• 제목/요약/키워드: Act/Regulation

검색결과 696건 처리시간 0.022초

2019년 개정 영업비밀보호법 및 산업기술보호법에 대한 검토: 민·형사적 구제를 중심으로 (Review of the Revised 2019 Trade Secret Protection Act and Industrial Technology Protection Act : Focusing on Civil and Criminal Remedies)

  • 조용순
    • 시큐리티연구
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    • 제61호
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    • pp.333-352
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    • 2019
  • 2019년 1월과 8월 영업비밀보호법과 산업기술보호법의 각각의 개정이 있었다. 이들 법률의 개정은 기술 보호에 크게 기여할 것으로 보인다. 그러나 민·형사적 구제와 관련하여 몇 가지 더 보완되어야 할 사항이 있다. 민사구제 분야와 관련하여 영업비밀보호법과 산업기술보호법의 경우 3배 손해배상 도입에도 불구하고, 입증자료제출과 관련된 규정은 정비가 되지 못한 상태이다. 따라서 입증자료의 제출 범위 확대, 손해액 산정을 위한 서류인 경우의 제출 강제, 서류제출 명령을 따르지 않는 경우 상대방의 주장을 진실한 것으로 인정하는 등 개정 특허법의 수준으로 정비될 필요가 있다. 한편 산업기술보호법은 손해배상규정이 도입되었지만, 손해액 추정규정이 없는 상태이므로, 일실이익·이익액·로열티 상당액에 대한 추정규정이 필요하다. 형사구제와 관련하여서는 영업비밀보호법과 산업기술보호법 모두 형벌의 상향화는 이루어졌지만 양형규정이 정비되지 못하고 있으므로 이의 정비가 필요하다. 또한 최근의 기술유출은 개인의 일탈을 넘어 조직적인 유출로 확대되고 있음에도 불구하고 이에 가담한 기업 등 관련 법인의 처벌에 대한 중과(重課)와 관련하여 개정이 필요하다. 일본과 미국의 경우 법인 중과 규정을 두고 있다는 점을 참고하여야 할 것이다. 또한 몰수제도와 관련하여서는 범죄수익은닉규제법에서는 방위산업기술은 국내유출도 몰수의 대상으로 하고 있는 반면에, 영업비밀과 산업기술은 '국외'유출만 몰수의 대상으로 하고 있으므로 이의 개정도 필요하다.

진단용 방사선 안전관리 법령의 문제점에 관한 연구 (Problems of the Act and Subordinate Statutes Related to the Regulation of Radiation Safety for Diagnosis)

  • 임창선
    • 의료법학
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    • 제23권2호
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    • pp.97-118
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    • 2022
  • 의료기관에서 진단용 방사선의 이용은 매년 급속히 증가하고 있다. 또한 집단 유효선량도 매년 증가하고 있다. 그러므로 국민에 대한 방사선 피폭을 최대한 적게 낮추어야 하며, 진단용 방사선 안전 관리를 효율적으로 할 수 있도록 제도적으로 확립하여야 한다. 이에 진단용 방사선 안전관리에 대한 법적 규율이 법령체계상 맞지 않거나 내용에 있어서 현실과 괴리가 없는지 문제점을 파악하고 그에 대한 개선 방향을 모색하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 첫째, 「의료법」에는 검사·측정기관에 대한 근거 규정도 없고 행정처분에 대한 위임규정도 없다. 그러므로 「의료법」 에 검사·측정기관에 대한 근거 규정과 이들 기관들에 대한 행정처분의 근거 규정을 두어 법적 정당성을 확보해야 한다. 둘째, 진단용 방사선 특수의료장비에 대해서는 「특수의료장비의 설치 및 운영에 관한 규칙」과 「진단용 방사선 발생장치 안전관리에 관한 규칙」을 통합하여 신고 등 행정적 절차를 일원화해야 한다. 셋째, 「진단용 방사선 발생장치 안전관리에 관한 규칙」 상 진단용 방사선 안전관리기준을 위반한 경우에 행정처분 등 제재가 미비된 사항들을 보완할 필요가 있다. 넷째, 의료기관에서 이용하는 진단용 방사선과 치료용 방사선에 대하여 「의료법」과 「원자력안전법」의 이원적인 법령 체계로 규율하는 것은 진단용 방사선 안전관리에 있어서도 효율적이지 못하다. 따라서 진단용 방사선뿐만 아니라 치료용 방사선, 핵의학을 포함한 의료용 방사선 전체를 「의료법」 체계에서 통일하여 규율하는 것이 필요하다고 본다.

A Discrete Mathematical Model Applied to Genetic Regulation and Metabolic Networks

  • Asenjo, J.A.;Ramirez, P.;Rapaport, I.;Aracena, J.;Goles, E.;Andrews, B.A.
    • Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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    • 제17권3호
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    • pp.496-510
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    • 2007
  • This paper describes the use of a discrete mathematical model to represent the basic mechanisms of regulation of the bacteria E. coli in batch fermentation. The specific phenomena studied were the changes in metabolism and genetic regulation when the bacteria use three different carbon substrates (glucose, glycerol, and acetate). The model correctly predicts the behavior of E. coli vis-a-vis substrate mixtures. In a mixture of glucose, glycerol, and acetate, it prefers glucose, then glycerol, and finally acetate. The model included 67 nodes; 28 were genes, 20 enzymes, and 19 regulators/biochemical compounds. The model represents both the genetic regulation and metabolic networks in an integrated form, which is how they function biologically. This is one of the first attempts to include both of these networks in one model. Previously, discrete mathematical models were used only to describe genetic regulation networks. The study of the network dynamics generated 8 $(2^3)$ fixed points, one for each nutrient configuration (substrate mixture) in the medium. The fixed points of the discrete model reflect the phenotypes described. Gene expression and the patterns of the metabolic fluxes generated are described accurately. The activation of the gene regulation network depends basically on the presence of glucose and glycerol. The model predicts the behavior when mixed carbon sources are utilized as well as when there is no carbon source present. Fictitious jokers (Joker1, Joker2, and Repressor SdhC) had to be created to control 12 genes whose regulation mechanism is unknown, since glycerol and glucose do not act directly on the genes. The approach presented in this paper is particularly useful to investigate potential unknown gene regulation mechanisms; such a novel approach can also be used to describe other gene regulation situations such as the comparison between non-recombinant and recombinant yeast strain, producing recombinant proteins, presently under investigation in our group.

축산물의 유용성 표시에 대한 고찰 (A Study on the Health Benefits Labeling for Livestock Products)

  • 장애라;채현석;유영모;함준상;정석근;이승규;안종남;김동훈;이성기;이의수
    • 한국축산식품학회지
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    • 제29권5호
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    • pp.599-611
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    • 2009
  • This article concerns the labeling guideline for health benefits of livestock products. In recent years, livestock products with health benefits have emerged as a key market for livestock product industries. However, the current labeling regulation for functional foods severely prohibits livestock product industries from attaching most of the health benefits claims to the products. Also, manufacturers have some difficulties in labeling the health benefits of certain livestock products because of a lack of guidelines on health benefit claims for livestock products. Therefore, some livestock product industries and scientists have strongly demanded a revision of labeling regulation, Appended Chart No. 14 provided by Article 52 (2) of Enforcement Regulation of the Processing of Livestock Products Act, so they could mark the health benefits on their products. To support the 'revision of labeling regulation', the goals of this article were as follows; 1) to assess the current situation on nutrition labeling and nutrition claims on foods, 2) to determine the current situation on health claim regulatory systems used in foreign countries (CODEX, USA, Japan, EU, and Australia/New Zealand), 3) to assess the current situation on the health claim or health benefit claim regulations for functional foods, conventional foods, and livestock products in Korea, and 4) to determine the need for complement in health benefit claim for livestock products. In conclusion, guidelines for the use of health benefit claims on livestock products should be prepared as soon as possible and the guidelines should be viable and easy for manufacturers and control authorities to understand. Also, nutrient profiles should be developed to identify whether the livestock products are eligible to bear health benefit claims and to help consumers make the right choices.

석유화학산업의 벤젠 비산배출 저감을 위한 MACT 적용효과 (MACT Application Effect in Petrochemical Industry to Minimize Benzene Fugitive Emission)

  • 김훈장;문진영;황용우;곽인호
    • 대한환경공학회지
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    • 제38권8호
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    • pp.435-443
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    • 2016
  • 본 연구는 석유화학산업 시설에 MACT (Maximum Achievable Control Technology) 적용 시 벤젠 비산배출량 저감 효과를 분석 하였다. 국내에서는 2015년부터 대기환경보전법에 따라 벤젠 비산배출 저감 위한 규제를 시행하였으나, 미국 EPA에서는 이에 앞서 1995년부터 최대달성 가능한 통제기술인 MACT 기준을 적용하여 벤젠 비산 배출을 효과적으로 관리하고 있다. 본 연구를 위하여 벤젠 배출량 산정 방법론은 EPA Emission Factor AP-42 및 EPA MACT Standard Guideline를 활용하였다. 연구 결과 MACT 적용할 경우 Uncontrolled facility에 비하여 벤젠 배출량이 평균 98% 수준으로 저감 가능한 것으로 나타난 반면 National Regulation 경우 MACT 수준에 비하여 다소 낮은 평균 95% 수준의 저감율을 보이는 것으로 분석되었다. 그러나 MACT 기준 경우 벤젠 선박출하 시 유증기 회수설비(Vapor Recovery Unit, VRU) 등을 가동하여 배출 저감토록 요구하고 있음에도 불구하고 National regulation에서는 별도 규제 사항이 없는 실정이다. 추가적인 배출저감 달성을 위해서는 벤젠 선박출하 시 VRU 등 유증기 저감설비 도입의 법제화가 필요하다. 이러한 노력은 국내 석유화학산업의 벤젠 배출관리 능력을 Global 수준으로 향상시키는데 기여할 것으로 기대된다.

국내 유통진흥정책과 유통조정정책에 대한 고찰 (A Study on the Korea Distribution Promotion Policy and Adjustment Policy)

  • 김대윤;권승구
    • 유통과학연구
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    • 제11권4호
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    • pp.89-97
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    • 2013
  • Purpose - The purpose of this study is to systematically review the background of the Korean distribution promotion policy and distribution adjustment policies along with related regulations and policies. Research design, data, and methodology - Domestic distribution policy and relevant laws were examined through a review of existing research literature. The results of the development process of the domestic distribution policy, promotion policies, and adjustment policies are summarized below. Results - The results are summarized as follows. First, the purpose of the development of the domestic distribution promotion policy was to strengthen the competitiveness of the small and medium business industry through structural advancement of the small and medium industry. By expanding the managerial base for the small and medium industry, a new balance could be created in the national economy. There was a requirement for an early assistance policy for small and medium businesses as a base of these businesses in the distribution industry developed from their original model of catering to a traditional market of retail shops. Since 1996, there was a need for this early assistance policy due to the expansion and rapid growth of large scale stores causing a change in the consumption pattern for distribution markets and the decline of large enterprises. Second, the government supports small and medium business distribution through distribution promotion policies by supporting an organization promoting small business and supporting innovation in the distribution system. Third, in 1961 a business mediation system was established to protect small and medium industries. The Small and Medium Business Administration advises conglomerates to postpone acquisitions, restrain expansion of the business, or to reduce business scale if small businesses undergo an adverse effect such as decreasing demand because large companies are expanding into their areas. Fourth, the Distribution Adjustment Policy managed large-scale store regulation as follows: ① limitation on construction by urban planning ordinance, ② limitation on location based on traffic impact assessments, ③ regulation based on business guidelines by chiefs of autonomous bodies, ④ regulation on mandatory holidays and limitation of business hours. This large-scale store regulation is a policy introduced by authority to increase competitiveness of small and medium business distribution by the government. Conclusions - As discussed in this study, the distribution promotion policy and distribution adjustment policy are government distribution policies focused on the protection of the small and medium distribution businesses. This study is timely, since it was planned when the strengthening of the revisions of the Distribution Industry Development Act, aimed to protect small and medium retailers and merchants, was under discussion. The significance of this study is that it offers insights for the development of new policies in the future and an opportunity to consider the background of the distribution policy by the government.

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산업안전보건법상 관리대상 유해물질 선정기준 마련에 관한 연구 (A study on the establishment of the criteria for selection of Hazardous substances requiring management in Occupational Safety and Health Act)

  • 박은우;박준호;이권섭;홍문기;안병준;이은정
    • 한국산업보건학회지
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    • 제24권4호
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    • pp.425-435
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    • 2014
  • Objectives: This study was performed in order to establish reliable and relative selection criteria for hazardous substances requiring management(HSRM) in the Occupational Safety and Health Act in Korea. Methods: To determine the relative criteria and weight of evidence for HSRM, we analyzed the difference between the selection method of priority substances in studies by KOSHA(Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency) and the European Union Risk Ranking Method(EURAM). In addition, 597 hazardous substances with exposure limit valueswereanalyzed and the posted health hazards classification by MOEL(Ministry of Employee and Labor), MOE(Ministry of Environment), and EU CLP(Classification, Labelling and Packaging regulation) were compared based on GHS(Globally Harmonized System of classification and labelling of chemicals) criteria. The existing HSRM(167 substances) were evaluated for suitability by the proposed criteria in this study. Results: As a result of this study, the criteria and procedures for selecting HSRM in the Occupational Safety and Health Act were arranged utilizing GHS health hazard classification results, occupational disease cases and domestic use situations. Conclusions: The applicability of the proposed criteria was proved via the evaluation of existing HSRM(167 substances). Most HSRM (161 substances) were found to correspond to a significant health effect or substantial health effect. The question of whether to include the six substances that have been found to have general health effects as HSRM would be require further research.

무인항공기 안전운용을 위한 항공안전법 개정방향에 대한 연구 (Study on Revision of Aviation Safety act for RPAS)

  • 홍혜정;한재현
    • 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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    • 제35권3호
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    • pp.65-93
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    • 2020
  • 정보통신기술 발전과 함께 4차 산업혁명 시대에 돌입하면서 신성장 산업으로 무인항공기 산업이 주목받기 시작했다. 소형 드론에서부터 대형 무인항공기까지 규모와 비행 공역의 범위도 다양해지면서 선진국(미국, 유럽)은 유인항공기와 무인항공기의 통합 운용에 대한 계획을 수립하고 있다. 또한, ICAO에서는 무인항공기의 국제기준 및 권고사항 수립을 하기 위해 관련 부속서 개정 작업을 수행하고 있다. 우리나라도 앞으로 도래할 유인항공기와 무인항공기의 통합 운영에 대비가 필요하여 이를 위해 무인항공기 안전운항에 대한 국내 제도 현황을 검토하고 정비해야 한다. 본 연구는 ICAO에서 논의하고 있는 원격조종항공기시스템(Remotely Piloted Aircraft System; RPAS) 관련 부속서의 개정사항들에 대해 분석하고 기존의 항공안전법과 비교하여 무인항공기 안전운항을 위한 항공안전법의 개정방향을 제시하였다.

선원법상 상급안전 재교육 이수자의 기초안전 재교육 면제 규정의 개정에 관한 연구 (A Study on the amendment of regulation of Korean Seamen's Act to exempt the seafarers who have completed advanced safety refresher training from basic safety refresher training)

  • 한세현;조장원;이창희
    • 수산해양교육연구
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    • 제28권4호
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    • pp.925-935
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    • 2016
  • It is provided that seafarers qualified in accordance with STCW(International Convention on Standards of Training Certification and Watch-keeping for Seafarers) convention and code in safety training shall be required, every five years, to provide evidence of having maintained the required standard of competence, to undertake the tasks, duties and responsibilities listed in Chapter VI, section A-VI/1 of the STCW Code A. Every party to the STCW Convention has amended the relevant national regulations according to the above international convention and code. These amended Seaman's Act require the updating safety training which is only five years valid for existing seafarers serving onboard ship on international voyage. And above specified existing seafarers must, as of the 1st January 2017, have documentary evidence of either having completed the training course or updated their training within the last 5 years. In relation to the above international trend, the Korean Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries also has completed an amendment to its Seaman's Act. But, the Korean Seaman's Act has a supplementary provision to exempt the seafarers who have completed STCW advanced safety training from basic safety training. The purpose of this study is to define the problems of above mentioned exemption provisions and to make better policies for improvement. In order to complete the purpose, the research team has conducted an in-depth survey of various foreign cases on STCW safety training. Moreover, the team has suggested an improvement scheme in consonance with Korean shipping industry and society through out this report.

수협공제(水協共濟)의 보상제도(補償制度)에 관한 법적(法的) 연구(硏究) (A Legal Study on Indemnification of Korean Mutual Insurance of Fisheries Cooperatives)

  • 차철표;박용섭
    • 수산해양교육연구
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    • 제5권2호
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    • pp.98-109
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    • 1993
  • By the Article 28 of the Korean Fishing Vessels Act and the Article 47-1 of the Enforcement Ordinance of the Act, fishing vessels over 5 gross tone must be insured the fishing vessels mutual insurance or marine insurance. Therefore the distant-water fishing vessels and vessels registered with Classification Society can be insured to the marine insurance, and non-registered vessels and the small fishing vessels can be insured to the fishing vessels mutual insurance of Fisheries Co-operatives. Moreover, the shipowners of fishing vessels over 5 gross tons to be insured a liability insurance for their crew, and it is to compensate effectively the crewman's accidents prescribed in the Seaman's Act. The shipowner's Liability Insurance to be insured the seaman's Compensation Insurance or the seaman's mutual insurance of the Fisheries Co-operatives and the Protection and Indemnity but they still involve lots of problems to cover the crewman's accidents reasonably. The author's views on the improvement way of the fisheries mutual insurance system are as follows. 1. The size of fishing vessels over 5 gross tons prescribed by the Article 28 of the Fishing Vessels Act must be revised into over 1 gross tons. And the regulations concerning penalties against nonfulfilment of the regulation must be strengthened in order to have legal effectiveness. 2. The level of the government subsidy for the fisheries mutual insurance must be raised up from the large point of view for protection of fishermen. It is concluded that the Government have to take charge of the remutual insurance in order to develop the fisheries mutual insurance system. 3. The mutual insurance system of fish catch have to be executed in order to guarantee the stable income for fishermen on the base of the amount of money by fish catch in the previous year.

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