• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.43 no.4
• /
• pp.666-675
• /
• 2019

Background: Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) has been widely used as an herbal medicine to normalize and strengthen body functions. Although many researchers have focused on the biological effects of KRG, more studies on the action mechanism of red ginseng are still needed. Previously, we investigated the proteomic changes of the rat spleen while searching for molecular signatures and the action mechanism of KRG. The proteomic analysis revealed that differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were involved in the increased immune response and phagocytosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biological activities of KRG, especially the immune-enhancing response of KRG. Methods: Rats were divided into 4 groups: 0 (control group), 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg administration of KRG powder for 6 weeks, respectively. Isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation was performed with Q-Exactive LC-MS/MS to compare associated proteins between the groups. The putative DEPs were identified by a current UniProt rat protein database search and by the Gene Ontology annotations. Results: The DEPs appear to increase the innate and acquired immunity as well as immune cell movement. These results suggest that KRG can stimulate immune responses. This analysis refined our targets of interest to include the potential functions of KRG. Furthermore, we validated the potential molecular targets of the functions, representatively LCN2, CRAMP, and HLA-DQB1, by Western blotting. Conclusion: These results may provide molecular signature candidates to elucidate the mechanisms of the immune response by KRG. Here, we demonstrate a strategy of tissue proteomics for the discovery of the molecular function of KRG.

• BMB Reports
• /
• v.54 no.2
• /
• pp.98-105
• /
• 2021

The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) system is a family of DNA sequences originally discovered as a type of acquired immunity in prokaryotes such as bacteria and archaea. In many CRISPR systems, the functional ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) are composed of CRISPR protein and guide RNAs. They selectively bind and cleave specific target DNAs or RNAs, based on sequences complementary to the guide RNA. The specific targeted cleavage of the nucleic acids by CRISPR has been broadly utilized in genome editing methods. In the process of genome editing of eukaryotic cells, CRISPR-mediated DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) at specific genomic loci activate the endogenous DNA repair systems and induce mutations at the target sites with high efficiencies. Two of the major endogenous DNA repair machineries are non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and homology-directed repair (HDR). In case of DSB, the two repair pathways operate in competition, resulting in several possible outcomes including deletions, insertions, and substitutions. Due to the inherent stochasticity of DSB-based genome editing methods, it was difficult to achieve defined single-base changes without unanticipated random mutation patterns. In order to overcome the heterogeneity in DSB-mediated genome editing, novel methods have been developed to incorporate precise single-base level changes without inducing DSB. The approaches utilized catalytically compromised CRISPR in conjunction with base-modifying enzymes and DNA polymerases, to accomplish highly efficient and precise genome editing of single and multiple bases. In this review, we introduce some of the advances in single-base level CRISPR genome editing methods and their applications.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.99-107
• /
• 2022

Background: Obesity weakens acquired immunity and causes infection. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the inflammatory markers in the gingival crevicular fluid and serum and periodontal bacteria in saliva through obesity control for 4 weeks. Methods: Forty-six subjects with a body mass index (BMI) of ≥23 kg/m² stayed in the camp for 4 weeks, followed by exercise and a low salt-low fat diet. Body size measurements, oral examinations, blood, saliva, and gingival crevicular fluid were collected before and after the program. C-reactive protein (CRP) in serum, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8, MMP-9, and interleukin (IL)-1β in the gingival sulcus fluid were measured. After extracting bacterial genomic DNA from saliva, the presence of periodontal bacteria were detected using Taq probe. The relationship of each index before and after the program was analyzed through paired t-test and partial correlation analysis. Results: Campylobacter rectus (Cr) increased after the program, and there was no significant change in other bacteria. Serum CRP and Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn), Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Cr, ratio of Fn, and ratio of Cr had a positive relationship at baseline; however, the relationship was not significant after the program. Ratio of Prevotella intermedia had a positive relationship with MMP-9, MMP-8, IL-1β at baseline. Moreover, the ratio of Treponema denticola and the ratio of Tannerella forsythia showed a positive relationship with MMP-8, MMP-9, and IL-1β. The relationship between the ratio of Porphyromonas gingivalis and IL-1β showed a constant positive relationship at baseline and after the program. Conclusion: Obesity control program in subjects with a BMI of ≥23 kg/m² accompanied by diet and exercise did not affect the changes in periodontal bacteria itself, but changes in the relationship between periodontal bacteria and serum CRP, the relationship between the inflammatory index in the gingival crevicular fluid and periodontal bacteria was observed.

• Journal of Integrative Natural Science
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.59-65
• /
• 2024

Dendritic cells play a very important role in the immune response as antigen-presenting cells that are critical for initiating both innate and acquired immunity. They recognize, process and present foreign antigens to other key immune cells to trigger and regulate the immune response. The ability to activate these dendritic cells can be used as a treatment for various immune diseases. Maqui berry has been reported to have anticancer, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. However, its effect on the activity of dendritic cells has not been studied. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of maqui berry extract in modulating dendritic cell activity. Treatment of dendritic cells with maqui berry extract induced the costimulatory molecules CD80, CD86, and MHC class I and II in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, the antigen-presenting capacity of dendritic cells was inhibited, which confirms their ability to present antigens, and the production of Interleukin (IL)-12, which is important for dendritic cell activity, was increased. These results indicated that Maqui berry extract activates dendritic cells maturation by inducing the production of co-stimulatory molecules and IL-12. These results suggest that maqui berry extract may act as an effective adjuvant to enhance dendritic cell-based immune responses.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.135-143
• /
• 1981

진드기의 흡혈(吸血)에 대對하여 경험(經驗)이 없는 가토(家兎)를 실험숙주(實驗宿主)로하여 Haemaphysalis longicornis 진드기를 부착(附着) 흡혈(吸血)시켰을때 형성(形成)된 교상(咬傷)에 대(對)한 조직병리학적(組織病理學的) 변화(變化)를 관찰(觀察)하고, 진드기의 흡혈(吸血)에 경험(經驗)이 있는 감작(感作)된 가토(家兎)에 1개월(個月) 간격(間隔)으로 제2차(第二次) 흡혈(吸血)까지 시도(試圖)하여 가토체내(家兎體內)의 획득면역(獲得免疫)의 형성(形成)과 그에 따른 조직병리학적(組織病理學的) 변화(變化)를 비교관찰(比較觀察)하여 다음과 같은 결론(結論)을 얻었다. 1. H. longicornis 진드기는 구기(口器)를 사용(使用)하여 가토(家兎) 이부위(耳部位)의 피용(皮庸)를 천자(穿刺)하므로서 교상(咬傷)을 일으키며, 흔히 진드기의 구기주변(口器週邊)에는 진드기의 안전(安全)한 부착(附着)을 기도(企圖)하는 편평원추상(扁平圓錐狀)의 시멘트 물질(物質)이 형성(形成)되었다. 2. 진드기 교상(咬傷)에 대(對)한 주요(主要)한 조직병리학적(組織病理學的) 변화(變化)는 국소부위(局所部位)의 출혈성(出血性) 염증성(炎症性) 반응(反應), 광범위(廣範圍)한 부종(浮腫), 백혈구(白血球) 침윤(浸潤), 그리고 세포조직(細胞組織)의 괴사(壞死)로 대징(待徵)지워졌다. 3. 진드기 기생(寄生)의 초기(初期)에 형성(形成)된 병변(病變) 또는 진드기 흡혈(吸血)에 대(對)하여 경험(經驗)이 없는 가토(家兎)의 병변(病變)에서는 호중구(好中球)를 흔히 볼 수 있었으며, 진드기 기생말기(寄生末期) 또는 진드기 흡혈(吸血)에 대(對)하여 경험(經驗)이 있는 감작(感作)된 가토(家兎)의 병변(病變)에서는 호산구(好酸球)가 많이 관찰(觀察)되었다. 4. 진드기의 구기(口器)가 창상내(創傷內)에 잔존(殘存)하는 한, 치유(治癒)은 단시일내(短時日內)에 이루어 지지 않았으며, 증상(症狀)이 진행(進行)됨에 따라 괴사성(壞死性) 염증성(炎症性) 반응(反應)은 더욱 확대(擴大) 되었는데, 이러한 소견(所見)은 감작(感作)되어 있는 숙주(宿主)에서 더욱 확실(確實)히 관찰(觀察)되었다. 5. 최초(最初)(1차(一次)) 흡혈(吸血) 시도후(試圖後) 감작(感作)된 가토(家兎)에 2차적(二次的)으로 부가흡혈(附加吸血)을 시도(試圖)하였을때 볼수 있는 진드기의 흡혈성취도(吸血成就度)의 저하현상(低下現象)은 숙주체내(宿主體內)의 교상병변(咬傷病變)에서 일어나는 조직병리학적(組織病理學的) 소견(所見)과 획득면역(獲得免役)에 깊이 관련(關聯)되어 있는 것으로 사료(思料)된다.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.123-133
• /
• 1981

진드기는 생물학적(生物學的) 여러 분야(分野)의 연구대상(硏究對象)으로 또는 진드기 매개전염병(媒介傳染病)의 역학(疫學)과 방제(防除)를 위(爲)한 연구재료(硏究材料)로 공시(供試)되는데, 이를 위(爲)하여는 실험작군(實驗作群)에 의(依)한 집단생산(集團生産)이 요구(要求)된다. 그러나 이러한 실험작군(實驗作群)에 있어서 동일(同一)한 가토(家兎)를 실험용(實驗用) 숙주(宿主)로 반복(反復)하여 사용(使用)했을 경우(境遇), 진드기의 흡혈성취도(吸血成就度)가 저하(低下)되는 현상(現象)을 경험(經驗)하게 된다. 이러한 현상(現象)에 흥미(興味)를 가지고, 이를 실험용(實驗用) 가토(家兎)에 대(對)한 Haemaphysalis longicornis 미포혈(未飽血) 자충(雌蟲)의 반복흡혈(反復吸血)에 있어서의 흡혈성취도(吸血成就度) 변화(變化)를 조사(調査)해 보고자 몇가지 실험(實驗)이 설계(設計) 진행(遂行)된 바, 결과(結果)는 다음과 같이 요약(要約)된다. 1. 최초(最初)(1차(一次)) 흡혈시도(吸血試圖)에 있어서 공시(供試)된 진드기의 흡혈성취도(吸血成就度)는 실험용(實驗用) 숙주(宿主)인 가토(家兎)의 월령별(月齡別) 비교군간(比較群間)에 유의성(有意性) 있는 차이(差異)가 인정(認定)되지 아니 하였다. 2. 성공적(成功的) 흡혈율(吸血率)은 최초(最初)(1차(一次)) 흡혈시도(吸血試圖)에서 82.29%를 보였으나, 반복흡혈시도(反復吸血試圖) 차수(次數)가 증가(增加)함에 따라, 76.04%(2차(二次)), 53.13%(3차(三次)), 50%(4차(四次)), 46.87%(5차(五次))로 점차적(漸次的)으로 저하(低下)되는 성적(成績)을 보였다. 3. 평균흡혈기간(平均吸血期間)은 최초(最初)(1차(一次))흡혈시도(吸血試圖)에서 9.34일(日)을 보였으나, 반복흡혈시도(反復吸血試圖) 차수(次數)가 증가(增加)함에 따라, 9.74일(日)(2차(二次)), 10.31(日)(3차(三次)), 10.42(日)(4차(四次)), 10.47(日)(5차(五次))로 점차(漸次) 지연(遲延) 되었으며, 평균흡혈속도(平均吸血速度)는 0.1070에서 0.1027, 0.0970, 0.0960, 0.0955로 점차(漸次) 감속화(減速化) 되었다. 4. 평균(平均) 흡혈체중(吸血體重)에 있어서는 최초(最初)(1차(一次)) 흡혈시도(吸血試圖)에서 253.3mg의 성적(成績)을 보였으나, 흡혈시도(吸血試圖)가 반복(反復)됨에 따라, 242.58mg(2차(二次)), 190.73mg(3차(三次)), 187.85mg(4차(四次)), 184.18mg(5차(五次))으로 점차(漸次) 경량화(輕量化)되는 경향(傾向)을 나타냈다. 5. 결론적(結論的)으로 실험용(實驗用) 가토(家兎)에 대(對)한 Haemaphysalis longicornis 진드기의 흡혈성취도(吸血成就度)는, 반복흡혈시도(反復吸血試圖) 차수(次數)가 증가(增加)함에 따라, 숙주체내(宿主體內)에 형성(形成) 누적(累積)되는 진드기에 대(對)한 획득면역(獲得免疫)의 영향(影響)을 받아 점차(漸次) 저하(低下)되며, 따라서 H. longicornis 진드기의 집단생산(集團生産)을 위(爲)한 실험작군(實驗作群)이나 혈류보존(血統保存)을 위(爲)한 계대흡혈(繼代吸血)에 있어서 동일(同一) 가토(家兎)를 2회이상(回以上) 반복사용(反復使用)하는 것은 바람직한 일이 아닌 것으로 사료(思料)된다.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
• /
• v.27 no.2
• /
• pp.79-86
• /
• 1989

A pathogenic free-living amoeba, Naegleria fowleri, causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis to human and experimental animals. This infection is rare, but the mortality is very high. Nowadays, drug treatment or active immunization of human or mice are being tried with partial effectiveness. This study shows passive immunization effect by transfer of immunized spleen cells, serum, or milk from immunized mother in mouse experimental model. Young BALB/c mice were immunized intraperitoneally with $2~3{\times}10^{6}$ trophozoites of N. fowleri, and spleen cells and sera were collected for injection to recipient mice. There were seven transfer groups, i.e., immunized mouse serum, spleen cells, serum and spleen cells, normal mouse serum, spleen cells, serum and spleen cells, and control group. Three days later, BALB/c mice were inoculated with $1{\times}10^{4}$ trophozoites of N. fowleri intranasally. After infection, decreased mortality ana prolonged survival time of mice were noted in immunized Bloops compared with non.immuniBed control group. The groups Injected with immunized spleen cells or normal serum shewed lower moltality than that of controls bult showed no changes of Serum IgG level. The groups injected with immunized serum or normal spleen cells showed increased serum IgG level after immunization but hundred percent mortality was observed. Mother mice were ifnfnunised increperitqneeliy with $2~3{\times}10^{6}$ trephozoites of N. fowleri at the end of pregnancy and weaning Period. Soon after the delivery, Jitters born of non-immunszed mother were matched with immunized mother for feeding immune milk. After three weeks, the litters were infected with $1{\times}10^{4}$ trophozeites of N. fowleri or sacrificed for serum collection to measure the IgG levels. The results show that anti-JV. fowleri IgG from mother was transferred to litter through milk but this IgG did not inauence the mortality or survival time of the infected mice.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.32 no.1
• /
• pp.117-125
• /
• 1992

Dogs were divided into 3 groups of two each; Bacillie Calmette-Guerin(BCG) pretreatment, M bovis only treatment and uninfected control group. BCG were vaccinated intradermally with 0.2ml before 3weeks of M bovis intraperitoneal infection. Infection at necropsy 4months later was readily in the both treated dogs. Histopathologically, the BCG pretreated dogs produce the moderate accumulation of macrophages and focal granuloma formation in the lung, whereas the M bovis only treared dogs produce the accumulation of predominantly macrophages, occasionaly polymorphonuclear cells and the more larger granuloma Bronchoalveolar lavage(BAL) was obtained and total and differential cell counts were examined. Total number of BAL cells harvested from uninfected dogs is lower compared with those of the both treated groups. The total cell number of M bovis only treated dogs were singificantly higher 1.8 times than that of the BCG pretreated dogs. The Fe receptor activity and the growth of organism in alveolar macrophages obtained from BCG pretreated dogs were compared with that in macrophages from M bovis only treated dogs. BCG vaccination resulted in substantial macrophage activation, measured as increased Fc receptor mediated phagocytosis and rosette formation, as wells as the inhibition of intracellular mycobacteria multiplication. However, actibated macrophages taken from BCG pretreated dogs are incapable of killing the M bovis. Thus, these results suggest that BCG pretrearment in the dog may produce a protective effect against tuberculosis because active alveolar macrophages have acquired antituberculous immunity, although few mycobacteria within the lung remain in a metabolically active state.

• Journal of Korean Society of Disaster and Security
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.23-40
• /
• 2021

In the era of the global coronal 19 pandemic, there is a risk of cross-infection in hospitals at the stage where treatments and vaccines are currently being developed and marketed, so individuals should enhance their acquired immunity and generalize their living systems by the performance of copper ions in the social environment. In order to prevent the spread of infection, the need for anti-bacterial film and its efficacy were analyzed through anti-viral performance tests based on research and development cases of worldwide and immemorial time. he Korea Construction Research Institute (KCL) has received anti-bacterial performance certification and anti-viral test scores from the "National Approval Performance Certification Agency." At the time, NCCP 43326 Human Corona virus (BetaCoV/Korea/KCDC03/2020), which was approved by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, was introduced to ensure that the activity rate of infected cells was satisfied in the anti-viral performance test. Anti-proliferation measures for the Corona 19 virus require a quality clinical trial study comparing the experimental group within the glass space where the antiviral copper film is constructed with the comparator of the same condition without copper film.

• Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research
• /
• v.13 no.3
• /
• pp.232-241
• /
• 2024

Purpose: Brucellosis, a zoonotic infectious disease, is a worldwide health issue affecting animals and humans. No effective human vaccine and the complications caused by the use of animal vaccines are among the factors that have prevented the eradication of the disease worldwide. However, bio-engineering technologies have paved the way for designing new targeted and highly efficacious vaccines. In this regard, the study aimed to evaluate immunity induced by mannosylated niosome containing Brucella recombinant trigger factor/Bp26/Omp31 (rTBO) chimeric protein in a mouse model. Materials and Methods: rTBO as chimeric antigen (Ag) was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) and, after purification, loaded on niosome and mannosylated niosome. The characteristics of the nanoparticles were assessed. The mice were immunized using rTBO, niosome, and mannosylated niosome-rTBO in intranasal and intraperitoneal routes. Serum antibodies (immunoglobulin [Ig]A, IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a) and splenocyte cytokines (interferon-gamma, interleukin [IL]-4, and IL-12) were evaluated in immunized mice. Finally, immunized mice were challenged by B. melitensis and B. abortus. A high antibody level was produced by niosomal antigen (Nio-Ag) and mannosylated noisomal antigen (Nio-Man-Ag) compared to the control after 10, 24, and 38 days of immunization. The IgG2a/IgG1 titer ratio for Nio-Man-Ag was 1.2 and 1.1 in intraperitoneal and intranasal methods and lower than one in free Ag and Nio-Ag. Cytokine production was significantly higher in the immunized animal with Ag-loaded nanoparticles than in the negative control group (p<0.05). Moreover, cytokine and antibody levels were significantly higher in the injection than in the inhalation method (p<0.05). Results: The combination of mannosylated noisome and rTBO chimeric proteins stimulate the cellular and humoral immune response and produce cytokines, playing a role in developing the protective acquired immune response in the Brucella infectious model. Also, the intraperitoneal route resulted in a successful enhancement of cytokines production more than intranasal administration. Conclusion: Designing an effective vaccine candidate against Brucella that selectively induces cellular and humoral immune response can be done by selecting a suitable nanoniosome formulation as an immunoadjuvant and recombinant protein as an immune response-stimulating Ag.