• Journal of Appropriate Technology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.51-58
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• 2021

This study proposes the design and implementation of a low-cost emergency ventilator which can be helpful during the COVID-19 pandemic where the supply of automatic ventilators is not smooth compared with the urgent demand worldwide. Easy implementation and lower price were made possible by using AMBU-bag and off-the-shelf embedded micro-controller board. Moreover, while 3D printing is used by companies and experts around the world to build prototype hardware, materials which are readily available from surrounding environments so that people in countries where it is difficult to access many advanced technologies could manufacture the system. The design features AMBU-bag automation, not use 3D printing, and it can contrl speed. By allowing speed control, ventilation can be performed according to the conditions of the patient being used. A complementary point in the study is that it is difficult to fix the start point of the wiper motor used first. A method for complementing this is a method for replacing the brush DC motor with a position feedback function. Secondly, the AMBU-bag may wear out in the long-term process of compressing the AMBU-bag because the arm and the fixing frame are made of wood. To complement this, the part of fixing frame and arm parts that the AMBU-bag touches need to be wrapped in a material such as silicon to minimize friction.

• Journal of International Area Studies (JIAS)
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.83-108
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• 2011

South America has vast energy resources with the renewable and non-renewable sources. However, many countries in the region are unable to guarantee adequate energy security both of energy supply and demand. Currently the possibility of energy security is high through regional energy integration based on the potential economic benefits. The difference of regulation system with the individual countries in the region impose strong barriers to integration process. Security of energy supply and its demand as well is fundamental issues in this region and regional energy cooperation is essential for getting rid of the insecurity of energy supplies. Despite of this problem, currently Latin American countries made a great effort to make multilateral energy security regime through projecting great energy infrastructure network(e.g. IIRSA) or mechanism especially in South America, which can give countries access to the region's reserve supplies by providing regulations and pricing mechanism with a shared energy market in this region. Brazil's active leading in the formulation of such movement toward energy security integration and participation of energy infrastructure network is good initiative to enforce this great energy security change. Politically and economically, Brazil's geographical position and the level of market size and oil and natural gas resources, in addition the leadership in renewable energy sources make it a sound candidate to take over the coordination of the secure integration of region's energy market. However, on the conditions of existing many obstacles such as, control of the output of the region's power plant, energy flows, the environmental matter within local community must be overcome to make more advance process and steps. Finally, to secure more institutional approach, this region must settle regional disputes resolution regime urgently.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.292-304
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• 2023

Purpose: This study was conducted to obtain experimental data for the establishment of preventive measures against fire, as large and small fire accidents occur at production and storage sites of superabsorbent polymers developed for the convenience of daily life. Method: The sample container was fixed at 0.2m in both length and width, and was shaped into a rectangular cuboid with heights of 3cm, 5cm, 7cm, and 14cm to access an infinite flat plane. The sample container was fixed in the center of a thermostatic bath that was heated to a predetermined temperature according to a preset temperature control program. If the central temperature of the sample rose more than 20℃ above the set temperature, it was determined to have 'ignited', and if it remained similar to the set temperature, it was determined to have 'unignited'. Result: The critical autoignition temperature was calculated to be 212.5℃ for a sample container with a height of 3cm, 202.5℃ for 5cm, 192.5℃ for 7cm, and 177.5℃ for 14cm. The ignition induction time to reach the highest temperature was approximately 42hours for 3cm, 91hours for 5cm, 151hours for 7cm, and 300hours for 14cm. Conclusion:① As the size of the sample container increased, the autoignition temperature decreased and the ignition induction time to reach the highest temperature increased. ② The apparent activation energy was calculated to be 39.30kcal/mol, with a correlation of 99.5%.

• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.85-98
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• 2023

Objective : We investigated the efficacy of an artificial intelligence computerized cognitive training program using motion capture to identify changes in cognition, depression, and quality of life in older adults with mild cognitive impairment. Methods : A total of seven older adults (experimental group = 4, control group = 3) participated in this study. During the COVID-19 period from October to December 2021, we used a program, "MOOVE Brain", that we had developed. The experimental group performed the program 30 minutes 3×/week for 1 month. We analyzed patients scores from the Korean version of the Mini-Mental State Examination-2, the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Packet for Daily Life Evaluation, the short form Geriatric Depression Scale, and Geriatric Quality of Life Scale. Results : We observed positive changes in the mean scores of the Stroop Color Test (attention), Stroop Color/Word Test (executive function), SGDS-K (depression), and GQOL (QoL). However, these changes did not reach statistical significance for each variable. Conclusion : The study results from "MOOVE Brain" can help address cognitive and psychosocial issues in isolated patients with MCI during the COVID-19 pandemic or those unable to access in-person medical services.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.28 no.5D
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• pp.695-703
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• 2008

China water market has huge potential for increased use of BOT mode and one of the most attractive markets of doing business. However, the current China water BOT market shows that many foreign companies are retreating from the market while Chinese water companies fast growing. From the view no domestic companies have track records in China BOT water market, the research identified twenty market access barriers in terms of construction laws, regulations, BOT-related policy and the recent market situation. These are evaluated based on interview results with 10 professionals direct or indirect having a China water BOT experience. All the factors are found to be highly influential to foreign company's decision on the market participation. Among those, no fixed return policy and low water price, difficulty in water price adjustment and approval, and no government guarantees, all directly related to the project viability and under the control of government, were the most critical factors, implying government's role is the key in increasing the market competition by attracting more foreign participation on the market. In addition, new construction law regulating foreign EPC contractor's construction work, namely Decree 113, and requirement of applying competitive bidding in selecting EPC contractor in a BOT project are also considered signigicant barriers on foreign participation, which contradicts international norm and therefore necessitates an adjustment on current decision process in domestic companies.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.788-797
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to identify the satisfaction with medical services of the disabled elderly who have the highest need for medical services. For this purpose, the effect of health characteristics and medical service characteristics of the disabled elderly on medical service satisfaction was verified. The subjects of analysis were 3,323 persons with disabilities aged 65 or older who were taken from the national survey of people with disabilities in 2017. For statistical analysis, descriptive analysis, correlation analysis, and regression analysis were performed using the SPSS 26.0 program. The results of the study showed as follows. As a result of the regression analysis, gender (β= -.045, p<.05) and residence status (β= -.048, p<.05) among the demographic characteristics as control variables had a statistically significant effect on the level of medical service satisfaction. Among the health characteristics, IADL (β=-.044, p<.05) had a statistically significant effect on medical service satisfaction level. In the case of medical service characteristics, satisfaction with medical facilities and equipment (β = .290, p< .001), medical staff's level of understanding of disability (β = .404, p< .001), health-related service use (β = .182, p<.05) had a statistically significant effect on the level of medical service satisfaction. Based on the results, practical alternatives to ensure health equity in the community medical system were suggested in the discussion to enhance the health management and self-determination capabilities of the disabled elderly.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.79-95
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• 2013

New product innovation is a process of embodying new knowledge in a product and technology licensing is getting popular as a means to innovations and introduction of new product to the market in today's competitive global market environment. Incumbents often rely on technology licensing to access new product opportunities created by other firms. Prior research has examined various aspects of technology licensing agreements such as specific contract terms of licensing agreements, e.g., distribution of control rights, exclusivity of licensing agreements, cross-licensing, and the scope of licensing agreements. This study aims to provide answers to an important, but under-researched question: why do some incumbents initiate more licensing agreement for exploratory learning while others do it for exploitative learning along the innovation process? We attempt to extend our knowledge of licensing agreements from an organizational learning perspective. Technology licensing as a specific form of interfirm linkages can be initiated with different learning objectives along the process of new product innovation. The exploratory stages of the innovation process such as discovery or research stages involve extensive searches to create new knowledge or capabilities, whereas the exploitative stages of the innovation process such as application or test stages near the commercialization are more focused on developing specific applications or improving their efficiency or reliability. Thus, different stages of the innovation process generate different types of learning and the resulting technological resources. We examine when incumbents as licensees initiate more licensing agreements for exploratory learning objectives and when more for exploitative learning objectives, focusing on two factors that may influence a firm's formation of exploratory and exploitative licensing agreements: 1) its past radical and incremental innovation experience and 2) its internal investments in R&D and marketing. We develop and test our hypotheses regarding the relationship between a firm's radical and incremental new product experience, R&D investment intensity and marketing investment intensity, and the likelihood of engaging in exploratory and exploitive licensing agreements. Using data collected from various secondary sources (Recap database, Compustat database, and FDA website), we analyzed technology licensing agreements initiated in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries from 1988 to 2011. The results of this study show that incumbents initiate exploratory rather than exploitative licensing agreements when they have more radical innovation experience and when they invest in R&D activities more intensively; in contrast, they initiate exploitative rather than exploratory licensing agreements when they have more incremental innovation experience and when they invest in marketing activities more intensively. The findings of this study contribute to the licensing and interfirm cooperation studies. First, this study lays a foundation to understand the organizational learning aspect of technology licensing agreements. Second, this study sheds lights on how a firm's internal investments in R&D and marketing are linked to its tendency to initiate licensing agreements along the innovation process. Finally, the findings of this study provide important insight to managers regarding which technologies to gain via licensing agreements. This study suggests that firms need to consider their internal investments in R&D and marketing as well as their past innovation experiences when they initiate licensing agreements along the process of new product innovation.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.39 no.5_2
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• pp.849-858
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• 2023

Investigating disaster sites such as earthquakes and landslides involves significant risks due to potential secondary disasters like facility collapse. In situations where direct access is challenging, there is a need to develop methods for safely acquiring high-precision 3D disaster information using light detection and ranging (LiDAR) equipped drone survey systems. In this study, the feasibility of using drone LiDAR in disaster scenarios was examined, focusing on the collapse accident at Jeongja Bridge in Bundang-gu, Seongnam City, in April 2023. High-density point clouds for the accident bridge were collected, and the bridge's 3D terrain information was reconstructed and compared to the measurement performance of 10 ground control points. The results showed horizontal and vertical root mean square error values of 0.032 m and 0.055 m, respectively. Additionally, when compared to a point cloud generated using ground LiDAR for the same target area, a vertical difference of approximately 0.08 m was observed, but overall shapes showed minimal discrepancies. Moreover, in terms of overall data acquisition and processing time, drone LiDAR was found to be more efficient than ground LiDAR. Therefore, the use of drone LiDAR in disaster sites with significant risks allows for safe and rapid onsite investigations.

• Journal of Internet of Things and Convergence
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.93-98
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• 2023

In paddy rice farming, water management is a critical task. To suppress weed emergence during the early stages of growth, fields are deeply flooded, and after transplantation, the water level is reduced to promote rooting and stimulate stem generation. Later, water is drained to prevent the production of sterile tillers. The adequacy of water supply is influenced by various factors such as field location, irrigation channels, soil conditions, and weather, requiring farmers to frequently check water levels and control the ingress and egress of water. This effort increases if the fields are scattered in remote locations. Automated irrigation systems have been considered to reduce labor and improve productivity. However, the net income from rice production in 2022 was about KRW 320,000/10a on average, making it financially unfeasible to implement high-cost devices or construct new infrastructure. This study focused on developing an IoT-Based irrigation valve that can be easily integrated into existing agricultural infrastructure without additional construction. The research was carried out in three main areas: Firstly, an irrigation valve was designed for quick and easy installation on existing agricultural pipes. Secondly, a power circuit was developed to connect a low-power Cat M1 communication modem with an Arduino Nano board for remote operation. Thirdly, a cloud-based platform was used to set up a server and database environment and create a web interface that users can easily access.

• Journal of Ginseng Culture
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• v.6
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• pp.80-104
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• 2024

Ginseng, a representative medicinal plant of South Korea, is also highly valued in North Korea. However, due to limited access to information about North Korea, the actual cultivation, research and development trends, and related industry status of ginseng in North Korea are not well known. In this study, we aimed to understand the current status and research trends of the ginseng industry in North Korea based on limited available literature. In the North Korean pharmacopoeia, ginseng is referred to as "Koryo ginseng" and is defined as the roots of 6-year-old ginseng cultivated in the Kaesong region. The pharmacopoeia includes 22 types of ginseng preparations. In addition, 10 ginseng preparations are included in North Korea's Essential Drug List, and various health supplements, cosmetics, and toothpastes containing ginseng have been developed, distributed, and sold. Since 2014, the ginseng industry and research in North Korea have become more active overall. During this period, the ginseng cultivation area in Kaesong has been significantly expanded, and the facilities have been renovated. The Kaesong Koryo Ginseng Processing Plant has been equipped with sterilized, modernized facilities since 2016 and has been in operation. Since 2017, there has been a growing interest in quality control research, leading to the introduction of quality management regulations and certification systems in 2019. In the 1990s, there was significant research on ginseng product development, and since the 2000s, studies on the pharmacological effects and clinical research of ginseng have been reported. Additionally, research on ginseng cultivation and ginseng processing industries to increase yield has been emphasized. Ginseng, as a representative medicinal crop of Korea, holds great importance for both South and North Korea. Given its significance and the potential for synergy through mutual cooperation, ginseng serves as an ideal subject for inter-Korean exchange and collaboration.