• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.44 no.3
• /
• pp.356-361
• /
• 2012

Caffeine is a xanthine alkaloid derivative found in many foods and beverages. Dietary caffeine may interact with commonly-consumed over-the-counter (OTC) drugs in body. In this study, cytotoxic effects on the intestinal cells by combined treatment of caffeine with several OTC drugs, including ibuprofen, aspirin, and acetaminophen. Cytotoxic effect of caffeine was more potent in normal intestinal INT 407 cells than in colon cancer HCT 116 cells. Relative toxicity of caffeine and the OTC drugs was significantly enhanced in INT 407 cells when treated together. Intracellular thiol levels of the cells treated with the OTC drugs increased in the presence of caffeine. When HCT 116 cells were incubated with each OTC drug after or before caffeine treatment, the relative cytotoxicity of the OTC drugs increased. The present study may provide basic information about possible health effects through the interactions between caffeine and OTC drugs in the intestinal cells.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.42 no.2
• /
• pp.217-222
• /
• 2010

Resveratrol is a natural polyphenolic compound frequently found in grapes. The biological actions of resveratrol have been extensively investigated both in vitro and in vivo. The interactions of resveratrol with commonly-consumed drugs, however, have rarely been studied. In this study, the cytotoxic properties of resveratrol on the hepatic and intestinal cells in the presence of over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, including acetaminophen (AAP), aspirin (Asp), and ibuprofen (Ibu), were evaluated. The cytotoxic effects of resveratrol on hepatic HepG2 and colonic HCT 116 cells were not markdely changed in the presence of AAP, Asp, or Ibu. Conversely, the cytotoxicity of OTC drugs was not affected by resveratrol either. Concentrations of resveratrol below 10 mM significantly increased HepG2 cell growth after 48 or 72 hr incubation; however, the growth-stimulating effect was not observed in the presence of AAP. When HCT 116 cells were treated with OTC drugs before or after resveratrol, the cytotoxic effects were not significantly altered. The present study provides basic information for the potential health effects of the interactions between resveratrol and commonly-consumed OTC drugs.

• Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association
• /
• v.55 no.1
• /
• pp.1-8
• /
• 2020

The progression of aging and the increase in musculoskeletal diseases have led to an increase in invasive treatment methods, including various surgical methods, but conservative treatment should be attempted before surgical treatment in musculoskeletal diseases. Medication for pain control, such as acetaminophen, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, steroid, opioids, antidepressants, etc., is one of the most popular methods for pain control. If the pain receptors on peripheral organ are stimulated, pain is transmitted to the brain by the ascending pathway, and the brain then secretes endogenous opioids, such as endorphin, by the descending pathway for pain control. Opioids are substances that act on the opioid receptors, and there are three receptors for opioids. The affinity for each receptor varies according to the tissue and the patient's systemic status. Antidepressants work on the synapses in the central nervous system and its main mechanism is regulation of the ascending pathway. This is mainly effective in chronic pain and neuropathic pain, which is similar in effectiveness to opioids. This review focuses on the effectiveness, method of use, and side effects of opioids and antidepressants.

• Analytical Science and Technology
• /
• v.19 no.6
• /
• pp.482-489
• /
• 2006

Two electrode-based lactate biosensor was prepared by immobilizing lactate oxidase (LOD) obtained from pediococcus species in a poly(vinyl alcohol). Hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) produced by the reaction of lactate and LOD was detected on the Pt-black that was electrochemically deposited on the Au electrode. Sensors fabricated with Pt-black deposited Au electrode provided a high current of $H_2O_2$ oxidation at a substantially lowered applied potential (+300 mV vs. Ag/AgCl), resulting in reduced interferences from easily oxidizable species such as ascorbic acid, acetaminophen, and uric acid. An outer membrane is formulated by adjusting water uptake of hydrophilic polyurethane (HPU). The sensor performance was evaluated in vitro with both flow-through arrangement and static mode. The sensor showed a linear range from 0.1 mM to about 9.0 mM in 0.05 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.6) containing 0.05 M NaCl. Storing the sensors prepared in this work at $4^{\circ}C$ buffer solution while not in use, they provided same electrochemical performance for more than 25 days.

• Analytical Science and Technology
• /
• v.20 no.5
• /
• pp.393-399
• /
• 2007

In principle, the blood galactose level may be determined conveniently with a strip-type biosensor similar to that for glucose. In this study, we describe the development of a disposable galactose biosensor strip for point-of-care testing. The sensor strip is constructed with screen-printed carbon paste electrode (SPCE) and sample amount (< $100{\mu}L$). The developed strip the galactose level in less than 90 s using bienzymatic system of galactose oxidase (GAO) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The effects of pH, mediator (1,1-ferrocenedimethanol) concentration, ratio of enzymes, and applied potential were determined preliminarily with glassy carbon electrodes, and optimized further with the strip-type electrodes. The sensor exhibits linear response in the range of $0{\sim}400{\mu}M$ ($r^2$ = 0.997, S/N = 3). Since a low working potential, in principle, the fabricated disposable galactose biosensor has -100 mV (vs. Ag/AgCl), it is applied for the detection of galactose, interfering responses from common interferents such as ascorbic acid, uric acid and acetaminophen could be minimized. The sensor has been used to determine the total galactose level in standard samples with satisfactory reproducibility (CV = 5 %).

• Land and Housing Review
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.167-177
• /
• 2024

This study aimed to assess the efficacy of an adsorption process in removing organic matter and micropollutant residuals. After a full-scale water circulation system, the adsorption process was considered a post-treatment step. The system, treating anthropogenically impacted surface waters, comprises a hydro-cyclone, coagulation, flocculation, and dissolved air flotation unit. While the system generally maintained stable and satisfactory effluent quality standards over months, it did not meet the highest standard for organic matter (as determined by chemical oxygen demands). Adsorption experiments utilized two granular activated carbon types, GAC 830 and GCN 830, derived from coal and coconut-shell feedstocks, respectively. The assessment encompassed organic materials along with two notable micropollutants: acetaminophen (APAP) and acid orange 7 (AO7). Adsorption kinetics and isotherm experiments were conducted to determine adsorption rates and maximum adsorption amounts. The quantitative findings derived from pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir isotherm models suggest the effectiveness of the adsorption process. The findings of this study propose the potential of employing the adsorption process as a post-treatment to enhance the treatment of contaminants that are not satisfactorily treated by conventional water circulation systems. This enhancement is crucial for ensuring the sustainability of urban water cycles.

• Journal of Radiation Industry
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.127-134
• /
• 2023

Pharmacokinetic (PK) data provide pivotal information in drug development, and they are usually first studied in the preclinical stage using various animals. However, quite often, animal PK data may not match with human PK, especially in metabolites. Thus, most regulatory agencies in the world make it mandatory to obtain metabolite information using ¹⁴C radiolabeled drug in human for small molecule drug candidates. However, such studies are expensive and time consuming and they are usually done at the end of Phase II trials using ~3.7 MBq of ¹⁴C labeled drug in a limited number of human subjects. Introduction of accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) in this kind of study has revolutionized it. Since AMS can measure ¹⁴C level as close as natural abundance, it can quantify the amounts of ¹⁴C labeled drugs and their metabolites produced in human body that consumes less than the amount of 0.0037 MBq of ¹⁴C labeled drug, a very safe level of radioactive dose in human. Therefore, it is now possible to conduct human ¹⁴C studies safely in early clinical trials without spending hefty amount of money and time. Korea Radioisotope Center for Pharmaceuticals(KRICP) at Korea Institute of Biological and Medical Sciences(KIRAMS) has established an AMS facility in 2018, housing a 0.5MV AMS manufactured at the US National Electrostatics Corps (NEC). The AMS instrument has been validated using various standard samples that have been prepared at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in the US, a worldly reputable provider of AMS standards. In this paper, we present a mass balance study for acetaminophen in rats using AMS and prove that the study results are equivalent with those of literature, which shows the AMS facilities at KRICP has successfully installed and be ready to be used in the various PK studies using ¹⁴C labelled compounds for new drug development.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
• /
• v.42 no.3
• /
• pp.238-242
• /
• 1998

For the investigation of bioactive natural products with analgesic activity, we have evaluated various extracts of Saururi Herba (Saururaceae), which has been used in traditiona l medicine for edema, beriberi, jaundice, turbid urine, carbuncle and furuncle. The diethylether extract of this plant was found to show a significant analgesic effect on writhing syndrome in mice. Using bioactivity-guided separation of the diethylether extract, analgesic constituent, (8S, 8`R, 7R, 6`R)-2'-oxo-4,5: 4',5'-bis(methylenedioxy)-${\Delta}^{1,3,5,3'}$-8.8', 7.6', 2.O.5'-neolignan(sauchinone) was isolated and structurally identified by physico-chemical properties and spectroscopic evidences. This compound has good analgesic activity with lower toxicity, as compared to other antipyretic-analgesic drug(acetaminophen).

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
• /
• v.1 no.2
• /
• pp.275-279
• /
• 1993

Single oral administration to SD rats of both sexes were performed to investigate the acute toxicity of two new cough and cold remedies, WHS-1 and WHS-2. WHS-1 is composed of acetaminophen, chlorpheniramine maleate, cloperastine hydrochloride, dl-methylephedrine hydrochloride, caffein anhydrous, thiamine hydrochloride, riboflavin and serratiopeptidase. WHS-2 is composed of similar formula except that thiamine hydrochloride and riboflavin is not added. The results were as follows. $LD_{50}$ values of WHS-1 were 4295.5 mg/kg for males and 4606.3 mg/kg for females, and $LD_{50}$ values of WHS-2 were 3236.7 mg/kg for males and 4360.5 mg/kg for females. Death occurred within 2~3 hours after administration at doses up to 2900 mg/kg in WHS-1 and 2500 mg/kg in WHS-2, the main cause of deaths seemed to be respiratory disturbance. General symptoms included decreased motor activity, salivation and loss of consciousness which were commonly observed in all dead animals treated with WHS-1 and WHS-2. No significant gross finding and body weight changes were observed at any dose level in the groups treated with WHS-1 and WHS-2.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.27 no.5
• /
• pp.617-624
• /
• 2013

The purpose of this study is to investigate the protective effects of 25 herbal formulas on acetaminophen (APAP) or D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-induced hepatotoxicity in primary rat hepatocytes. Cell viability was measured using by Cell Counting Kit-8. 15 kinds of herbal formulas significantly reversed the cell viabilities of D-GalN-treated rat hepatocytes compared with D-GalN alone (p<0.05). In particular, 9 herbal formulas (Bangpungtongseong-san, Bojungikgi-tang, Galgeun-tang, Gumiganghwal-tang, Guibi-tang, Sagunja-tang, Samsoeum, Pyeongwi-san and Yijin-tang) showed the potent protective effects. However, 8 herbal formula exerted weak protective effects and 2 herbal formula did not exert effects on hepatotoxicity by D-GalN. On APAP-induced hepatotoxicity, 7 kinds of herbal formulas increased the viabilities of hepatocytes compare with APAP alone (p<0.05). These results could be provide a valuable information for the future in vivo or clinical studies to predict the hepatoprotective effects of herbal formulas.