• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.34-42
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• 1988

To investigate the effects of paper sludge on seasonal variations of volatile lower fatty acids in paddy soil, paper sludge was applied to pots at the rate of either 300, 600, 900 or 1,200 kg/l0a which was either preadjusted at a C/N ratio of 30 : 1 or not adjusted. The decomposition rate of paper sludge, the evolution of $CO_2$, and the fractions of volatile lower fatty acids in the soil were determined. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Paper sludge was decomposed to $35{\sim}44%$, and its C/N ratio was $55{\sim}82$, respectively, at 120 days after treatment. 2. The evolution of $CO_2$, in the soil was proportional to the amount of paper sludge added. Significant positive correlations were observed the $CO_2$ evolution was compared with the decomposition rate of paper sludge, and volatile fatty acid contents in soil. 3. Acetic, propionic, butyric, i-butyric, valeric and i-valeric acids were identified in all the soils investigated. The content of the total volatile fatty acids in the soil increased with as the application of paper sludge increased. The formation of the acids was the highest at 25 days after treatment, and thereafter the contents of the acids decreased as time elapsed. 4. The volatile fatty acids in the soil inhibited the growth of paddy rice in early stages. The contents of acetic, propionic and i-valeric acids in the soil negatively, correlated with the uptake of N, $P_2O_5$, $K_2O$, CaO, MgO and $SiO_2$ in the paddy rice at 25 days after transplantation. In addition, the uptake of $P_2O_5$ and CaO in the paddy rice negatively correlated with the content of butyric acid in the soil. 5. The content of total volatile fatty acids positively correlated with the content of $Fe^{++}$ and $Mn^{++}$ in the soil at 25 days after transplantation. A significantly positive correlation was observed between $Fe^{++}$ and acetic acid contents in the soil.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.67-78
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of humic acid on the germination, the growth and the yield of hot pepper when treated with organic hot pepper seedlings and growing season. The germination rate of 0.05% and 0.1% humic acid was higher than that of untreated, but the germination rates of 0.4% and 1.0% humic acid were 90.0% and 86.7%, respectively, compared with the control treatment (96.7%). At 30 days after transplanting, hot pepper treated with low (0.05%) or high (1.0%) concentration of humic acid decreased the growth of hot pepper seedlings, whereas 0.2% humic acid treatment significantly increased a average height (97.6 cm), leaf number (84.7) and fresh weight ($128.1g\;plant^{-1}$) of hot pepper. After 60 days of treatment with humic acid, the height of hot pepper was significantly longer in 0.2% humic acid. The mean green fruit number of 0.2%, 0.1% and 0.05% humic acid were not significantly different among the treatments, but the mean green pepper number of 0.4% and 1.0% humic acid treatments were the higher with 35.2% and 29.1%, respectively than other treatments. However, the fresh weight of green pepper was found to be $111.5g\;plant^{-1}$ more heavier than the untreated in 0.2% humic acid. The total ($5.8kg\;plant^{-1}$) and average ($1.4kg\;plant^{-1}$) fresh weight of pepper were higher than that of untreated control, except for the 1.0% humic acid treatment after 60 days of soil irrigation. The total weight of hot pepper treated with 0.2% and 0.1% humic acid treatment was $9.3kg\;plant^{-1}$ and $8.6kg\;plant^{-1}$, respectively, which were heavier than the other treatments. The effect of humic acid concentrations on soil microbial populations, pH and EC was investigated. The soil bacterial population density of 0.2% humic acid treatment was 3.5 times higher than that of untreated control soil. As the concentration of humic acid increased from 0.05% to 1.0%, pH and EC of hot pepper grown soil also increased.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.102-107
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• 2017

Background: The present study was conducted to investigate the fatty acid content and habitat conditions of Glehnia littoralis in the Korean midwest region. Methods and Results: The emergence area of G. littoralis was 36.1 m from the coastline at an elevation of 4.2 m and slope of 4.3%. The soil of the habitat was sandy, the pH was 8.4, organic matter content was 0.4%, $P_2O_5$ content was 9.1 mg/kg and the content of K, Ca, Mg and Na were 0.09, 9.31, 0.43 and $0.23cmol^+/kg$, respectively. Other plants growing in this area with G. littoralis included 16 taxa. Plant with high coverage and frequency were Carex kobomugi, Elymus mollis, Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii, Lathyrus japonicus, Calystegia soldanella and Carex pumila. In the seeds of G. littoralis, the maximum fatty acid content was 65.5% oleic acid, 28.7% linoleic acid, 4.3% palmitic acid, 1.5% stearic acid, and 0.2% linolenic acid. Conclusions: In G. littoralis of Korean midwest, the scope of collection and cultivation for medicinal purposes was broad, because differences in associated vegetation, soil composition, and fatty acid content owing to habitat conditions was low.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.524-535
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• 1994

The interaction and detergency between oily soil and surfactant solution were studied Samples used were tristearin, tripalmitin and their mixture as a triglyceride, myristic acid as a fatty acid and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as surfactant. The results were as follows: 1. The mixtures of model oily soils were formed of eutectic point and their melting point were lower than them of individual oily soils. 2. The formation of liquid crystalline (LC) phase was recognized in the triangle phase diagram for SDS~ water~model oily soil system. The areas of LC phase region were in the order of SHS~ water~myristir acid> SDS~ water~mixture of tristearin, tripalmitin and myristic acid (TS/TP/M)>SDS~water~mixture of tristearin and tripalmitin (TS/TP) 3. The LC phase region expanded to wide concentration range of SDS solution and high concentration range of model oily soil with increasing temperature. Particularity, the LC phase region expanded highly at $30~40^{\circ}C$ but when the temperature was elevated above $40^{\circ}C$, expanding tendency decreased. 4. In the system of myristic acid and TS/TP/M contacted with SDS solution, the LC phase was already formed at $28^{\circ}C$ and the region of the LC phase were expanded with increasing temperature. But in the system of TS/TP contacted with SDS solution, the LC phase was not formed in whole experiment temperature. 5. The detergency of myristic acid was very high ann it was recognized that the formation of the LC phase played an important role in the detergency. The detergency of TS/TP was very for low, but when TS/TF was mixed with myristic acid, the detergency of TS/TP increased. It is supposed that the LC phase was formed butween SDS solution and myristic acid promoted to penetration of SDS solution into the inner parts of TS/TP.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.258-262
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• 2007

The study was conducted to evaluate the performance of the popular isoflavone-rich soybean 'agakong' in upland and in drained-paddy fields. Analysis revealed no significant variation in terms of plant height, number of seeds per pod, number of nodes, and 100-seed weight between the two cropping system. Number of pods was significantly higher in paddy field(234.2kg 10a$^{-1}$) compared to those harvested in the upland field, which was later manifested on the yield where paddy soybeans obtained 278.1kg 10a$^{-1}$ whereas upland only obtained 179.3kg 10a$^{-1}$. This observed difference in yield was attributed to the observed higher amount of N in the paddy soil (0.907%) as compared to the upland soil (0.458%). In terms of nutritional content, protein and phytic acid contents were the only parameters that showed significant differences while oil, sugar, reducing power and fatty acids were all comparable in paddy and filed condition. Protein content was higher in upland soil (47.4%) than that of the paddy (44.9%) soil. On the opposite, phytic acid was higher in paddy (2.90%) than in upland (1.09%). This study showed that the yield of soybean is generally a factor of soil N, drained-paddy field production of soybean is comparable to upland-filed production with the benefit of increasing phytic acid content while maintaining its nutritional value.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.634-640
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• 2015

Chelating agents have been proposed to improve the efficiency of phytoextraction of heavy metal hyperaccumulator. However, little studies to elucidate mechanism of chelating agents to increase cadmium (Cd) extractability have been conducted. The objectives of this study were to evaluate effect of different chelating agents on Cd extractability and to determine mechanism of Cd mobilization affected by these agents. An arable soil was spiked with inorganic Cd ($CdCl_2$) to give a total Cd concentration of $20mgCdkg^{-1}$. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and citric acid (CA) were selected and mixed with the arable soil at the rates of 0 and $5mmolkg^{-1}$. The mixture soils were incubated at $25^{\circ}C$ for 4 weeks in dark condition. Concentration of F1 Cd fractions (water soluble) significantly increased with addition of EDTA but did not changed with addition of CA. Especially; concentration of F5 Cd fractions (residual) significantly increased with addition of CA. Increase in water soluble with EDTA might be attributed to complexation of Cd and EDTA. Dissolved organic carbon concentration significantly increased with EDTA addition, but did not with CA implying that considerable amount of CA was decomposed to inorganic carbon by microorganism. Log activity of carbonate ($CO_3{^{2-}}$) which might be generated from CA increased with addition of CA. Increase in residual Cd fraction might be due to precipitation of Cd as $CdCO_3$. As a result, EDTA was effective in increasing Cd extractability, by contrast CA had significant effect in reducing Cd extractability.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.830-835
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• 2011

Total soil microbial activities have great impact to soil management for organic farming. This study was evaluated in the soil microbial community by fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) in a controlled horticultural field for strawberry organic farm. Experimental plots were prepared with a high level of soil electrical conductivity (EC) and a optimum level of soil EC. Soil microbial biomasses and communities of total bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the high level of soil EC were significantly larger than those in the optimum level of soil EC. Lower ratios of cy17:0 to 16:$1{\omega}7c$ and cy19:0 to 18:$1{\omega}7c$ were found in the optimum level of soil EC than those in the high level of soil EC, indicating that microbial stress decreased.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.279-286
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• 2006

Electrokinetic technique was considered in removing arsenic from the abandoned mining tails. In order to estimate the removal characteristics of arsenic, the sequential extraction analysis and desorption experiment were carried out prior to the application of electrokientic process. The result of sequential extraction analysis indicated that the water soluble and exchangeable fraction, easily leachable to ground water, were very low as much as about 2.5% and the fraction except residual (38.3%), possibly extractable under very acidic or alkalic environment, was about 59%. In the result of desorption test using four different kinds of electrolytes, the mixture of citric acid and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) showed the highest desorption efficiency as much as 77.3%. The removal efficiencies of arsenic from mining tailings by electrokinetic process under the different electrolyte environments were slightly low and resulted in the following order: citric acid + SDS (18.6%) > 0.1 $NHNO_3$ (8.1%) > HAc (7.4%) > Distilled water(6.6%). Also, arsenic in soil matrix was moved favorably in the direction of anodic rather than cathodic region, which is opposite trend with cationic metal ions generally existing in soil, because anionic form of arsenic is dominated in acidic soil caused by the movement of acid front form anode.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.103-117
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• 2001

This study was inducted to investigate the effects of microbial fertilizers on the fields of young radish(Raphanus sativus L.), chemical components of plant and soil, and the microbial floras. Six microbial fertilizers, MPK+Husk+Palma, Husk+Palma, MPK+Compost, Compost, BIO Livestock Clean System(BLCS) cattle dropping, and Tomi were used. The yields of young radish were increased in six microbial fertilizer treatments. The fresh matter weight, the number of leaves, and the dry matter weight of young radish in BLCS cattle dropping treatment, the leaf length in MPK+Husk+Palma treatment, the sugar content in Husk+Palma treatment, arid the leaf width in Tomi treatment showed the highest amount, respectively. The effects of microbial fertilizers on chemical characteristics of young radish and soil were examined. Phosphoric acid amount of young radish in Tomi treatment was much higher than other treatments. Potassium amount of young radish showed high significance in all microbial fertilizer treatments compared with control, and shoved the highest in Compost treatment . Two components, phosphoric acid find potassium, in soil inoculated by microbial fertilizers showed significant. Phosphoric acid in the Tomi treatment and Potassium in Husk+Palma treatment were increased. The microorganic populations in soil inoculated with microbial fertilizers were examined. While the number of Bacillus in ceil was increased in MPK+Husk+Palma treatment, the numbers of total bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi were increased in Tomi treatment.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.139-143
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• 2014

Catalytic degradation of pentachlorophenol in soil by heme and hydrogen peroxide has been hypothesized to occur through nonspecific catalytic reactions similar to those involving ligninase. The present study examines the evidence for a heme catalytic mechanism for the oxidation of organic compounds. In the presence of hydrogen peroxide, heme is converted to the ferryl heme radical (Hm-$Fe^{+4{\cdot}}$), which can oxidize organic compounds, such as 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA). A second 5-ASA may later be oxidized by ferryl heme (Hm-$Fe^{+4}$), which reverts to the ferric heme state (Hm-$Fe^{+3}$) to complete the cycle. We believe that this catalytic cycle is involved in the degradation of hazardous pollutants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Remediation via heme catalytic reactions of PAHs in soil from a pole yard was evaluated, and about 96% of PAHs was found to disappear within 42 days after treatment with heme and hydrogen peroxide. In addition, benzo[a]pyrene and six other PAHs were undetectable among a total of 16 PAH compounds examined. Therefore, we propose heme catalysis as a novel technology for the remediation of hazardous compounds in contaminated soil.