groups but there was no significant difference (p=0.205). 4. The score of Chalder-Fatigue Scale was decreased in all groups but not statistically significant (p=0.180). Conclusions: This study showed that taking Ginseng extract and Wild Cultivated Ginseng extract do not affect to heat-rising reaction to the subjects diagnosed as heat pattern.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.71-82
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• 1997

In this paper, the study model, which presents the patterns of how the changing mechanisms are adopted to the changing stages of smoking cessation, was developed by modifying the integrative model of Prochaska et al. (1983) with including seven changing mechanisms which were identified by Oh and Kim(1996). Then the developed study model was exploratively tested with 155 University student between 20 and 29 years of age as subjects. According to the study results. among the five mechanisms. which are significant in explaining the differences between stages. DUNCAN post-comparison showed that the least applied ones were Stimulus Control, Self Determinism, Cognitive Restructuring in the precomplation stage, and Reinforcement and Dramatic Relief. in the relapsed stage. In the comtemplation stage. it was observed that Dramatic Relief is used most frequently and that the other two mechanisms, Information Management and Cognitive Restructuring, showed different results from those inferred in the study hypothesis. In the case of Information Management, it was excluded from the analysis it was not included in explaining significant difference among changing stages, but Cognitive Reconstruction turns out to be a more frequently used mechanism in the action stage rather than in the comtemplation stage. Helping Relationship was also excluded in the post-comparison analysis since it was not included in explaining significant difference among changing stages and Reinforcement was a more frequently used mechanisms in the comtemplation stage. Stimulus Control turns out to be the connecting mechanism which was most frequently used in both the contemplation and action stages. Self Determination was most frequently used in the action stage rather than in both the comtemplation stage and action stage, differing from the presumption of the model. Lastly, subjects in the relapsed stage were utilizing Stimulus Control and Self Determination at the same level as subjects in the precontemplation stage. and the utilization of both Reinformcement and Dramatic Relief was lower than that of the precomtemplation stage, that is, at the lowest level. Only Cognitive Restructuring was used of the same level as the comtemplation stage. The relapsed stage in this study did not represent the preparation for action stage as presumed in the model of Prochaska et. al. (1983) but did show a pattern similar to the initial stage of smoking cessation. However, since this interpretation about the relapser was based on only a small number of relapsers(n=5), this conclusion may not be reliable.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.59 no.11
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• pp.27.1-27.7
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• 2017

Background: Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) is an agricultural byproduct containing alkylphenols that has been shown to favorably change the rumen fermentation pattern only under experimentally fixed feeding conditions. Investigation of CNSL potency in rumen modulation under a variety of feeding regimens, and evidence leading to the understanding of CNSL action are obviously necessary for further CNSL applications. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potency of CNSL for rumen modulation under different dietary conditions, and to visually demonstrate its surfactant action against selected rumen bacteria. Methods: Batch culture studies were carried out using various diets with 5 different forage to concentrate (F:C) ratios (9:1, 7:3, 5:5. 3:7 and 1:9). Strained rumen fluid was diluted with a buffer and incubated with each diet. Gas and short chain fatty acid (SCFA) profiles were characterized after 18 h incubation at $39^{\circ}C$. Monensin was also evaluated as a reference additive under the same conditions. Four species of rumen bacteria were grown in pure culture and exposed to CNSL to determine their morphological sensitivity to the surfactant action of CNSL. Results: CNSL supplementation decreased total gas production in diets with 5:5 and 3:7 F:C ratios, whereas the F:C ratio alone did not affect any gas production. Methane decrease by CNSL addition was more apparent in diets with 5:5, 3:7, and 1:9 F:C ratios. An interactive effect of CNSL and the F:C ratio was also observed for methane production. CNSL supplementation enhanced propionate production, while total SCFA production was not affected. Monensin decreased methane production but only in a diet with a 1:9 F:C ratio with increased propionate. Studies of pure cultures indicated that CNSL damaged the cell surface of hydrogen- and formate-producing bacteria, but did not change that of propionate-producing bacteria. Conclusion: CNSL can selectively inhibit rumen bacteria through its surfactant action to lead fermentation toward less methane and more propionate production. As CNSL is effective over a wider range of dietary conditions for such modulation of rumen fermentation in comparison with monensin, this new additive candidate might be applied to ruminant animals for various production purposes and at various stages.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.135-146
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• 2006

Multimodal interfaces are recognition-based technologies that interpret and encode hand gestures, eye-gaze, movement pattern, speech, physical location and other natural human behaviors. Modality is the type of communication channel used for interaction. It also covers the way an idea is expressed or perceived, or the manner in which an action is performed. Multimodal Interfaces are the technologies that constitute multimodal interaction processes which occur consciously or unconsciously while communicating between human and computer. So input/output forms of multimodal interfaces assume different aspects from existing ones. Moreover, different people show different cognitive styles and individual preferences play a role in the selection of one input mode over another. Therefore to develop an effective design of multimodal user interfaces, input/output structure need to be formulated through the research of human cognition. This paper analyzes the characteristics of each human modality and suggests combination types of modalities, dual-coding for formulating multimodal interaction. Then it designs multimodal language and input synchronization method according to the granularity of input synchronization. To effectively guide the development of next-generation multimodal interfaces, substantially cognitive modeling will be needed to understand the temporal and semantic relations between different modalities, their joint functionality, and their overall potential for supporting computation in different forms. This paper is expected that it can show multimodal interface designers how to organize and integrate human input modalities while interacting with multimodal interfaces.