• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2018.10a
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• pp.593-596
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• 2018

The speed of vehicles has remained a significant factor that influences the severity of accidents and traffic accident rate in many parts of the world including South Korea. This behavior where drivers drive at speeds which exceed a posted safe threshold is known as 'speeding'. Over the past twenty years, the Korean National Police Agency (NPA) has become aware of an increased frequency of drivers who are speeding. Therefore, fixed-type ASE systems [1] have been installed on hazardous road sections of many highways. These system monitor vehicle speeds using a camera. However, the use of ASE systems has changed the behavior of the drivers. Specifically, drivers reduce speed or avoid the route where the cameras are mounted. It is not practical to install cameras at every possible location. Therefore, it is challenging to thoroughly explore the location where speeding occurs. In view of these problems, the author of this paper designed and implemented a prototype visualization system in which point and color are used to show vehicle location and associated over-speed information. All of this information was used to create a comprehensive visualization application to show information about vehicle driving. In this paper, we present an approach detecting vehicles moving at speeds which exceed a threshold and visualizing the points those violations occur on a map. This was done using vehicle trajectory data collected in Daegu city. We propose steps for exploring the data collected from those sensors. The resulting mapping has two layers. The first layer contains the dynamic vehicle trajectory data. The second underlying layer contains the static road networks. This allows comparing the speed of vehicles on roads with the known maximum safe speed of those roads, and presents the results with a visualization tool. We also compared data about people who drive over threshold safe speeds on each road on days and weekends based on vehicle trajectories. Finally, our study suggests improved times and locations where law enforcement should use monitoring with speed cameras, and where they should be stricter with traffic law enforcement. We learned that people will drive over the speed limit at midnight more than 1.9 times as often when compared with rush hour traffic at 8 o'clock in the morning, and 4.5 times as often when compared with traffic at 7 o'clock in the evening. Our study can benefit the government by helping them select better locations for installation of speed cameras. This would ultimately reduce police labor in traffic speed enforcement, and also has the potential to improve traffic safety in Daegu city.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.119-136
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• 2015

The contracting parties must be provided a litigation scheme in order to resolve a dispute. This means taking advantage of effective measures for mediation or arbitration. A lease transaction is likely to occur mainly after a dispute. It is necessary to take the appropriate measures in advance. In general, when a variety of contracts are created, conflicts arise and disputes have to be resolved through mediation and arbitration documents, and adjustment or intervention is called for. Arbitration system is a system that is established based on the trust of the arbitral tribunal. For such system, quality education for enhancing professionalism required of the arbitrator is important. A party responding to an arbitration agreement presents a problem. The current system must ensure that there are no disadvantaged parties. However, a party must depend on an arbitration agreement that is part of the law rescue system. A litigation support by the local Bar Association must be carried out. It should be notified of the contents of the contract to select a strategy that will best resolve the conflict. In the case of lease transactions, there is a need to create a scheme to make a standard agreement that inserts an arbitration clause. Lease sale and purchase agreement or lease agreement is a form of contract that has been frequently used. Here, the arbitration agreement clause for a lawyer that will serve as arbitrator should be inserted. It is a scheme that can be activated for individuals in poor areas. In addition, it is possible to see it taking a scheme to take advantage of the lawyer system for the future of the town. The Attorney System of a town is a system that the Korean Bar Association, Legal Department has put in place since 2013. If a real estate trade dispute occurs, the role of the intermediary attorney should be to carry out his duties efficiently. In the case of real estate transaction conflicts, the lawyer of the village should be registered as the arbitrator. It is important to establish a basis of regulations through this type of real estate transaction accident analysis. Before proceeding with various adjustment systems, it is desirable to expand the arbitration region. Now we need a realtor amendment. It is the part where fragmentation of intermediary qualification is required, along with the eligibility of a subdivision.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.148-153
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• 2011

EMRAS-2 (Environmental Modelling for RAdiation Safety, Phase 2) is an international comparison program, which is organized by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), in order to harmonize the modelling of radionuclide behavior in the environment. To do so, the urban contamination working group within EMRAS-2 has designed the hypothetical scenarios for a specified urban area. In this study, the importance of contaminated surfaces composing an urban environment was analyzed in terms of dose rate using METRO-K, which has been developed to take a Korean urban environment into account. The contribution of contaminated surfaces to exposure dose rate showed distinctly a great difference as a function of specified locations and time following a hypothetical event. Moreover, it showed a distinct difference according to the existence of precipitation, and its intensity. Therefore, if an urban area is contaminated radioactively by any unexpected incidents such as an accident of nuclear power plants or an explosion of radioactive dispersion devices (RDDs), appropriate measures should be taken with consideration of the type of surface composing the contaminated environment in order to minimize not only radiation-induced health detriment but also economic and social impacts.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.600-608
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• 2001

Accidents are the fourth-leading causal factor of death among the elderly, and fall is a major type of accident (53.17%). Many cases of falls in the elderly result in delayed discovery and loss of quality of life. As the number of the elderly grows, falls will be a more important health problem. Most previous research on falls investigated prevalence. mortality, and the related factors. There are many studies proving the effect of rhythmic movements. But few researches considered linking risk factors of fall with rhythmic movements. Purpose: We want to show the changes after performing rhythmic movement program, in risk factors of falls and mobility such as flexibility, balance, muscle power and persistency in the elderly, in order to provide basic information needed for the development of fall injury prevention program for the elderly. Method: The design of this study is quasi-experimental, the equivalent control group, pretest-posttest. The subjects consist of 124 people who lived in Do-Bong-Qu. Seoul, agreed to participate in this study, and were able to follow this rhythmic movement program. About 93 % of them are from 65 to 84 years (Mean${\pm}$sd: $73.7{\pm}5.7$): 64% are female. The rhythmic movement program was designed. and performed by two community health nurses working in the Do-Bong-Gu Public Health Center, regularly twice a week from May, 4 to December, 17. in 10 senior citizens' community centers. Risk factors of fall were measured with RAFS- II (Risk Assessment for Falls Scale II) by asking about each item: mobility was measured by observing their specific movements asked by investigators. Results: 1. After performing the program during 7 months, risk factors score of falls were decreased significantly (paired-t = 4.77. p<0.01). 2. After performing the program during 7 months, flexibility (paired-t = 2.26. p=0.03) and mobility were improved (paired-t = 4.98. p<0.01). but muscle power and persistency did not change (paired-t = 0.33. p=0.74). Overall, mobility affecting the occurrence of falls was improved significantly (paired-t = 5.15. p<0.01). Conclusions: A regular rhythmic movement program can be helpful in preventing falls in the elderly. Further. we can develop a fall injury prevention program using rhythmic movement.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Navigation
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2000

The ships over the certain navigation area or her length are required to carry charts under the relevant laws. Charts are indispensible to the ships and fishing vessel, because their crew should know the water depth and location of obstacle in order to avoid danger in the navigation and fishing area. But it was found that many ships do not carry proper charts onboard according to the research marine accidents files of marine accident inquiry agency, and questionnaire survey. Consequently, many ships run aground on the coast and port. This study examined the present status of the coastal ship and the fishing vessels, and explained some problems in the aspect of the covering area, the place, the number of the selling agent and adjoining chart, as well as the geographical and traffic density, the crew on board the ship's characteristics, and so on. In this study we propose the way to solve the problem. firstly, the category of the fishing vessel which should carry the chart on bard under the related laws are required to be lowered to 10 gross tons. Besides a ship inspector should examine if the charts covering the area where to navigate even when the temporary inspection is done are carried on board property. Secondly, the inspection body or the controlling office of ship's entry and departure should check throughly whether the ships concerned carry the chart on board. Thirdly the fishing vessels should used the fishing charts, and the body concerned should train the offices about how to use chart, especiany the difference between Tokyo datum and WGS-84 datum. Fourthly the customized chart such as an atlas like a map, a calenda-type chart, a small chart, as a coated chart needs to be publish for the safety of small ship and fishing vessel. Fifthly, it is advisable to draw a recommended course in the route where the coastal navigate mainly and in the narrow channel, The adjoining area should be improved, as well as the qualify of the chart paper. Sixthly, publication of additional new chart in the southern part of East Sea, the eastern part of South Sea, the western part of South Sea and middle part of Yellow Sea near Incheon port should be thought over. Seventhly, the number of chart selling agent should be increased for the sake of purchaser in proportion to the number of port, and small correction of charts in selling agent must be carried out completely.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.285-291
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• 2015

Exposure to cold sea water can be life-threatening to the drowned individual. Although appropriate life jacket can be usually be provided for the buoyance at the drowning accident, heat loss can make the drowned individual experience the hypothermia. Inflatable life jackets filled with inflatable air pocket can increase the thermal protection as well as the buoyancy force. Because it is important to know how the human body behaves unde the different life jacket, present study compares the thermal insulation capacity of solid type life jacket with that of inflatable life jacket. In order to represent the insulation capacity of life jacket, thermal resistance is estimated based on the assumption of steady-state. Also, a transient three-dimensional thermal distribution of the thigh is analyzed by using finite element method implementing the Pennes bioheat equation. The finite element model is a segmental, multi-layered representation of the body section which considers the heat conduction within tissue, bone, fat and local blood flow rate.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.40 no.12
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• pp.1070-1079
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• 2012

The impact energy absorbing is a very important characteristic of an aircraft to enhance the survivability of occupants when an aircraft is under the survivable accident such as an emergency landing condition. The impact energy is generally transmitted into the occupant and absorbed through a landing gear, a subfloor (lower structure of fuselage), and a seat. The characteristic of crash energy absorbing of a subfloor depends on the type of an aircraft, a shape of structure, and an applied material. Therefore, the study of crashworthiness characteristics of a subfloor structure is very important work to improve the safety of an aircraft. In this study, a finite element model of a narrow body fuselage section for the 80~90 seats regional aircraft was developed and crash simulation was executed using an explicit finite element analysis. Through survey of the impact energy distribution of each structural part of a fuselage and floor-level acceleration response, the crashworthiness characteristics and performance was evaluated.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.73-80
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• 2011

The radiation shielding analysis for a Burnup-credit (BUC) cask designed under the management of Korea Radioactive Waste Management Corporation (KRMC) was performed to examine the contribution of each radiation source affecting dose rate distribution around the cask. Various radiation sources, which contain neutron and gamma-ray sources placed in active fuel region and the activation source, and imaginary nuclear fuel were all considered in the MCNP calculation model to realistically simulate the actual situations. It was found that the maximum external and surface dose rates of the spent fuel cask were satisfied with the domestic standards both in normal and accident conditions. In normal condition, the radiation dose rate distribution around the cask was mainly influenced by activation source ($^{60}Co$ radioisotope); in another case, the neutron emitted in active fuel region contributed about 90% to external dose rate at 1m distance from side surface of the cask. Besides, the contribution level of activation source was dramatically increased to the dose rates in top and bottom regions of the cask. From this study, it was recognized that the detailed investigation on the radiation sources should be performed conservatively and accurately in the process of radiation shielding analysis for a BUC cask.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.53-58
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• 2008

Purpose: Skiing and snowboarding are becoming increasingly popular. Accordingly, the incidences of injuries among skiers and snowboarders are also increasing. The purpose of this study was to investigate the injury patterns of and the contributing factors to head injuries of skiers and snowboarders and to evaluate the differences in characteristics between skiing and snowboarding head injuries. Methods: One-hundred patients who visited the emergency department of Wonju Christian Hospital between January 2005 and March 2007 due to head injuries from skiing and snowboarding were enrolled. The mechanisms and the histories of the injuries were investigated by surveying the patients, and the degrees of head injuries were estimated by using brain CT and the Glasgow Coma Scale. The degrees and the characteristics of brain injuries were also analyzed and compared between skiers and snowboarders. Results: Out of 100 patients, 39 were injured by skiing, and 61 were injured by snowboarding. The mean age of the skiers was $26.7{\pm}10.0$, and that of the snowboarders was $26.7{\pm}6.2$. The percentage of male skiers was 43.6%, and that of snowboarders was 63.9%. The most frequent initial chief complaints of head-injured skiers and snowboarders were headache and mental change. The most common mechanism of injuries was a slip down. The mean Abbreviated Injury Scale Score (AIS score) of the skier group was $4.5{\pm}2.1$ and that of the snowboarder group was $5.9{\pm}5.0$ (p=0.222). The percentage of helmet users was 7.1% among skiers and 20.8% among snowboarders (p=0.346). Head injuries were composed of cerebral concussion (92.0%) and intracranial hemorrhage (8.0%). Intracranial hemorrhage was most frequently caused by falling down (62.5%). Conclusion: The most common type of head injury to skiers and snowboarders was cerebral concussion, and severe damage was usually caused by jumping and falling down. No differences in the characteristics of the head injuries existed between skiing and snowboarding injuries.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.135-140
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• 2014

Pressure vessels are used in various industrial fields. If a defect occurs on the inner or outer surface of a pressure vessel, it may cause a massive accident. A defect on the outer surface can be detected by visual inspection. However, a defect on the inner surface is generally impossible to detect with visual inspection. Nondestructive testing can be used to detect this type of defect. Laser speckle shearing interferometry is one nondestructive testing method that can optically detect a defect; its advantages include noncontact, full field, and real time inspection. This study evaluated the detectable size for an internal defect of a pressure vessel. The material of the pressure vessel was ASTM A53 Gr.B. The internal defect was detected when the pressure vessel was loaded by internal pressure controlled by a pneumatic system. The internal pressure was controlled from 0.2 MPa to 0.6 MPa in increments of 0.2 MPa. The results confirmed that an internal defect with a 25 % defect depth could be detected even at 0.2 MPa pressure variation.