• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.23-29
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• 1976

Aconiti tuber butanol fraction has been recently known to have stimulatory effect on myocardial contractility. In the present study, the possibility that the Aconiti tuber butanol fraction acts directly on contractile proteins of myocardium has been investigated using natural actomyosin extracted from dog heart. It revealed that Aconiti tuber butanol fraction in concentrations from $10^{-2}{\sim}10^{-7}\;gm/ml$ had no stimulatory effect on either the $Mg^{++}$ or $Ca^{++}$-activated adenosinetriphosphatase activity of cardiac actomyosin. And no direct $Ca^{++}$-like action of the drug on cardiac actomyosin was also found. Aconiti tuber butanol fraction in concentrations above $10^{-4}\;gm/ml$, however, was somewhat stimulatory on superprecipitation of actomyosin and markedly inhibited the membrane bound $Na^+-K^+$-activated ATPase activity. In these connections, the positive inotropic action of Aconiti tuber butanol fraction on myocardium thus does not seem to reflect a direct interaction with contractile proteins, but the drug seem to stimulate myocardial contractility through the actions on the membrane transport of $Ca^{++}$.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.45-55
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• 1976

The effect of positive inotropic agents on the contractile properties of myocardial muscle were studied in the cat papillary muscle preparation. For the purpose, the effects of ouabain $(1{\times}10^{-6}g/ml)$, norepinephrine (0.05r/m1) and Aconiti tuber butanol fraction (AF(5), $1{\times}10^{-4}$, $5{\times}10^{-4}$, $1{\times}10^{-3}$, $2{\times}10^{-3}g/ml$) on the contractile dynamics of the papillary muscle preparation isolated from right ventricle of cat were observed in terms of the characteristics of isometric twitch and the lengh-tension relation, the force-velocity relation and the load-extension relation of the series elastic component of contractile model of A.V. Hill. All the studied inotropic drugs similary increased the rate and the intensity of the developed isometric tension, while shortened the time from onset of contraction to peak tension and the total duration of contraction. In the afterloaded simultaneous isotonic and isometric contraction, they also similary increased the maximal velocity of shortening accompanied with the increasing the maximum developed force. In the load-extension relation all the drugs, however, had no appreciable influence on the properties of the series elastic component. Increasing the concentration, Aconiti tuber butanol fraction produced more pronounced effect on all the studied parameters of isometric and isotonic contraction of cat papillary muscle preparation. From the aspect of contractile dynamics, it seemed that the positive inotropic effect of ouabain, norepinephrine and Aconiti tuber butanol fraction are similary achieved through an influence on the behavior of the contractile component only.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.11-17
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• 1977

The effects of varing concentrations of extracellular potassium on the positive inotropic actions of Aconiti tuber butanol fraction and ouabain were studied on isolated left atrium of rat. The patterns of active tension increment, such as time to peak and total duration of tension development, was contrasted in Aconiti tuber butanol fraction to ouabain. Ouabain did not induce significant shortening in time to peak and total duration of tension development, but Aconiti tuber produce significant shortening. The isometric tension and peak dF/dt were not significantly different at the range of extracellular potassium concentration $2mEq{\sim}10mEq$ per. liter in control studies. The ouabain-induced increase in active tension and peak dF/dt at 2mEq. per. liter potassium concentration was significantly different from that of 6mEq or 10mEq. per. liter, but there was no difference between 6mEq and 10mEq. per. liter. but Aconiti tuber is not. In contrast to ouabain, Aconiti tuber butanol fraction did not show potassium dependent positive inotropic effect. It produced almost same increment of tension and peak dF/dt at all the concentration of extracellular potassium concentrations in this experiment.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.155-166
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• 2010

Objetives : The purpose of this study was to examine the pathway of anti-allergic effects of Aconiti Ciliare Tuber (ACT). Methods : We examined cell viability, ${\beta}$-hexosaminidase release, pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion and mRNA expressions, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-${\kappa}B$) (p65) activation, inhibitor kappa B-alpha ($I{\kappa}B-{\alpha}$) degradation, and MAPKs activation from RBL-2H3 cells pre-treatment by ACT of 1.0 mg/ml, 2.0 mg/ml separately. Results : We observed that ACT reduced the secretion of ${\beta}$-hexosaminidase, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-4 and the expression of COX-2 mRNA in RBL-2H3 cells. Futhermore, ACT inhibited the levels of activation of NF-${\kappa}B$ (p65) protein, ERK MAPK, and degradation of $I{\kappa}B-{\alpha}$ in RBL-2H3 cells. Conclusions : These results show that ACT has an anti-histamine effect and inhibitory effect of NF-${\kappa}B$ (p65) through regulation of $I{\kappa}B-{\alpha}$ degradation. This improves that ACT could be used as an anti-allergic medicine.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.27-35
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• 2022

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze Korean domestic patents on aconiti ciliare radix and to identify the trend of aconitum tuber technology. Methods: To analyze the patent, a combinations of words such as "aconitum" or "korean aconite root" were used in search engine Kipris(www.kirpis.or.kr). The patents of aconiti ciliare radix were analyzed in three ways: year trend analysis, internatonal patent classification (IPC) code analysis related to content classification, and patent registration status analysis. Results: Among the patents found in the search results, 17 patents with significant contents were analyzed. Results showed that, first, patents were steadily registered until 2018, but recently there has been no new patent registration. Second, there were many patents related to efficacy verification and decoction method, and the number of IPC codes related to them was also high. Third, there are five patents maintaining the registration status, and they are patents related to the aconiti ciliare radix extraction method, toxicity removal, and combination method. Conclusions: In this study, the domestic patents of aconiti ciliare radix were analyzed. The analysis results of this study are expected to be exploited as basic data for the development of Korean medicine analgesics with fewer side effects by suppressing tuber toxicity and the creation of new medical technologies.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.25-31
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• 1989

In order to establish the standard method for the preparation of processed Aconiti Tuber, Aconiti Tubers were processed under various conditions and the amount and the composition of alkaloids were determined by HPLC. The ratio of sum of benzoylhypaconine and benzoylmesaconine over the sum of acinitine, mesaconitine, benzoylmesaconine and benzoylhypaconine was used as a detoxification index ((BM+BH)${\times}$100/MA+AC+BM+BH). The adequate value of index was obtained from Japanese 'ka-gong bu-ja' which has been used in Japan. The processing procedure was largely devided into two categories. First is heat treating at $120^{\circ}$ and 1. 2 lbs for 60 min. Second is treatment with various kinds of alkaline solutions followed by heat treatment at $120^{\circ}$ and 1. 2 lbs for 60 min. Among the source of processed Aconiti Tubers, dried bu-ja and yom bu-ja, dried bu-ja was more adequate than yom bu-ja because yom bu-ja has the lower value of index than dried bu-ja and lost active components through the desalting periods. Dried bu-ja whish was treated with alkaline solutions followed by heat treatment has the detoxification index, 50% and dried bu-ja which was treated only with hear has 71. 8%. Compared to the value of index of Japanese 'ka-gong bu-ja', 72%, the dried bu-ja treated with heat at $120^{\circ}$ and 1, 2 lbs for 60min was the most adequate. The $LD_{50}$ value of the processed bu-ja was higher than 15 g crude drugs/kg, p.o. in mice.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.24-28
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• 1996

The antiinflammatory and analgesic activities of higenamine were evaluated by measuring edema volume and pain threshold in adjuvant arthritic rats and acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice. Higenamine, with consecutive oral administrations at doses of 10 and 50 mg/kg/day, showed significant antiedemic effect and elevation of pain threshold during the secondary lesion of adjuvant arthritis. Higenamine also showed a significant inhibition of acetic acid-induced writhing syndrome with a single oral administration (200 mg/kg). From these results, it is postulated that higenamine might possess both of centrally and peripherally mediated analgesic properties.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.123-130
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• 2004

Aconiti Root(AR), has been used for about 2000 years, since recorded for low grade in 'Shinnongbonchokyung(Divine Husbandman's Herbal Foundation canon)'. It also recorded for Poisonous Drug in 'Myunguibyullok', 'Yaksungron', etc, and they advised when the AR is using for clinical desease it has to be processed. There are more than 13 processing methods, in records that related 39 parts which is recorded in ancient documents. In China, there are no standard of herb that using for clinical, cause of the traditional processing methods was cut since 1960s. In these days, they are using AR that recorded in Aconiti Tuber part of the processing records, in Guangdong and Shantung. In addition, the modification of Processed Aconiti Root(PAR) is also used for goods in Hongkong, Macao, and Southeast Asia. We studied the PAR for enhancing the importance of it, and multiply using. In this study, we search for the history of processing of AR, traditional theories of processing and clinical adaptation.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.124-138
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• 2007

Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate the antimicrobial effects of the interior warming herbs on vaginal microbes. Methods: Staphylococcus aureus, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and Gardnerella vaginalis were used for vaginitis-induced microbes. Lactobacillus gasseri, Streptococcus spp. and Escherichia coli HB101 were used for normal vaginal florae. And herbs for warming the interior (Zingiberis Rhizoma, Alpiniae Officinari Rhizoma, Aconiti Tuber, Anethi Fructus, Evodiae Fructus, Cinnamomi Cortex Spissus, Caryophylli Flos, Aconiti Tube, Zanthoxyli Pericarpium, Piperis Longi Fructus, Piperis Nigri Fructus) were used in this study. Antimicrobial activities were tested by the change of optical densities (OD) and colony test in vitro. Results: In the results of vaginitis-induced microbes, Anethi Fructus was decreased the OD values on MRSA and Gardnerella vaginalis and Aconiti Tuber was decreased on MRSA. There were no viable MRSA and Gardnerella vaginalis colony forming against Evodiae Fructus, Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA colony forming against Piperis Longi Fructus, Staphylococcus aureus colony forming against Piperis Nigri Fructus and MRSA colony forming against Zanthoxyli Pericarpium. In the results of normal vaginal florae, Zingiberis Rhizoma was decreased the OD values on Streptococcus spp. and all normal vaginal florae were showed viable colony forming against all experimental herbs. Conclusion: According to these results, we can suggest that some kinds of interior warming herbs have antimicrobial effects on vaginal microbes. So there might be needed to make furthermore studies to seek the herbs which have selective antimicrobial effect on pathologic vaginal microbes.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.1-9
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• 1977

The effects of extracellular calcium concentrations and several concentration of Aconiti tuber butanol fraction, norepinephrine, ouabain on the force of isometric contraction of isolated atrial preparations obtained from rabbits were determined at $11{\sim}14$ different frequencies of contraction. Qualitatively similar results were obtained in all preparations. In most preparations, rested-state contraction was induced at the range of $120{\sim}400$ seconds stimulation interval. Over the range of intervals from 120 to 10 seconds negative inotropic effect of activation (NIEA) was predominant, so the steady-state contractile force progressively declined. At the intervals of 3 seconds, changes in the cumulated negative and positive isotropic effect of activation (PIEA) practically cancelled each other under steady-state conditions. At the interval from 3 seconds to 0.25 seconds, the additional cumulation of PIEA was greater than that of the NIEA. When the intervals between contractions were shorter than 0.25 seconds, the cumulation of the NIEA was again predominant. The positive inotropic effect of cardiac glycoside resulted at least in large part from increase in the rested-state contraction. No significant effect on the PIEA was found. The decay of the NIEA was apparently greatly accelerated in the presence of high concentration of ouabain, but this may also be a reflection of their action on the state determining the strength of the rested-state contraction. In the case of extracellular calcium concentration increment, the similar results with the ouabain treatment were obtained. Norepinephrine produced more powerful inotropic effect at shorter stimulation interval than long. The rested-state contraction and the decay of the NIEA were not significantly altered in the presence of norepinephrine, but cumulated PIEA and the amount of PIEA produced by each contraction were significantly increased. Aconiti tuber butanol fraction showed similar results with that of norepinephrine. The increment of contractile force at various contraction frequency were dose-responsive in the presence of Aconiti tuber butanol fraction. It is suggested that the positive inotropic effect of Aconiti tuber butanol fraction at various contraction frequency may be due to increase of the cumulation of PIEA and the amount of PIEA produced by each beat.