• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.344-346
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• 2004

IKONOS 1m satellite imagery is particularly well suited for 3-D feature extraction and 1 :5,000 scale topographic mapping. Because the image line and sample calculated by given RPCs have the error of more than 11m, in order to be able to perform feature extraction and topographic mapping, rational polynomial coefficients(RPCs) camera model that are derived from the very complex IKONOS sensor model to describe the object-image geometry must be refined by several Ground Control Points(GCPs). This paper presents a quantitative evaluation of the geometric accuracy that can be achieved with IKONOS imagery by refining the offset and scaling factors of RPCs using several GCPs. If only two GCPs are available, the offsets and scale factors of image line and sample are updated. If we have more than three GCPs, four parameters of the offsets and scale factors of image line and sample are refined first, and then six parameters of the offsets and scale factors of latitude, longitude and height are updated. The stereo images acquired by IKONOS satellite are tested using six ground points. First, the RPCs model was refined using 2 GCPs and 4 check points acquired by GPS. The results from IKONOS stereo images are reported and these show that the RMSE of check point acquired from left images and right are 1.021m and 1.447m. And then we update the RPCs model using 4 GCPs and 2 check points. The RMSE of geometric accuracy is 0.621 m in left image and 0.816m in right image.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.61 no.4
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• pp.347-355
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• 2006

Background: Pneumonia is the most common cause of death among infectious diseases with community-acquired pneumonia being the sixth leading cause of death in the USA. In Korea, several studies have evaluated the prognosis of community-acquired pneumonia with a limited number of patients and risk factors. This study, evaluated all the possible risk factors (including the pneumonia severity index; PSI) in for the community-acquired pneumonia patients admitted to a referral hospital. Methods: The medical records of patients admitted to the Chung-Aug University Yongsan Hospital between January 2002 and January 2005 for community-acquired pneumonia were reviewed retrospectively. The demographic data, comorbidity, radiographic findings and laboratory results which might influence the prognosis of pneumonia were analyzed. Results: Among 179 patients admitted for community-acquired pneumonia, 29 patients died (mortality 16%). The risk factors for mortality in the comorbidity category were congestive heart failure and a myocardial infarction. The laboratory data, showed that albumin, LDH, total cholesterol, HDL, PT, aPTT, hemoglobin and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were related to the prognosis. For the pneumonia severity index, the mortality rate increased in a step-wise manner from class I through class V. Conclusions: Comorbidities such as congestive heart failure and myocardial infarction as well as the albumin, LDH, total cholesterol, HDL cholestreol, prothrombin time, activated partial thrombotin time, hemoglobin and blood urea nitrogen(BUN) are important risk factors for mortality in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. PSI is a valuable index for evaluating the prognosis of community-acquired pneumonia.

• International Journal of Fluid Machinery and Systems
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.28-38
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• 2016

The flexible control system for hydraulic pile hammer using main control valve is present to the requirement of rapidly reversing with high frequency. To ensure the working reliability of hydraulic pile hammer, the reversing performance of the main control valve should commutate robustness to various interfere factors. Through simulation model built in Simulink/Stateflow and experiment, the effects of relative parameters to reverse performance of main control are analyzed and the main interfere factors for reversing performance are acquired. Treating reverse required time as design objects, some structure parameters as control factors, control pressure, input flow and gaps between spool and valve body as interfere factors, the robust design of the main control valve is done. The combination of factors with the strongest anti-jamming capability is acquired which ensured the reliability and anti-jamming capability of the main control valve. It also provides guidance on design and application of the main control valve used in large flow control with interferes.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.58 no.6
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• pp.607-613
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• 2005

Background : Early death is an important problem associated with the management of community-acquired pneumonia. However, there is little information on the risk factors associated with it. The aim of this study was to identify the factors associated with early death in community-acquired pneumonia patients. Methods : From January 1999 to July 2004, 1,487 adult patients with community-acquired pneumonia who were admitted to the pulmonary department via emergency center were examined. Early death was defined as those who died within 2 days of hospitalization. The clinical and laboratory aspects of the patients who died early (n = 30) were compared with those of an age and gender matched control population (n = 60). Results : In the early death group, respiratory rate, heart rate, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were significant higher (p < 0.05 for all), while the arterial pH, systolic pressure, and $PaO_2$ were significant lower (p < 0.05 for all) than the control. The independent factor significantly associated with early death was tachypnea (OR, 7.049). Conclusion : The importance of an early clinical assessment in emergency center with community-acquired pneumonia needs to be emphasized in order to recognize patients at risk of early death.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.28-33
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• 2019

Electronic health records (EHRs) enable us to use and re-use electronic data for various multiple purposes, such as public reporting, quality improvement, and patient outcomes research. Current hospital-acquired pressure injury (HAPI) risk assessment instruments have not been specifically developed for intensive care unit (ICU) patients and showed false positive rates in this specific populations. Previous research studies report a number of risk factors; however, it is still not clear what factors influence ICU HAPI in this population. As part of a larger research study, we performed an exploratory analysis by using a large electronic health record data. The aims of this study were to compare characteristics of patients who developed HAPIs during their ICU stay with those who did not, and to determine whether the two groups were different in the aspects of length of ICU stay, discharge disposition, and discharge destinations. We conducted chi-square test and t-test for group comparison. Association was examined by using bivariate analyses. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to examine correlation between LOS and number of medications. Our findings suggest a number of consistent and potentially modifiable risk factors, such as sedation, feeding tubes, and the number of medications administered. The mortality of the HAPI group was significantly higher than the non-HAPI group in our data. Discharge disposition was significantly different between the groups. 67% of the HAPI group transferred to intermediate or long-term care hospitals whereas 57.7% of the non-HAPI group went home after discharge. Awareness of these risk factors can lead to clinical interventions that can be preventative in the ICU setting.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.83 no.2
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• pp.147-156
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• 2020

Background: Limited studies have been performed to assess readmission following hospitalization for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in an Asian population. We evaluated the rates, reasons, and risk factors for 30-day readmission following hospitalization for CAP in the general adult population of Korea. Methods: We performed a retrospective observational study of 1,021 patients with CAP hospitalized at Yeungnam University from March 2012 to February 2014. The primary end point was all-cause hospital readmission within 30 days following discharge after the initial hospitalization. Hospital readmission was classified as pneumonia-related or pneumonia-unrelated readmission. Results: During the study period, 862 patients who survived to hospital discharge were eligible for inclusion and among them 72 (8.4%) were rehospitalized within 30 days. In the multivariable analysis, pneumonia-related readmission was associated with para/hemiplegia, malignancy, pneumonia severity index class ≥4 and clinical instability ≥1 at hospital discharge. Comorbidities such as chronic lung disease and chronic kidney disease, treatment failure, and decompensation of comorbidities were associated with the pneumonia-unrelated 30-day readmission rate. Conclusion: Rehospitalizations within 30 days following discharge were frequent among patients with CAP. The risk factors for pneumonia-related and -unrelated readmission were different. Aspiration prevention, discharge at the optimal time, and close monitoring of comorbidities may reduce the frequency of readmission among patients with CAP.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.1085-1088
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• 2006

This research is purposed to find congenital and acquired factors affected percentile of height and weight. One hundred foriy two children visited to Hamsoa oriental medical clinic in Gwangju for about one year. The majority of them complaint failure to thrive and answered questionarre examined state of sleeping, living, health and diet. The mean age of them is $8.2{\pm}3.2$ years old. The mean percentile of height is $24.8{\pm}22.4$, that of male is $20.9{\pm}20.6$ and that of female is $28.7{\pm}23.5$. The highest correlation coefficient between percentile of height and congenital factors is height of mother, it is 0.289. By regression analysis, the significant congenital factors affected percentile of height are gestational age, height of fathe andr height of mother, that of weight are gestational age, height of father and height of mother. The significant correlation coefficient between percentile of height and weight and acquired factors is health and diet items.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.7
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• pp.2793-2800
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• 2015

In molecular-targeted cancer therapy, acquired resistance to gemcitabine is a major clinical problem that reduces its effectiveness, resulting in recurrence and metastasis of cancers. In spite of great efforts to reveal the overall mechanism of acquired gemcitabine resistance, no definitive genetic factors have been identified that are absolutely responsible for the resistance process. Therefore, we performed a cross-platform meta-analysis of three publically available microarray datasets for cancer cell lines with acquired gemcitabine resistance, using the R-based RankProd algorithm, and were able to identify a total of 158 differentially expressed genes (DEGs; 76 up- and 82 down-regulated) that are potentially involved in acquired resistance to gemcitabine. Indeed, the top 20 up- and down-regulated DEGs are largely associated with a common process of carcinogenesis in many cells. For the top 50 up- and down-regulated DEGs, we conducted integrated analyses of a gene regulatory network, a gene co-expression network, and a protein-protein interaction network. The identified DEGs were functionally enriched via Gene Ontology hierarchy and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses. By systemic combinational analysis of the three molecular networks, we could condense the total number of DEGs to final seven genes. Notably, GJA1, LEF1, and CCND2 were contained within the lists of the top 20 up- or down-regulated DEGs. Our study represents a comprehensive overview of the gene expression patterns associated with acquired gemcitabine resistance and theoretical support for further clinical therapeutic studies.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.66 no.3
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• pp.198-204
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• 2009

Background: First-line drugs, if sensitive, are the most potent drugs in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). This study examined the frequency and risk factors associated with acquired drug resistance to first-line drugs during a standardized treatment using first-line drugs in patients with MDR-TB. Methods: This study included patients who were diagnosed with MDR-TB at the National Masan Tuberculosis Hospital between January 2004 and May 2008, treated with standardized first-line drugs, and for whom the preand post-treatment results of the drug susceptibility test were available. Their medical records were reviewed retrospectively. Results: Of 41 MDR-TB patients, 14 (34.1%) acquired additional resistance to ethambutol (EMB) or pyrazinamide (PZA). Of 11 patients initially resistant to isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RFP), 3 (27.3%) acquired additional resistance to both EMB and PZA, and 3 (27.3%) to PZA. Of 18 patients initially resistant to INH, RFP and EMB, 6 (33.3%) acquired additional resistance to PZA. Of 6 patients initially resistant to INH, RFP and PZA, 2 (33.3%) acquired additional resistance to EMB. Ten of the 41 MDR-TB patients (24.4%) changed from resistant to susceptible. No statistically significant risk factors associated with acquired resistance could be found. Conclusion: First-line drugs should be used cautiously in the treatment of MDR-TB in Korea considering the potential acquisition of drug resistance.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.261-267
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• 2003

The periodontal diseases are infections caused by bacteria in oral biofilm, a gelatinous mat commonly called dental plaque, which is a complex microbial community that forms and adhere to tooth surfaces. Host immune-pathogen interaction in periodontal disease appears to be a complex process, which is regulated not only by the acquired immunity to deal with ever-growing and -invading microorganisms in periodontal pockets, but also by genetic and/or environmental factors. However, our understanding of the pathogenesis in human periodontal diseases is limited by the lack of specific and sensitive tools or models to study the complex microbial challenges and their interactions with the host's immune system. Recent advances in cellular and molecular biology research have demonstrated the importance of the acquired immune system in fighting the virulent periodontal pathogens and in protecting the host from developing further devastating conditions in periodontal infections. The use of genetic knockout and immunodeficient mouse strains has shown that the acquired immune response, in particular, $CD4^+$ T-cells plays a pivotal role in controlling the ongoing infection, the immune/inflammatory responses, and the subsequent host's tissue destruction.