• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.267-274
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• 2016

PURPOSE. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of surface treatments on bond strength of indirect composite material (Tescera Indirect Composite System) to monolithic zirconia (inCoris TZI). MATERIALS AND METHODS. Partially stabilized monolithic zirconia blocks were cut into with 2.0 mm thickness. Sintered zirconia specimens were divided into different surface treatment groups: no treatment (control), sandblasting, glaze layer & hydrofluoric acid application, and sandblasting + glaze layer & hydrofluoric acid application. The indirect composite material was applied to the surface of the monolithic zirconia specimens. Shear bond strength value of each specimen was evaluated after thermocycling. The fractured surface of each specimen was examined with a stereomicroscope and a scanning electron microscope to assess the failure types. The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey LSD tests (${\alpha}$=.05). RESULTS. Bond strength was significantly lower in untreated specimens than in sandblasted specimens (P<.05). No difference between the glaze layer and hydrofluoric acid application treated groups were observed. However, bond strength for these groups were significantly higher as compared with the other two groups (P<.05). CONCLUSION. Combined use of glaze layer & hydrofluoric acid application and silanization are reliable for strong and durable bonding between indirect composite material and monolithic zirconia.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.136-149
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• 1996

The effects of various All-Etching Agents (10% phosphoric acid, 10% maleic acid and 10 % citric acid) and 32 % phosphoric acid and varied etching time were evaluated by observing the morphology of the etched enamel surfaces using Scanning electron microscopy and by measuring the shear bond strength of a composite resin to human enamel. A total of 156 extracted premolar and molar teeth free of irregularities were employed in this study. Specimens for the observation of enamel morphology were divided into 12 groups of 3 teeth each, based on the type of etchant used and application time. After exposure to the etching agent specimens were washed air-dried and then glued to aluminum stubs and coated with a layer of gold for examination in the scanning electron microscope. Specimens for the evaluation of bond strength were divided into 12 groups of 10 teeth each also based on the type of etchant used and application time. After exposure to the etching agent the specimens were washed, air-dried and a thin layer of bonding agent was applied using a brush. Z 100 composite resin was light cured to the surface and stored at $37^{\circ}C$, 100% humidity for 7 days. An Instron Universal Testing Machine was used to apply a shearing force at $90^{\circ}$ angle from the enamel surface. It is concluded from this study that commercial All-etching agents can be used with a 15-second etching without adversely affecting retention of dental resin materials. At the same time, the acid concentration is probably a suitable compromise regarding the acid's function as a dentin demineralizing all-etch conditioning agent. The following results were obtained. 1. Specimens etched with 10 % citric acid showed a random superficial etching pattern which could not be related to prism morphology. 2. Specimens etched with 10 % and 32 % phosphoric acid and 10 % maleic acid showed a type I pattern in which core material was preferentially removed leaving the prism peripheries relatively intact or a type II pattern in which prism peripheries were preferentially removed. This delineation became more distinguished as etching time was increased. 3. All-Etching Agents and 32 % phosphoric acid showed a statistically significant higher shear bond strength at 15 seconds etching time.(p<0.05) 4. 10 % maleic acid and 32 % phosphoric acid exhibited a statistically significant higher shear bond strength than 10 % phosphoric and citric acid at 15 seconds etching time.(p<0.05).

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.281-288
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• 1994

The hydrodesulfurization (DBT) were Peformed over NiPtMo catalysts supported on HZSM-5, LaY and ${\gamma}$- $Al_2$O$_3$under high H$_2$ pressure. And the acidities of these catalysts were characterized by using TGA and DSC. The result showed that the order of the acid strength for prepared supports was HZSM -5＞LaY＞${\gamma}$- A1$_2$O$_3$. For the acid amount we obtained the same result for the acid strength The acid strength and the acid amount mainly depended on the kinds of supports whose acid site were strong or not The activity of the hydrodesulfurization decreased for catalysts which had strong acid sites. The origin of acid site was Bronsted in NH50 and NY catalysts And it was Lewis in NA catalyst The order of desorption activation energy for Pyridine was NH50＞NY>NA. And the result was the same for thiophene. The activity of the hydrodesulfurization decreased for catalysts which had strong acid sites. The conversion of DBT over NA catalyst was higher than NH and NY catalysts.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.39-46
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• 2013

The field of ground amelioration, many construction methods have been developed more prosperously up to now, but even now, the majority focuses on the improvement of ground strength. And they could not suggest concrete solutions to the occurrence of environmental issues. To address this problem, soil improvement methods employing organic acid materials have recently been developed as eco-friendly technologies for increasing the soil strength, but details regarding the basic stabilization mechanism are not known yet. Against this background, this research was conducted to examine the soil stabilization mechanism; for this purpose, unconfined compressive strength and pH tests were conducted by using an improved eco-friendly organic acid material. The test results revealed that the samples processed with the organic acid showed a considerable increase in the unconfined compressive strength over time as compared to the strength of the samples that were processed without the organic acid. It was also confirmed that the organic acid material promoted microbial breeding and improved the soil structure by reducing the volume of the voids in the soil. Therefore, the sustainable development of this method needs to be analysed more in the future.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.19-23
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• 1979

This experimental study was made to investigate the tensile strength of composite resins to etched enamel surface with a 50% phosphoric acid. Recently extraced 40 maxillary incisors were chosen. These were divied into 4 groups: Group I: Restodent adaptation to the etched enamel surface with 50% phosphoric acid. Group II: Restodent adaptation to only the ground enamel surface. Group III: Hi-pol adaptation to the etched enamel surface with 50% phosphoric acid. Group IV: Hi-pol adaptation to only the ground enamel surface. The results were as follows: 1. The tensile strength of Hi-pol showed much better results than that of Restodent. 2. Hi-pol and Restodent on the ground enamel surfaces showed little difference. 3. Adhesion to enamel increased on the average over 200% after a 50% phosphoric acid etch.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.53 no.12
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• pp.958-966
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• 2015

Objective: Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) decreases the bond strength of resin composite. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of antioxidant and superficial dentin surface removal on the microtensile bond strength of NaOCl-treated dentin. Materials and Methods: Twenty non-carious human third molars were used in this study. The dentin surfaces were treated with 5.25% NaOCl for 10 min, followed either by treatment with 10% ascorbic acid or superficial dentin surface removal. Two-step self-etch adhesive and resin composite were used for restoration. The bonded specimens were subjected to the microtensile bond strength test. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's test (p < 0.05). Results: The bond strength after removal of the superficial dentin surface following NaOCl irrigation was similar to that in the control group. The group treated with 10% ascorbic acid demonstrated significantly higher bond strength than the other groups. Conclusion: NaOCl irrigation-induced reduction in dentin bond strength could be recovered by either treatment with 10% ascorbic acid or simple removal of the superficial dentin surface.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.209-214
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• 2019

PURPOSE. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of two coloring liquids (aqueous and acid-based coloring liquids) and the position of multilayered zirconia on the flexural strength of multilayered zirconia. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The multilayered zirconia specimens were divided into upper and lower positions. The specimens were divided into three subgroups (n=10): non-shaded, acid-based coloring liquid, and aqueous coloring liquid. The specimens were cut using a milling machine and were immersed in either a acid-based coloring liquid or aqueous coloring liquid 2 times for 5 seconds. The specimens were sintered in a sintering furnace according to the manufacturer's introduction. The flexural strength of the specimen was measured using a universal testing machine and the surface of the specimen was observed using a field emission scanning electron microscope. RESULTS. The flexural strength of multilayered zirconia was 400 - 500 MPa. There was no statistically significant difference among all groups (P>.05).The flexural strength of the multilayered zirconia was not influenced by the kind of coloring liquid used (P>.05). The flexural strength of the multilayered zirconia colored with the coloring liquids was not influenced by its position (P>.05). CONCLUSION. The different coloring liquid application did not affect the flexural strength of multilayered zirconia of all positions.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.457-463
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• 2013

PURPOSE. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of a diode laser and traditional irrigants on the bond strength of self-adhesive cement. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Fifty-five incisors extracted due to periodontal problems were used. All teeth were instrumented using a set of rotary root canal instruments. The post spaces were enlarged for a No.14 (diameter, 1.4 mm) Snowlight (Abrasive technology, OH, USA) glass fiber reinforced composite post with matching drill. The teeth were randomly divided into 5 experimental groups of 11 teeth each. The post spaces were treated with the followings: Group 1: 5 mL 0.9% physiological saline; Group 2: 5 mL 5.25% sodium hypochlorite; Group 3: 5 mL 17% ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA), Group 4: 37% orthophosphoric acid and Group 5: Photodynamic diode laser irradiation for 1 minute after application of light-active dye solution. Snowlight posts were luted with self-adhesive resin cement. Each root was sectioned perpendicular to its long axis to create 1 mm thick specimens. The push-out bond strength test method was used to measure bond strength. One tooth from each group was processed for scanning electron microscopic analysis. RESULTS. Bond strength values were as follow: Group 1 = 4.15 MPa; Group 2 = 3.00 MPa; Group 3 = 4.45 MPa; Group 4 = 6.96 MPa; and Group 5 = 8.93 MPa. These values were analysed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey honestly significant difference test (P<.05). Significantly higher bond strength values were obtained with the diode laser and orthophosphoric acid (P<.05). There were no differences found between the other groups (P> .05). CONCLUSION. Orthophosphoric acid and EDTA were more effective methods for removing the smear layer than the diode laser. However, the diode laser and orthophosphoric acid were more effective at the cement dentin interface than the EDTA, Therefore, modifying the smear layer may be more effective when a self-adhesive system is used.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.1-11
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• 2002

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of reaction pH conditions and hardener types on the reactivity, chemical structure and adhesion performance of UF resins. Three different reaction pH conditions, such as traditional alkaline-acid (7.5 → 4.5), weak acid (4.5), and strong acid (1.0), were used to synthesize UF resins which were cured by adding three different hardeners (ammonium chloride, ammonium citrate, and zinc nitrate) to measure adhesion strength. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (¹³C-NMR) spectroscopies were employed to study chemical structure of the resin prepared under three different reaction pH conditions. Adhesion strength of the resins cured with three different hardeners was determined with lap shear specimens in tension. The gel time of UF resins decreased with an increasing in the amount of both ammonium chloride and ammonium citrate added in the resins. However, the gel time increased for zinc nitrate. Both FT-IR and ¹³C-NMR spectroscopies showed that the strong reaction pH condition produce uronic structures in UF resin, while both alkaline-acid and weak acid conditions produce quite similar chemical species in the resins. The maximum adhesion strength was occurred with the resin prepared under strong acid pH condition. However, this study indicated that the weak acid reaction condition provide a balance between increasing resin reactivity and improving adhesion strength of UF resin. The measurement of formaldehyde emission from the panels bonded with the UF resins prepared is planned for future work.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.21-28
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• 1972

저자는 direct bonding system의 pretreatment액 처리후 Epoxy adhesive의 bonding strength의 변화를 측정하기 위해서 발거된 상악 전치 진면 법랑질 표면에 pretreatment액으로서 $65\%$ phosphoric acid를 도포한 실험군과 도포하지 않은 비교군을 비교연구하고 임상에 적용하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 법랑질 표면에 pumicing과 $65\%$ phosphoric acid를 도포했을때 joint strength는 현저히 상승했다. 2. Epoxy adhesive의 bonding strength는 plastic attachment를 치아면에 접착유지시키기에 충분하며 임상적으로 이용할 수 있다. 3. Joint area가 클 수록 bonding strength는 증가했다.