• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.56-63
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• 2000

This study was investigated the effects of the addition of adlay with levels of 1%(T1), 2%(T2), 3%(T3) and 4% (T4) in skim milk substrate on the physicochemical and microbiological properties of yoghurt during fermentation and storage period at 4$\pm$1$^{\circ}C$. Adlay yoghurt were fermented with the mixed cultures of YC-380, ABT-4 and ABT-D. Titratable acidity and pH values of all treatments were increased and decreased significantly(p<0.05) with fermentation period, respectively and increased and decreased slightly during the storage period, respectively. There were increased and decreased in order of all treatments fermented with YC-380, ABT-4 and ABT-D. Viscosity of adlay yoghurt increased rapidly in order of T4, T3, T2 and T1 during fermentation and slowly in order of T1, T2, T3 and T4 during the storage period. There were increased in order of all treatments fermented with ABT-D, YC-380 and ABT-4. The counts of viable cells of lactic acid bacteria in all treatments were rapidly and slightly increased during fermentation and storage period, respectively. There were increased in order of fermented with ABT-D, ABT-4 and YC-380 in all treatments. The counts of E. coli were not found in adlay yoghurt. In all treatments, T1 showed slightly high compared to that of control. Based on the results of this experiment, the optimum level of addition of adlay were 1% (w/v) for production of acid production, pH, viscosity and the counts of viable cells of lactic acid bacteria.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.131-136
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• 2008

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and oil containing unsaturated fatty acid supplementation on egg production and quality in laying hens. Two hundred-eighty eight, 36 week old ISA brown commercial layer, were employed in a 5 week feeding trial. Dietary treatments are 1) BO (basal diet + 1% soybean oil + 1% oat), 2) BS (basal diet + 1% safflower oil + 1% oat), 3) BF (basal diet + 1% free fatty acid + 1% oat), 4) CD (basal diet + 1% CLA containing diglyceride + 1% oat), 5) CT (basal diet + 1% CLA containing triglyceride + 1% oat) and 6) CP (basal diet + 1% CLA by-product + 1% soybean oil). For overall period, hen-day egg production was not significant among treatments (P>0.05). Egg shell breaking strength at 3 weeks in CP treatment was significantly lower than BS, BF, CD and CT treatments (P<0.05) and that at 4 weeks in BO and CP treatments was significantly lower than others (P<0.05). Egg shell thickness at 3 and 4 weeks in CP treatment was significantly lower than BS, BF, CD and CT treatments (P<0.05). Egg weight at 3 and 4 weeks in CP treatment was significantly lower than others (P<0.05). Yolk height at 4 weeks in BF and CT treatments was significantly highest compared to BO, CD and CP treatments (P<0.05) and among BO, CD and CP treatments, that in BO and CD treatments was significantly higher than CP treatment (P<0.05). At 4 weeks, yolk color in CP treatment was significantly higher than BO and BS treatments (P<0.05). Haugh unit at 3 and 4 weeks in BO and CP treatments was significantly lower than others (P<0.05). In conclusion, supplementing CLA and oil containing unsaturated fatty acid for laying hens improved egg shell breaking strength, egg shell thickness, egg weight, yolk height, yolk color and haugh unit.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.233-241
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• 2005

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of odor removal such as $NH_3$, volatile organic acid (VOA) during the pig manure composting using of the Pyroligneous acid liquor (PAL). The odor removal efficiencies were evaluated throughout the dilution rates (${\times}0$, ${\times}100$, ${\times}300$) of PAL. The results of the study are as followings. $NH_3$ content in all treatments (volume 10L) was approximately 8 mg/kg in compost piles on the first day. In the case of control treatment, it was increased by 46 mg/kg within 10 days and was not detected after 25 days. In contrast, those levels in PA-100 and PA-300 treatments were similar values at 38 mg/kg within 6 days and decreased after 15 days. And GC. equipment was used to analyze the volatile organic acids (acetic acid, butyric acid, isobutyric acid, isovaleric aicd, 2,3-methylbutyric aicd, and propionic acid). The concentration of acetic acid and butyric acid were the higher than other VOAs during the initial composting day and sharply declined after 15 days. The VOAs in the control treatment were detected until 40 days, but PA-100 and PA-300 treatments were not measured after 15 days. The PA-100 in all treatments was the most effective treatment for $NH_3$ gas and VOAs reduction during composting. In addition, these studies for the odor reduction in compost manufacture process would have to research on more effective methods for the PAL utilization in agro-biological aspects.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.331-333
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• 2014

We investigated the effects of sea urchin shell powder on 2 volatile fatty acids, acetic and butyric acid, in poultry litter. A total of 60 1-d-old male broiler chicks (Arbor Acres) were allocated to 2 treatments (basal diet and 1% sea urchin shell powder) with 3 replicates of 10 birds each. During the 4-week experimental period, significant differences in acetic acid and butyric acid concentrations were observed between treatments (P < 0.05), except for acetic acid at 1 week. Additions of 1% sea urchin shell powder resulted in lower acetic and butyric acid concentrations compared to the litter of control birds. We conclude that the sea urchin shell powder used in this study might prove beneficial in reducing environmental pollution caused by poultry litter.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.787-796
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• 2003

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of germanium biotite (GB) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and fecal gas emission in pigs. In Exp 1., a total of one hundred nursery pigs (initial body weight 13.12${\pm}$0.15kg) were used in a 21 d growth assay. The five treatments were control (CON, basal diet), GB0.5-200 (basal diet + 0.5% GB, 200mesh), GB1.0-200 (basal diet + 1.0% GB, 200mesh), GB0.5-325 (basal diet + 0.5% GB, 325mesh), GB1.0-325 (basal diet + 1.0% GB, 325mesh). Each treatment had four replicates with five pigs per replicate. ADG, ADFI and gain/feed were not significantly different among the treatments. Fecal NH3-N concentration of pigs fed the GB325 diet was lower than that of pigs fed the GB200 diet (P=0.01). The GB treatments reduced fecal volatile fatty acids significantly compared to the CON (propionic acid, P=0.01; butyric acid, P=0.01; acetic acid, P=0.02). Especially, fecal propionic acid concentration of pigs fed the GB325 diets was lower than that of pigs fed the GB200 diets (P=0.02). In Exp 2., a total of seventy five pigs (initial body weight 21.18${\pm}$0.15kg) were used in a 28 d growth assay. The treatments were same as described for Exp. 1. Each treatment had five replicates with three pigs per replicate. The GB1.0 treatments significantly increased the ADG compared to the GB0.5 treatments (P=0.03). The DM and N digestibility of pigs fed the GB1.0 diets were higher than that for pigs fed the GB0.5 diets (P=0.01). Also, the Ca digestibility of pigs fed the GB diets was higher than that for pigs fed the CON diets (P=0.01). The fecal NH3-N concentrations for the GB treatments were lower than that for the CON (P=0.01). The GB325 treatments significantly decreased the fecal NH3-N concentration compared to the GB200 treatments (P=0.03). The fecal butyric acid concentration for the GB325 treatments was lower than that for the GB200 treatment (P=0.04). In conclusion, the results obtained from these feeding trials suggest that the dietary GB for nursery pigs affects fecal noxious gas emission. In growing pigs, dietary GB was effective to improve ADG and decrease fecal noxious gas emission.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.716-723
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• 2016

Purpose: This study was conducted to improve the quality characteristics of pork intestine through different pretreatment processes. Methods: We washed pork intestine by both physical (tap water, UV, and sonication) and chemical methods (alcohol, acetic acid, flour and NaCl) as pretreatment process. The physicochemical (pH, color, volatile basic nitrogen (VBN), and 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)) and microbial properties of pre-treated pork small intestine were evaluated. Results: The nature of the pretreatment method influenced the pH value of pork small intestine. The acetic acid treatment resulted in the lowest pH value. In physical method, the color value and the number of microorganism were significantly affected by sonication as compared to other treatments. TBARS value of pork small intestine after all the treatments was lower than the control. However, VBN exhibited no significant differences in its value irrespective of the nature of treatment. Appearance and control exhibited lowest value in response to sonication treatment. However, off-flavor and overall acceptability were higher in sonication treatment than other treatments. In chemical method involving NaCl and flour treatments, lightness and redness were lower than other treatments. Lowest VBN and TBARS values were noted in alcohol and acetic acid treatmentsand no growth of E. coli and coliform bacteria was observed. The other treatments resulted in lower values of VBN, TBARS, and microbial counts than the control. Appearance and color value after alcohol, acetic acid, and flour treatment were lower than the control and NaCl treatment. Off-flavor and overall acceptability of by-product after alcohol, flour, and NaCl treatments were higher than the control and acetic acid treatment. Conclusion: Overall, we present NaCl treatment and sonication treatment in the form of a combination pretreatment method as the optimal condition for processing pork intestine.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.1047-1053
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• 2006

The current study was designed to determine the effects of dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on fatty acid deposition in egg yolk and various tissues of laying Tsaiya ducks, and on the mRNA concentrations of hepatic lipogenesis-related transcription factors. Thirty laying ducks were randomly assigned to three treatments with diets based on corn-soybean meal (ME: 2803 kcal/kg; CP: 17.1%; Ca: 3.4%) supplemented with 0% (control diet), 0.5% or 2% algal DHA oil. The DHA content in egg yolks of the ducks was elevated significantly (p<0.01) with the supplementation of dietary DHA. The DHA percentage of the total fatty acids in the egg yolk of laying ducks was 0.5%, 1.3% and 3.4% for 0%, 0.5% and 2% algal DHA oil treatments, respectively, for the $1^{st}$ week, and 0.5%, 1.5% and 3.3% for the $2^{nd}$ week. Therefore, algal DHA oil can be utilized by laying Tsaiya ducks to enhance the egg-yolk DHA content. The concentrations of triacylglycerol (TG) and cholesterol in plasma of laying Tsaiya ducks were not affected by dietary DHA treatments (p>0.05). The DHA concentration in plasma, liver, and skeletal muscle was increased with the addition of dietary algal DHA oil (p<0.05). The mRNA abundance of sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1) and SREBP2 in the livers of laying Tsaiya ducks was not affected by dietary DHA, suggesting that the expression of these transcription factors is tightly controlled and not sensitive to DHA treatments.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.321-329
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• 1990

The present study was carried out to investigate the antioxidant effects of onion and ginger on the lipid peroxidation of mackerel during frozen storage. mackerels were reated with onion juice ginger juice tocopherol and BHA and stored at -18$^{\circ}C$ for 6 weeks. lipid peroxidation in samples was estimated by the periodical measurements of acid value iodine value peroxide value carbonyl value 2-thiobarbituric acid value and fatty acid composition. The treatments with ginger and onion were effective on the suppression of acid value and carbonyl value of makerel oil during 4 to 6 weeks of frozen storage. The iodine value was not affected by the treatments with various antioxidants, The production of peroxides was delayed by ginger or onion treatment, the TBA value of the sample muscles was not lowered by the treatments, The treatment with onion resulted in less changes in the contents of $\omega$-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and in the P/S ration of fish oil than the control did. Results indicate that the applica-tion of ginger or onion juice on the surface of fishes may be useful to lower the degree of rancidity of fish during the froxaen storage.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2005.04a
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• pp.42-45
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• 2005

Accurate prediction of the fate and transport of contaminants in soils and sediments is very Important to environmental risk assessment and effective remediation of contaminated soils and sediments. The fate and transport of contaminants in subsurface are affected by geosorbents, especially carbonaceous materials including black carbon. Various physical and chemical treatment methods have been developed to separate different kinds of carbonaceous materials from soils and sediments. However, the effects of these separation methods on the properties of remaining carbonaceous materials including sorption capacity and linearity are unclear. The objective of this study is to determine if the chemical and thermal treatment methods previously used to separate different carbonaceous material fractions affect the properties of carbonaceous materials including longer term sorption capacity of hydrophobic organic contaminants. The results indicate that treatments with hydrochloric acid (HCl)/hydrofluoric acid (HF), trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), sodium hydroxide (NaOH) may not affect the sorption capacity of black carbon reference materials such as char and soot, however, treatments with acid dichromate $(K_2Cr_2O_7/H_2SO_4)$ and heat $(375^{\circ}C)$ for 24 hours in sufficient of oxygen) decrease the sorption capacity of them. The results of longer term sorption isotherm indicate that 2 days might be enough for trichloroethene (TCE) to equilibrate apparently with treated black carbon reference materials. The results suggest that acid dichromate and heat treatments may not appropriate method to investigate sorption properties of black carbon in soils and sediments.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.195-200
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• 2015

An investigation was carried out to evaluate the potential role of Lactobacillus Plantarum KCC-10 and KCC-19 on the quality and fermentation characterization of Italian ryegrass (IRG) silages. The physiochemical properties of IRG silage such as crude protein content, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, total digestible nutrient and in vitro dry matter digestibility were not affected by KCC-10 and KCC-19. The pH of IRG silage in KCC-10 and KCC-19 treatments decreased compared to the control (p<0.05), while the lactic acid content in KCC-10 and KCC-19 treatments increased compared to the control (p<0.05). In addition, the number of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in the KCC-10 treatment increased compared to the control (p<0.05). The number of lactic acid bacteria in KCC-19 increased, but there was no significant difference in all treatments. Therefore, we recommend L. plantarum KCC-10 and KCC-19 as potential additive candidates in IRG silage with lots of advantages.