• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.71-81
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• 2010

Purpose: To minimize an interruption in chest compression, reduce the hands-off time, the American Heart Association has recommended the ratio of chest compression to ventilation ratio to 30:2 from 2005 CPR guideline to 2010 CPR guideline. However, current studies have shown that the hands-off time was > 10 seconds with that method. For this reason, we devised new CPR method that a ventilation to chest compression ratio of 2:30 to reduce pt assessment time and skipped the assessment step of carotid artery pulse would be a more effective way to reduce the hands-off time & the time to set the CPR. According to the more detailed purpose are listed below. 1) We would like to confirm efficiency of a ventilation to chest compression ratio of 2:30 than a chest compression to ventilation ratio of 30:2 to reduce the hands-off time & the time to set the CPR. 2) We would like to evaluate possibility of increasing for chest compression accuracy of a ventilation to chest compression ratio of 2:30 than a chest compression to ventilation ratio of 30:2 3) We would like to evaluate possibility of increasing for ventilation accuracy of a ventilation to chest compression ratio of 2:30 than a chest compression to ventilation ratio of 30:2 Methods: According to 2005 American Heart Association Guidelines, 60 paramedic students(20 students X freshmen, sophomore, junior) performed 5 cycles of 3~ chest compressions : 2 ventilations after A, B, C evaluation with Laerdal Resusci R Anne SkillReporters. After 5 minutes rest, the 60 students performed 5 cycles of 2 ventilations : 30 chest compressions after A, B evaluation with the manikins between 13 and 17 September 2010. The short reports including speed & accuracy of chest compression, respiratory, CPR cycle were gained from the manikins. Hands-off times were measured by assistants. Results: Recently, the importance of high quality CPR was emphasized in order to perform the CPR faster and more accurate. To find out improving the conventional CPR method, we switch the procedure of the compression and the ventilation. By switching the procedure back and forth, we are able to compare the effectiveness of CPR between two type of CPR method which are 2:30 and 30:2 methods. 2:30 is that the breaths is delivered twice, first and perform 30 compressions while 30:2 perform 30 compressions first and give 2 breaths followed by the ABC method. Also, we verify the effectiveness of the hands off time, compression accuracy of the compression through the comparison of the two procedure as mentioned earlier. Consequently research verified that 2:30 is the efficient by providing faster set up delivering more accurate chest compression. Conclusion: 2:30 can minimize a time delay from cardiac standstill until starting the chest compression. In addition, hands-off time which is an interruption in chest compression can be shortened by 2:30 method, which result to effective oxygenation of coronary artery & maintenance of the bloodstream. Once again, performing the 2:30 method provide lessen hands off time and increase the accuracy of the chest compression.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.107-116
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• 2020

Purpose: We compared three chest compression methods to find an efficient method for performing infant cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) for single rescuers and improving chest compressions quality. Methods: Thirty new marine police trainees at the Korea Coast Guard Education Institute were tested for five sessions using three methods of single rescuer infant CPR: two-finger chest compression, two-thumb encircling chest compression, and two-finger support chest compression. Results: The depth, accuracy, and number of compressions per minute of resuscitation were analyzed for the above three methods. The depth of two-finger chest compression, two-thumb encircling chest compression, and two-finger support chest compression was 3.53±0.20cm, 4.10±0.13cm, and 4.22±0.15cm, respectively. Accuracy was 23.86±12.59%, 54.11±10.8%, 71.55±18.81%, respectively, while the time for one cycle of 30 chest compression was 16.01±10.5 seconds, 16.45±0.85 seconds, and 16.56±0.91 seconds, respectively. Chest compression interruptions were 6.59±0.78 seconds, 7.17±0.37 seconds, and 6.97±0.35 seconds, respectively. The interruptions were consistent with the range of 5-10 seconds suggested by the American Heart Association. Conclusion: When one rescuer performs CPR for an infant in cardiac arrest, a comparative analysis of three methods showed that two-thumb encircling chest compression is the best for accuracy and efficiency of chest compressions.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.31-41
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• 2012

Purpose : The purpose of the present study is to analyze the accuracy and fatigue felt by lay persons receiving CPR training when they perform hands only CPR (HOCPR) and traditional CPR (TCPR). The performance of CPR data will provide the criteria of dispatcher guidelines for the general public. Methods : For 2 minutes duration, HOCPR was conducted by 51 subjects and TCPR was conducted by 48 subjects. The accuracy measurement of chest compressions was based on the 2010 AHA guideline; the subjective fatigue level in before and after experiment was measured by a self-administered questionnaire. Results : There were no significant differences between the average depth, chest compression depth and chest compression location in terms of chest compression accuracy. However, there were significant differences between the two experimental groups in the accuracies for average speed and chest compression speed. The subjective fatigue level showed no significant difference. Conclusion : The experimental group performing HOCPR showed more accurate compression speed and lower fatigue level. These results suggested that HOCPR would be more effective in training the lay persons in accordance with the voice-instructed CPR.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.27-41
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• 2008

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to supply basic data for the impact on the accuracy of basic CPR according to position and foot-board height of basic CPR provider. Methods : Study design was within - group design. Subjects were 25 EMT-P Students in K city. Interventions was basic CPR performed on a resuscitation manikin placed on a hospital bed, kneeling on the bed adjacent to the manikin. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and Friedman test. Results : In case of the basic CPR performed on a resuscitation manikin placed on a hospital bed, ventilation accuracy was the highest in less than 160 cm height, foot-board height : $34.2{\pm}1.48cm$, 91.4% and in 161-165 cm height, foot-board height : $26.0{\pm}2.14cm$, 88.4% and in 171-175 cm height, foot-board height : $23.0{\pm}1.41cm$, 91.3% and in the above 176 cm, kneeling on the bed, 95%. Chest compression accuracy was the highest in less than 160 cm height, foot-board height : $30.2{\pm}1.48cm$, 95.6% and in 161-165 cm height, kneeling on the bed, 97.6% and in 171-175 cm height, kneeling on the bed, 98.5% and in the above 176 cm, kneeling on the bed, 98.7% and foot-board height : $20.5{\pm}1.91cm$, 98.7%. Chest compression error was due to too weak : 2.0-35.4 times. There were ststistically significant differences in 191-195 cm group according to chest compression mean depths($x^2=10.824$, p = .013) and chest compression error (p = .040). Conclusion : In contrast to current guidelines, the position and foot-board height of basic CPR provider are very important to the accuracy of the basic CPR. Furthermore, we recommend that a using real time audiovisual feedaback system significantly improve the quality of chest compression and ventilation during resuscitation.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.99-107
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• 2019

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the position for the most accurate head-up cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) by comparing saddle position CPR (SPCPR) and traditional CPR (TCPR). Methods: Sixty certified persons who completed a basic life support provider course between May 1 and June 21, 2019 were enrolled in the study. The participants were asked to perform 2 minutes of CPR, and the depth of chest compression, rate, position, full release, and hands off time were assessed. Accuracy was evaluated based on data collected from a smart phone application connected to the manikin via bluetooth and analyzed using frequency, percentage, t-test, analysis of variance and ${\chi}^2$. Results: The accuracy of chest compression was statistically significantly higher for SPCPR, 63.03%[${\pm}8.75$] for SPCPR and 55.50%[${\pm}10.17$] for TCPR [t=3.074, p=.003]. The depth of chest compression was statistically significantly greater for SPCPR, 4.51cm[${\pm}0.45$] for SPCPR and 4.16cm[${\pm}0.61$] for TCPR [t=2.503, p=.015]. The rate of chest compression was statistically significantly higher for TCPR, 105/min[${\pm}10.79$] for SPCPR and 111/min[${\pm}11.57$] for TCPR [t=-2.008, p=.049]. Accuracy of position of chest compression was statistically significantly higher for SPCPR, 96.10%[${\pm}13.73$] for SPCPR and 79.93%[${\pm}30.34$] for TCPR [t=2.659, p=.011]. Accuracy of full release was higher with SPCPR, with 86.30%[${\pm}30.53$] for SPCPR and 71.10%[${\pm}36.05$] for TCPR, but the difference was not statistically significant [t=1.762, p=.083]. Conclusion: Saddle position CPR was found to be more accurate than TCPR in the performance of manual head-up CPR.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.407-411
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• 2010

During the cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), the correct chest compression depth and period are very important to increase the resuscitation possibility. For the feedback of chest compression depth, the depth monitoring device based on the accelerometer is developed and widely used. But this method tends to overestimate the compression depth on the bed. To overcome this limitation, the chest compression depth estimation method using two accelerometers is suggested With the additional accelerometer between the patient and mattress on the bed, the compression of the mattress is also measured and it is used to compensate the overestimation error. The experimental results show that the single accelerometer estimates as 61.4mm for the actual compression depth of 43.6mm on the mattress. The depth estimation with the dual accelerometer was 44.6mm which is close to the actual depth. With the automatic zeroing in every single compression, the integration error for the depth can be reduced. The dual accelerometer method is effective to increase the accuracy of the chest compression depth estimation.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.25 no.12
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• pp.211-217
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• 2020

This study is to find out the effectiveness by adult CPR method of a single rescuer. For patients with acute cardiac arrest, CPR is the only first aid, and chest compression is the most important of these techniques. The subjects of this study were freshman, 120 subjects who did not learn CPR, and for data analysis, the SPSS 22.0 Version was used. The accuracy of chest compression site selection was significantly higher in the upper part of the two fingers in the pit of the stomach(p<.001), and the ease was also high(p<.001). In the case of the general public, they select the chest compression area easily and quickly, it turns out that it is easier to designate the landmark toward the pit of the stomach. In the future, through various job groups, research to select the chest compression site is needed, and additional studies should be conducted to confirm the maintenance and accuracy during chest compression.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.67-81
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• 2019

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the difference in compression quality and fatigue levels in a rescuer for three different hand techniques used in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Methods: The participants were paramedic students at the basic life support provider level. The hands-only CPR was performed for 10 minutes for each of the three hand techniques without disruption, and the quality of chest compressions and fatigue levels were analyzed. Results: There was no difference between the sexes in the chest compression quality and the physiologic parameters before and after compression. Among the quality indexes of chest compression with each of the techniques performed for 10 minutes, the mean depth (p<.01) and mean accuracy (p=.000) of the compression were found to be higher in the five finger fulcrum technique, while the mean compression rate and relaxation accuracy showed no significant differences. Regarding fatigue levels, the five finger fulcrum technique caused lesser subjective fatigue as compared to other techniques (p<.05), although the heart rate and blood pressure revealed no difference. Conclusion: The five finger fulcrum technique was found to be better than the other techniques in terms of chest compression quality and subjective levels of fatigue, indicating that it should be used in CPR education.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.221-225
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to provide the general public with basic data to facilitate the application of Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation(CPR). There were two groups using CPR mannequin and CPR cube, and participants were given three days of CPR training and two weeks later evaluated for chest compression. Participants recorded chest compression depth, rate of chest compression, accuracy of chest compression, insufficient recoil and incomplete place. There was a statistically significant difference in insufficient recoil and incomplete place in the study. The use of CPR cube to expand CPR education is also believed to be useful in terms of confidence and quality in implementing CPR.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.163-176
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of hands-only CPR education according to the American Heart Association (2015) guideline for undergraduates with severe visual impairment, to provide basic data for expanding the subject of hands-only CPR education among the visually impaired. Methods: Twenty-one students attending four universities in C Province, aged 19 years or older, were enrolled in this study. These students had severe visual impairment and no other disabilities and have never received hands-only CPR education. This study data were collected from December 1, 2017 to January 11, 2018. The accuracy of the participants' technique was measured using Brayden Pro CPR manikin. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 24.0. Results: Hands-only CPR education was effective in increasing confidence and accuracy of chest compression among undergraduates with severe visual impairment. Conclusion: These findings suggest that individuals with severe visual impairment should be given more educational opportunities. Additionally, subsequent studies should develop equipment that helps increase accuracy by using video aids with commentary or other auditory components for the visually impaired.