• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.9
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• pp.1076-1080
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• 2018

Carrageenan (CGN) has been used as a safe food additive for several decades. CGN has also been widely used to induce inflammation in various animal models. Likewise, degraded CGN (dCGN), which is produced by subjecting CGN to acid hydrolysis, also induces inflammation and does so more effectively than CGN. One of the most important characteristics of an immunological adjuvant is its ability to activate innate immunity. The immune-adjuvant effects of CGN and dCGN have not yet been studied in detail. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the immunological adjuvant activities of both CGN and dCGN, which was done by comparing the levels of an ovalbumin (OVA)-specific antibody after treatment with OVA in the absence or presence of CGN or dCGN in plasma from immunized mice. CGN and dCGN showed similar levels of adjuvant activity, as evidenced by increased antibody titer. Specifically, both CGN and dCGN significantly increased the levels of OVA-specific IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a antibodies in the plasma as compared with OVA alone (the control). However, compared to the positive control (Freund's adjuvant), both CGN and dCGN caused greater increases in IgG1 than in IgG2a. These results suggest that CGN and dCGN have similar adjuvant activities and produce more IgG1 antibodies than IgG2a.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.59 no.3
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• pp.265-271
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• 2016

Recently, liver damage contributes to big percentage of the morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. Excessive intake of alcohol is one of the major causes of liver injury. When liver injury is repeated and becomes chronic, it leads to development of fibrosis and cirrhosis. In the liver, TGF-${\beta}$ is a profibrogenic cytokine, which participates in various critical events cause liver fibrosis. Seahorse (Hippocampus abdominalis) is a common traditional Chinese medicine and has been widely used for centuries. Seahorse has been known to have a variety of bioactivities, such as anti-oxidant, anti-fatigue, and anti-tumor. Peptide is one of the main compounds of seahorse. In this study, we isolated enzymatic hydrolysate from seahorse H. abdominalis by alcalase hydrolysis and investigated the effect of the hydrolysate on liver injury. In the present in vitro studies, the hydrolysate increases cell viability of Chang cells and protects Huh7 cells from ethanol toxicity. In addition, the hydrolysate inhibits TGF-${\beta}$-induced responses. In vivo studies show that the pretreatment of hydrolysate reduces alcohol-induced increases of serum Glutamic oxaloacetic acid transaminase and Glutamic pyruvate transaminase activities and increases liver weight and body weight. These results suggest that seahorse may have a hepatoprotective effect.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.60-68
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• 2007

This study was perform to examine the feasibility of cooking processing using the rice added the 70% ethanol extract of pigmented rice bran layer. Four rice samples, including normal rice, glutinous rice, pigmented-normal rice, and pigmented-glutinous rice were compared the properties of physico-chemical, texture, and sensory evaluation. Pigmented rice varieties had a higher amylose content, but shorter length in glucose chains than non-pigmented rice varieties. The enthalpy for gelatinization was found to increase in pigmented rice, which need more energy for gelatinization of starch in cooking. The hydrolysis rate by glucoamylase in rice added pigmented bran extract was higher than pigmented rice. Rice with pigmented bran extract had higher glutamine content, but lower asparagine content and no difference in fatty acid composition, which affect palatability. Cooked rice added pigmented bran extract was less retrograded than pigmented rice during the storage period. Moreover, cooked rice added pigmented bran extract was more acceptable in sensory evaluation. Based on the results, the use of rice added pigmented bran extract instead of pigmented rice in grain processed food have advantageous effects in palatability of polished rice and phytochemicals of pigmented non-polished rice. This study will help develop new health-promoting rice products.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.16-20
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• 2016

In this work, we describe the synthesis and infrared light reflecting characteristics of $TiO_2$/mica hybrid composites. $TiO_2$/mica composite materials were obtained by the hydrolysis and condensation reaction of titanium isopropoxide in an aqueous solution of acetic acid in the presence of mica particles. Amorphous phase of $TiO_2$ on the surface of mica was converted to the crystalline rutile phase via anatase phase by heat treatment ($600-1000^{\circ}C$, 1-3 h) of $TiO_2$/mica composite materials, and the size of crystals was controlled by heat treatment conditions. Physicochemical properties of mica and $TiO_2$/mica composites were investigated using FE-SEM, ED-XRF, and PXRD. The solar reflectance of $TiO_2$/mica composites in the near IR region (780~2,500 nm) measured using a diffuse reflectance NIR spectrophotometer was 88.6%, which is rather higher than that of calcined pure mica (86.6%). Therefore, $TiO_2$/mica composites can be used as NIR light reflective pigments.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.111-115
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• 2015

Two new analogs of bestatin were prepared from $\small{D}$-leucine and $\small{D}$-valine in a stereoselective and efficient way. An aminopeptidase inhibitor bestatin shows significant biological effects on immunomodulation and is marketed for the treatment of acute myelocytic leukemia. The key intermediates, trans-oxazolidine methyl esters 2a and 2b, were obtained with more than 20 to 1 stereoselectivity in a one-pot procedure by the three cascade reactions between N-hydroxymethyl protected ${\alpha}$-amino aldehydes (4a and 4b) and phenylsulfonylnitromethane ($PhSO_2CH_2NO_2$) and the following in-situ ozonolysis. Basic hydrolysis of 2a and 2b, and then the peptide coupling with $\small{L}$-Leu-OMe produced the protected derivatives of two new bestatin analogs, 3a and 3b, respectively. The new isobutyl and isopropyl analogs of bestatin (1a and 1b) were produced in overall 51% and 38% yields, respectively, with high stereoselectivity from the corresponding protected ${\alpha}$-amino aldehydes 4 in a six-step process.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.101-107
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• 1973

1) For the purpose of preparation of food and fodder yeasts from nonedible seaweed, two suitable Candida yeasts have been isolated from seaweed compost. 2) They had the ability of fermenting galactose, sucrose and glucose, and could not ferment maltose and mannit, but could assimilate mannit. 3) NaCl concentration from 1 to 2% had no remarkable effect on growth of yeast and the optimum pH was $4{\sim}5$. 4) In the acid hydrolyzate of brown seaweed (Ecklonia cava Kjellman, Sargassum fulvellum AGARDH) an amorphous deposit was produced during storage after neutralization of media and its removal always delayed yeast growth, but addition of $(NH_4)_2SO_4$ and $NaH_2PO_4$ to media could increase the assimilation of reducing sugar and yeast yield. 5) $Co^{60}$ gamma ray irradiation (dose rate : 1 Mrad/hr, BNL shipboard irradiator) of seaweed had not so much effect on the hydrolysis of carbohydrates and nitrogen compounds in seaweed but could increase the yeast production from seaweed hydrolyzate. 6) The yeast yield was $7{\sim}8$ g of dry yeast per 100 g of seaweed by cultivation with jar fermentor.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.56-63
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• 2006

In order to evaluate the mechanism of cellulose hydrolysis, the complementary DNA encoding Glycoside Hydrolase Family (GHF)74 was cloned from Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Depending on the presence of Cellulose Binding Module (CBM), it can be classified as GHF74A or GHF74B. The GHF74A gene from P. chrysosporium (PcGHF74A) consists of 2163 bp encoding a protein of 721 amino acid residues. The PcGHF74A showed homology of 70~77% compared with the GHF74 from other filamentous fungi. The PcGHF74B, which contains CBM and is a member of family 1, was transcribed to various transcripts depending on the nature of carbon sources and their concentration. To study the possible presence of splice variants in GHF74B transcripts in P. chrysospoium, we carried out RT-PCR analysis using primers that designed based on the annotation data and sequenced data. Our result indicated that PcGHF74B was transcribed to several splicing variants in various culture conditions. Especially in the culture of 2% cellulose, three transcript products were observed. First transcript was presumed to be a full length ORF that contained 11th intron with stop codon at position 2562 bp. The second one consisted of 12 exons and 11 introns with stop codon at position 1187 bp with 7th exon. The shortest transcript consisted of 10 exons and 9 introns with stop codon at 910 bp in the 7th exon. These premature stop codon might prevent the synthesis of fully active GHF74 or contribute for the production of protein with distinct function depending on the ambient carbon sources.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.8
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• pp.1262-1267
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• 2004

An anticoagulant was purified from corn silk which has been used in Oriental Medicine. The anticoagulant from corn silk has a molecular mass of 135 kDa, and purified by 24 folds with a recovery of 11%. It was not sensitive to heat and protease treatment. However, periodate oxidation of the anticoagulant resulted in loss of activity significantly, implying that a carbohydrate was responsible for an anticoagulant activity. Galactose, glucose, mannose, fucose, glucosamine, and galactosamine were detected after acid hydrolysis by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and Bio-LC. It was confirmed that anticoagulant had OH and NH bonds by IR, supporting that the anticoagulant is composed of neutrosugar and aminosugar. Its anticoagulating activity was measured by delay in thrombin time (TT) and prothrombin time (PT) without affecting clotting by snake venom and delay in activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT). TT was more sensitive than PT, and was delayed two and three times at the concentration of 60 and 88 nM, respectively. The anticoagulating activity was reduced in the thrombin-induced clotting assay using purified fibrinogen according to the increase of fibrinogen concentration with the apparent Ki value of 23 nM.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.245-252
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• 1998

The chitosanolytic capabilities of cellulases, glucosidases, proteases and commercial enzymes were evaluated, and effective chitosanolytic cellulases from T. viride, T. reesei and Celluclast, a commercial enzyme from T. reesei were characterized. The reaction of cellulase from T. viride, T. reesei and Celluclast was optimal at pH 5. 0 and $45{\sim}55^{\circ}C$. Max. chitosanolytic activities of cellulases from both T. viride and T. reesei were observed at the enzyme/chitosan ratio=0.1 and chitosan concentration=3.0%. For the possible application of commercial Celluclast to chitosan oligosaccharides production, 3%(w/v) chitosan was reacted with 1%(v/v) Celluclast at pH 5.0 and $55^{\circ}C$. The apparent viscosity decreased by 98% within 30 minutes reaction and Max. contents of 50% EtOH solubles were 70% at 15 hrs reaction. Total reducing sugars were also increased with reaction time and maintained approx. 13.5% after 2hrs reaction. In 15 hrs treated chitosan hydrolyzates, various kinds of chitosan oligosaccharides were produced and contents of chitosan hexamer, known for its antitumor activities, were about 8.0%, about 4 times higher values compared with acid hydrolysis method. The results suggested that chitosan oligosaccharides could be produced with low-cost cellulases from T. reesei.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.41 no.10 s.269
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• pp.749-755
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• 2004

Fluosilicic acid ($H_2SiF_6$) is recovered as aqueous solution which absorbs $SiF_4$ produced from the manufacturing of industrial-graded $H_3PO_4$ or HF. Generally, fluosilicate salts prepared by the reaction between $H_2SiF_6$ and metal salts. Addition of fluosilicate salts to cement endows odd properties through unique chemical reaction with the fresh and hardened cement. In this study, two-component fluosilicate salt based chemical admixtures (MZ) of $4\%,\;6\%$, and $8\%$ concentration were prepared by the reaction of $H_2SiF_6$ ($25\pm2\%$) and metal salts. The effect of concentration of MZ at a constant adding ratio on the hydration and watertightness of cement were investigated respectively. In a cement containing MZ, metal fluorides such as $CaF_2$ and soluble silica by hydrolysis were newly formed during hydration. The total porosity of the hardened cement was lower in the presence of U because of packing role of metal fluoride and pozzolanic reaction of soluble $SiO_2$. Consequently, the watertightness of the hardened paste containing MZ was more improved than non-added (plain) due to an odd hydration between cement and MZ.