• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Veterinary Clinics Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.133-133
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• 2007

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.263-266
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to assess the usefulness of radiographic examination of the splenomegaly associated with drug-induced splenic congestion and to establish the standard goal of the splenomegaly in dogs. Radiographic images of spleen in normal dogs were collected to determine the maximum diameter prior to, and 15 minutes after, administration of acepromazine, ketamine/diazepam combination, or propofol. Significant splenic enlargement was seen after administration of acepromazine, but statistical signalficant was found in a ventrodorsal view only. Splenic size tended to decrease after administration of ketamine/diazepam combination. Significant splenic enlargement was not found after administration of propofol. These results suggest that measurable splenomegaly can be detected by radiographic examination after some kind of drug administration and the evaluation of splenomegaly is more useful at ventrodorsal view than lateral view.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.419-426
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• 1994

Acepromazine maleate(sedaject) was injected to 3 and 5 thoroughbred racehorses at 0.2mg/kg/bw, intramurculary(IM) and 0.1mg/kg/bw, intravenously(IV) respectively, and investigated the changes of clinical signs and blood pictures In before and after injection. Sedation was induced within 15 minutes after injection at the two groups and general sedation with towering of the upper eyelids and penile protrusion lasted about 7~9 hours and 9~11 hours at IV group and IM group following injection respectively. Heart beat and respiratory rates were induced within 15 minutes and then slowly returned to preinjection levels at 3 and 7 hours in the two group following injection respectively. Body temperature was decreased within IS minutes and the effect was Peaked after 30 minutes and 3 hours in IV group and IM group respectively, and then slowly returned to preinjection levels. RBC parameters, Hb and PCV were decreased about 30% at 1~5 hours and then returned to preinjection values at 13~24 hours in two groups Total WBC number were decreased slightly within 30 minutes and then returned to preinjection level at 13~24 hours in IV group but being still decreased 24 hours after dosing in IM group serum glucose level, SGOT and ALP activity were not changed significantly. Generally the set of sedation and awakening signs were faster in IV group than in IM group and RBC parameters and total WBC were depressed markedly in IM group than in IV group.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.832-837
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• 1999

lntrarenal resistive index (RI) was determined in normal, sedated and diuretic kidneys. The mean RI values of normal dogs were $0.64{\pm}0.03$ without statistically significant difference between left and right kidney. Interrenal RI difference (${\Delta}RI$) was $0.03{\pm}0.01$. No significant relationship was found between mean intrarenal RI versus body weight. The mean intrarenal RI values after administration of acepromazine, xylazine, thiopental, and ketamine were $0.66{\pm}0.03$, $0.64{\pm}0.03$, $0.56{\pm}0.05$, and $0.50{\pm}0.05$, respectively. After administration of acepromazine or xylazine, a significant change of the RI was not found. But, a significant decrease of the RI following thiopental or ketamine administration could be observed as compared with the normal RI. The mean intrarenal RI values were $0.63{\pm}0.06$ and $0.62{\pm}0.04$ at 10 minutes and 30 minutes after injection of furosemide, respectively. No significant change of intrarenal RI was found after administration of furosemide. But, mannitol significantly decreased mean intrarenal RI to $0.57{\pm}0.02$ and $0.58{\pm}0.03$ at 30 minutes and 60 minutes, respectively. Based on the obtained results, values of 0.72 and 0.05 may be proposed as the reasonable upper limits of RI and ${\Delta}RI$ of normal average. Acepromazine or xylazine are recommended as anesthetics for renal diseases because they have less effect on the RI. Further study using mannitol injection to increase ${\Delta}RI$ may be suggested in unilateral urinary tract obstruction since mannitol more effectively changed mean RI than furosemide.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.519-522
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• 1999

This study was performed to determine the effects of anastomosis on the internal diameter and wall thickness of jugular vein. Tro shepherd dogs were used for this experiment. In dog 1, xylazine(2 mg/kg) and ketamine(5.5 mg/kg) were injected intramuscularly for induction followed by enflurane(3%) anesthesia. In dog 2, acepromazine(0.03 mg/kg) and ketamine(5 mg/kg) were injected intravenously for induction followed by enflurane(3%) anesthesia. The dogs were heparinized(1 mg/kg) for the prevention of thrombosis. After jugular vein was exposed by incision of left cervical area, two Johns Hopkins bulldog clamps were clamped. Jugular vein was cut between two clamps, and it was reanastomosed using 5-0 silk. Ultrasonography was done along the jugular vein on both sides of each dogs 21 days after anastomosis surgery. The internal diameter and circumference of the vein in the anastomosis area were markedly reduced with thickening of the vein wall, but no thrombi were observed.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.49-52
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• 1984

Ponies were administered at the level of 0.1mg per kg of body weight of acetylpromazine malate through the jugular vein. Sedative effect, clinical signs such as body temperature, and changes of red blood cell counts and serum glucose concentration were investigated. Sedation was induced 5 to 6 minutes after injection of acepromazine and sedative effect was lasted for 30 to 40 minutes. Responsive reactions, however, to external stimuli were remained. Change of body temperature was not observed and heart beat was increased at the stage of induction and respiratory rate was decreased during the sedative period. Red blood cell count was considerably decreased during sedation, and concentration of serum glucose showed a tendency to increase gradually from the induction.

• Proceedings of the KACD Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.596-596
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• 2003

The purpose of this study were to evaluate the effect of epinephrine-containing local anesthetics on pulpal blood flow (PBF) and to compare the change of pulpal blood flow after cavity preparation between in non-anesthetized teeth and in anesthetized ones in cats. Nine cats were initially anesthetized with intra-muscular injection of keramine(75mg/kg) and acepromazine(2.5mg/kg). Periapical radiographs of canine teeth were taken, followed by intra-venous injection of alpha-chloralose(40mg/kg) and urethane (500mg/kg) through the femoral vein for the general anesthesia.(중략)

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.480-482
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• 2009

A 2-year-old, castrated male, Scottish fold cat was referred to Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of Seoul National University (VMTH-SNU) for evaluation of acute bilateral blindness after general anesthesia. For dental prophylaxis in local animal hospital, general anesthesia had been induced with intravenous acepromazine and ketamine, and maintained with isoflurane after intubation. At VMTH-SNU on next day, complete blood count, electrolytes and serum chemistry values were within normal ranges. On neurologic examination, visual placing and postural reactions like as hopping, hemiwalking and wheelborrowing were reduced on right hindlimb. On ophthalmic examination, menace responses were absent on both eyes and pupillary light reflex (PLR) reduced on right eye, but other reflex and fundus were normal. Prednisolone (2 mg/kg sid for 3 days) was administrated orally and tapered. Visual placing was possible on 2nd day, and postural reactions were recovered on 4th day after dental prophylaxis. Based on the process and recovery, this case was considered as postoperative visual loss (POVL) after general anesthesia.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.135-139
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• 2017

This study was performed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of alfaxalone for induction of inhalation anesthesia in small animal practice. Patient data were collected according to anesthetic records (136 dogs and 14 cats) presented to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of Seoul National University for surgeries and diagnostic imaging from July 2013 to March 2014. Anesthetic results included signalment, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grade, premedicated drugs, procedures, induction quality, and recovery after anesthesia. One hundred fifty anesthetic events were classified according to the ASA grade. Three patients were ASA grade I, 52 patients grade II, 86 patients grade III, and 9 patients grade IV, respectively. The most common premedication was midazolam and hydromorphone combination (n = 59, 39.3%) follow by acepromazine and hydromorphone combination (n = 22, 14.7%). The majority of anesthesia procedures were diagnostic imaging (n = 33, 22.0%) and ophthalmic surgeries (n = 31, 20.7%), followed by soft tissue surgeries (n = 27, 18.0%), and orthopedic surgeries (n = 20, 13.3%). Intravenous alfaxalone provided smooth induction for inhalation anesthesia in almost cases, but transient apnea and twitching/paddling were observed after induction and during recovery, respectively. In addition, alfaxalone did not show pain response during intravenous administration. Alfaxalone showed smooth induction of inhalation anesthesia in dogs and cats with mild to severe systemic disease (ASA 2-4). Alfaxalone was considered as an acceptable induction agent for patients with higher risk in small animal practice.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.68.1-68.8
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• 2022

Background: Studies on anesthetized dogs regarding pulse pressure variation (PPV) are increasing. The influence of respiratory rate (RR) on PPV, in mechanically ventilated dogs, has not been clearly identified. Objectives: This study evaluated the influence of RR on PPV in mechanically ventilated healthy dogs after hemorrhage. Methods: Five healthy adult Beagle dogs were premedicated with intravenous (IV) acepromazine (0.01 mg/kg). Anesthesia was induced with alfaxalone (3 mg/kg IV) and maintained with isoflurane in 100% oxygen. The right dorsal pedal artery was cannulated with a 22-gauge catheter for blood removal, and the left dorsal pedal artery was cannulated and connected to a transducer system for arterial blood pressure monitoring. The PPV was automatically calculated using a multi-parameter monitor and recorded. Hemorrhage was induced by withdrawing 30% of blood (24 mL/kg) over 30 min. Mechanical ventilation was provided with a tidal volume of 10 mL/kg and a 1:2 inspiration-to-expiration ratio at an initial RR of 15 breaths/min (baseline). Thereafter, RR was changed to 20, 30, and 40 breaths/min according to the casting lots, and the PPV was recorded at each RR. After data collection, the blood was transfused at a rate of 10 mL/kg/h, and the PPV was recorded at the baseline ventilator setting. Results: The data of PPV were analyzed using the Friedman test followed by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test (p < 0.05). Hemorrhage significantly increased PPV from 11% to 25% at 15 breaths/min. An increase in RR significantly decreased PPV from 25 (baseline) to 17%, 10%, and 10% at 20, 30, and 40 breaths/min, respectively (all p < 0.05). Conclusions: The PPV is a dynamic parameter that can predict a dog's hemorrhagic condition, but PPV can be decreased in dogs under high RR. Therefore, careful interpretation may be required when using the PPV parameter particularly in the dogs with hyperventilation.