• 영어어문교육
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.261-280
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• 2009

This study focuses on providing the pedagogical implications of stress in English pronunciation teaching since stress is one the most important characteristic factors in English pronunciation (Bolinger, 1976; Brown, 1994; Celce-Murcia, Brinton & Goodwin, 1996; Kreidler, 1989). The author investigated stress production regarding in terms of duration, pitch, and intensity by a group of native speakers of English and a group of low-proficiency South Kyungsang Korean college students for their pre-test. For both of the pre- and post-test, the same stimuli, which consisted of a one-syllable word, two two-syllable words, three three-syllable words, and three four-syllable words, were used along with the various sentence positions: isolation, initial, medial, and final. Soft ware programs, ALVIN and Praat, were used to record and analyze the data. Since Celce-Murcia et al. (1996), Klatt (1975), and Ladefoged (2001) treat duration of the stressed syllable more significantly than other factors, pitch and intensity, with respect to the listener's point of view, the author developed a special method of teaching English stress using a traditional Korean drum to emphasize duration. In addition, the results from the native speakers' production showed that their main strategy to realize stress was through lengthening stressed syllables. After six weeks of stress instruction using the drum, the production of the native speakers and the SK Korean participants from the pre- and post-test were compared. The results from the post-test indicated that the participants showed great improvement not only in duration but also in pitch after the stress instruction. Pitch improvement was unexpected but well-explained by the statement that long vowels receive accent in loan word adaptation in North Kyungsang Korean. The results also showed that the Korean participants' pitch values became more even in their duration values for each syllable as the structure of the word or the sentence became more complex, due to their dependency upon their L1.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.250-257
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• 2007

Characteristics of color application indicated from Kirchsteigfeld is presented the various points of view to be preserved urban housing color. It had been handled as environmental color by view point of community and connectivity rather than color scheme of single housing. First, color to be consisted of basis for urban entirely as background color in urban housing complex has been indicated the bright and cheerful feelings and expressed to be introduced mostly from the single color system. Second, characteristics to be inhibited strongly from housing complex had been indicated by restricted four types of color, formulated the overall context and change through accent and the change from disposition of principal and the accessary of color scheme. In this case, it was not regular formulation, but as a whole category view, it could be provided by orderly regularity system strictly Particularly it had been applied as a whole for lightness change by single color, introduced the different color of building to be centered or remained by a visual point. This had been formed to introduction of color by stand points of housing group not introduction to color by sole concept of building. Third, emphasizing of morphologic feeling by using of difference of lightness, it could be indicated the mild and comfortable stereo-type sensibility from the overall types of housing, we could understand for formation of color code by lightness of slightly differences. Fourth, it had been taken the convenient adaptation method for maintenance of simple graphic system as a environmental color. It has considerable advantage for sustainability of color to indicate on finishing material, form and detail in architecture, as the sole separated color not to be complicated when to be painted over and again or managed continuously.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.50-58
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• 2016

The design of children's hospitals is highly dependent on color schemes. As a space shared together by both adults and children, the design of children's hospitals require color coordination that takes account of the users' characteristics. Visual perception tracking experiment was conducted on the 2 chosen experimental images with a target group made up of adults and children, the following results were found. First, visual attention characteristics of spatial elements' colors were found. The contrast of colors were discovered to effect attention, especially the information desk region showed highest attention. Pillars are subjected to a higher attention relative to other spatial elements, it is suggested when using accent colors to use it only when it is absolutely necessary in partial areas. In contrast, floor patterns were found to be subjected to very low attention relative to other elements. Second, effects of color contrast on visual attention were uncovered. Although color contrast effects attention for both adults and children, children were found to be more effected by color contrast than adults. Especially, children's tendency to rely on color contrast for visual recognition was higher than adults. Since when using only one type on a wide surface children show higher attention on the < vivid > colors than adults, when planning a color coordination for children using < pale > colors instead of < vivid > ones in background for a large surface is seen as a more desired method to increase attention by putting emphasis on the [sharply contrasting] colors.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.61-66
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• 2018

Objective: Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is a condition that is characterized by patellar discomfort or pain that is aggravated during certain activities such as ascending/descending stairs. The Patellofemoral Disability Index (PDI) was developed to assess the effect of pain on functional activities in individuals with PFPS. The objectives of the current study were to determine the internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and validity of this index. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Forty-one subjects who had PFPS with a mean age of $28.8{\pm}5.0years$ and a mean body mass index of $25.6{\pm}4.7kg/m^2$ participated in the study. All subjects were concurrently enrolled in a clinical trial for which they were instructed to complete hamstring-resistance exercises for 4 weeks. Over the course of the intervention, they completed both the PDI and the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) at baseline after two weeks, and after four weeks. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to assess the criterion validity. Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ was used to examine the internal consistency. Intraclass correlation coefficients with 95% confidence interval were computed to examine test-retest reliability. Results: Subjects' responses within both the PDI and the ODI yielded Pearson correlation coefficient values that were positive and highly significant (range, 0.73-0.97; p<0.001). There was a high level of internal consistency (Cronbach's ${\alpha}{\geq}0.8$), with the exception of stair climbing (Cronbach's ${\alpha}=0.65$). Intraclass correlation ranged from 0.87 to 0.92, indicating high levels of test-retest reliability. Conclusions: The PDI is a valid, reliable, and feasible method of assessing pain and functional ability in patients with PFPS.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.159-165
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• 2007

본 논문에서는 합성단위 선택 (unit selection) 기반 일본어 합성기에 필요한 후보 합성단위들에 대한 사전선택 (pre-selection)의 새로운 방법을 제안한다. 일반적인 사전선택 방법은 하나의 억양구에서 음소 열에 대한 비용을 계산하여 이용하는 방법이다. 그런데, 일본어는 다른 언어와는 다르게 상대적인 피치의 높낮이로 나타나는 악센트를 가지는 언어이고, 몇 개의 단어가 하나의 악센트구를 형성하는 특징이 있다. 또한 일본어의 운율은 악센트 구를 기본 단위로 하여 변화하는 특징이 있어서, 사전선택에서 이러한 악센트 구 단위의 운율 변화를 반영함으로써 음질을 향상시킬 수 있고, 악센트 구에서 음소 열에 대한 비용을 계산하여 억양구에서 하는 것보다 계산량을 줄일 수 있다. 제안한 방법은 일본어의 악센트 구를 정의하여 음소 열에서 이것을 분석하고, 각 악센트 구에서 합성 할 음소의 각 후보에 대해 CCL (Connected Context Length)을 구하는 악센트 구 매칭을 이용하여 사전선택을 수행하는 방법이다. 제안한 방법은 Voiceware의 합성기인 VoiceText를 baseline 시스템으로 사용하여 구현하였고, 인지적 에러 (억양 에러, 연결 에러)와 합성시간에 대해 평가하였다. 실험 결과, 제안한 방법은 합성 음질을 보다 자연스럽게 향상시켰고, 합성 속도를 개선하였다.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.85-94
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• 2020

모음의 조음은 발화 시 자음과 결합하여 인접한 자음의 조음에 영향을 미칠 수 있기 때문에 정확한 조음위치를 형성하고 적절한 구강개방을 이루는 것이 중요하나 언어병리 분야의 다양한 대상자들은 이에 어려움을 보인다. 따라서 이들을 위한 치료를 위해서 언어의 특성을 적절히 반영하고 있는 노래(챈트)가 효과적인 도구로 사용될 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 챈트조건과 읽기조건에 따른 모음 특성을 비교하여 챈트조건이 모음 발화 강화의 수단으로 적절한지를 알아보고자 하였다. 연구 대상은 한국어를 모국어로 하는 20~30대 일반 성인 60명(남 30명, 여 30명)이었으며, 모음 /이/, /아/, /우/가 포함된 챈트 및 읽기 과제를 각 4회씩 반복 발화하도록 하여 녹음한 뒤 음성 자료를 분석하였다. 음향 변수를 분석한 결과, 읽기조건과 비교해 챈트조건 발화에서 F₁, F₂ 값이 더 커지고, 모음 삼각형 무게중심의 이동 방향이 전방화, 하강화 된다는 의미 있는 결과를 확인하였다. 남녀 비교 시 여성의 값이 유의하게 컸고, 4회 반복 발화 간에 차이를 보이지 않아 결과의 신뢰도를 높였다. 발화조건 중 단어 수준과 구 수준에 따른 차이는 대부분 보이지 않았으며, 챈트조건의 음악요소에는 악센트가 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이와 같은 결과는 챈트의 사용이 웅얼거리는 듯한 발화를 하는 대상자들에게 적절한 구강개방을 이루도록 도울 수 있으며, 후방화된 조음 위치로 인해 오조음을 보이는 이들에게 모음의 무게중심을 이동시키는 효과적인 방법이 될 것임을 시사한다.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.47-58
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• 2010

Frank Lloyd Wright(1867-1959) was regarded as the pioneer of the modern architecture in the beginning and transition period of 20th century. His works have the pure shape form which have the deep relationship with the organic architecture. Wright told himself that the Froebel System had an influence on his works a lot. This study have researched about the three dimensional application of the Froebel System in his works with assembling and disassembling. Also the two dimensional application in the diagonal and circular plans are the one of the subjects here. The following conclusions are reached. First, The similar of the Wright's works and the Froebel System was the application of the similar principles rather than the copy of the method, which are the accent of the center, the composition of the part and whole, the understanding of the composition principle through the unit system and the unfolding of the crystal by rotation. Even thought the Wright's works have the triangle, square, hexagonal shape, the way of the expansion from the centered space was same. Also the space formed by the division of the center space, unfolds making the part and whole by overlap and continuation. The 2nd Froebel make space decided by the Net and Crystal Lattices which have the crystal characteristics by the rotation. The new geometric architecture, pinwheel, was created by this method. The application of the Froebel in the Wright's works have the several sets which are the 3th, 4th, 5th, 6th Froebels, 2nd, 7th Froebels and the 3th, 5th, 9th Froebels. The geometrical analysis of the square shape and the diagonal shape of the Wright's works was possible. The unfolding of the centered space can be found in the Guggenheim Museum using the analysis of the circular geometric of the 9th Froebel. The above study proves that the Froebel was not a mere tool for the basic shape training but also the main body of Wright's works which consists of the organic idea and philosophy of the space.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국신재생에너지학회 2011년도 춘계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.127.1-127.1
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• 2011

In this paper, ZnO:Al thin films with c-axis preferred orientation were prepared on Soda lime glass substrates by RF magnetron sputtering technique. AZO thin film were prepared in order to clarify optimum conditions for growth of the thin film depending upon process, and then by changing a number of deposition conditions and substrate temperature conditions variously, structural and electrical characteristics were measured. For the manufacture of the AZO were vapor-deposited in the named order. It is well-known that post-annealing is an important method to improve crystal quality. For the annealing process, the dislocation nd other defects arise in the material and adsorption/decomposition occurs. The XRD patterns of the AZO films deposited with grey theory prediction design, annealed in a vacuum ambient($2.0{\times}10-3$Torr)at temperatures of 200, 300, 400 and $500^{\circ}C$ for a period of 30min. The diffraction patterns of all the films show the AZO films had a hexagonal wurtzite structure with a preferential orientation along the c-axis perpendicular to the substrate surface. As can be seen, the (002)peak intensities of the AZO films became more intense and sharper when the annealing temperature increased. On the other hand, When the annealing temperature was $500^{\circ}C$ the peak intensity decreased. The surface morphologies and surface toughness of films were examined by atomic force microscopy(AFM, XE-100, PSIA). Electrical resistivity, Gall mobility and carrier concentration were measured by Hall effect measuring system (HL5500PC, Accent optical Technology, USA). The optical absorption spectra of films in the ultraviolet-visibleinfrared( UV-Vis-IR) region were recorder by the UV spectrophotometer(U-3501, Hitachi, Japan). The resistivity, carrier concentration, and Hall mobility of ZnS deposited on glass substrate as a function of post-annealing.

• 한국방사선학회논문지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.11-17
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• 2010

요석은 고대 인류부터 지금 현재 인류까지 끊임없이 인간을 괴롭히고 있는 질병중의 하나이다. 하지만 딱히 예방법이 없어 문제가 생기면 비뇨기과적 치료가 절대적으로 필요한 질병이다. 이런 요석의 가장 큰문제점은 상당한 통증 과 구토, 발열등을 유발한다는 것이다. 통증은 요관을 통과 할 때나 요관이 요석으로 인한 심한 경련이 일어날 때 크게 일어난다. 이 통증은 마약성분이 강한 펜타닐 이나 페치딘 같은 강한 진통제에도 잘 잡히지 않는 경향이 있어 신속한 검사와 치료가 요구된다. 본 논문에서는 ESWL(Extracorpereal Shock Wave Lithotripsy)을 이용한 요석 치료시 특히 분쇄율은 낮고 환자의 통증은 심한 Proximal ureteral stone 과 Mid ureteral stone에 대해 각각의 여러 조건을 적용하여 최적의 치료방법과 최고의 분쇄율에 대하여 실험 과 연구를 하여 보았다. 실험결과 Proximal과 Mid ureter에 위치한 stone은 호흡에 의한 충격파의 적중률이 낮아 분쇄율이 distal ureter보다 낮았으나 방전interval을 줄임으로써 분쇄율을 높일 수 있었고, 낮은 방전 Power로 여러번 분쇄하는 것보다는 높은 방전 Power와 적절한 방전횟수로 분쇄를 하였을 때 ureter도 보호하면서 분쇄율이 높다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국전통조경학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.12-26
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• 2014

본 연구는 동궐도에 나타난 괴석의 배치를 바탕으로 조선시대 궁궐에 쓰인 괴석의 배석형식과 활용을 고찰한 것이다. 동궐도에서 축선을 보조하여 정형성을 형성하는 괴석 배열의 종류는 단식, 대식, 연식으로 구분된다. 단식은 기존 건축물을 통해 형성된 축선상에 괴석 1개를 배치하여 시각적 초점을 부여하거나 중심성을 강조하기 위해 사용되었다. 대식의 경우, 주로 건물 양옆에 괴석 2개를 대칭구도로 놓아 건축물에 질서와 위계를 부여하기 위해 사용되었다. 또한 세 개의 돌을 나열한 연식은 주석(主石)의 역할을 하는 가운데 돌이 축선 상에 놓여 강한 방향성과 정면성을 부여하는 방법으로 사용된다. 이러한 괴석 배치법은 수목의 배식에도 동일하게 적용되는 것으로, 수목의 요점식재와 대칭식재 방법에서 유사성이 발견되었다. 따라서 괴석과 수목은 장소의 성격과 규모에 따라 취사선택될 수 있으며, 축 형성과 정형적 공간창출의 효과는 근본적으로 같다고 할 수 있다. 이상의 결과를 바탕으로 동궐도 괴석의 배치 특성을 고찰한 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 괴석은 중요한 건물에 위계를 표현하기 위해 설치되어 구심적인 공간을 창출하는 수단으로 사용되었다. 둘째, 괴석간 거리는 가운데에 있는 건축물의 크기에 비례하여 조정되었으며, 이는 중심축과 좌우 대칭물 간의 비례적 균형구도를 통해 안정감을 부여하기 위함이었다. 셋째, 불규칙한 괴석의 외형이 규칙적인 대칭성을 형성하는데 제한요소가 되므로 석함을 활용하여 정형성을 더하였다. 넷째, 연식(3입식) 배치에서 가운데 괴석에 변화를 주어 중심성을 강조하였다. 다섯째, 괴석은 타 점경물의 종류와 배합 및 위치조정이 수월하도록 크기를 제한함으로써 얻어지는 이동성이 있었다. 여섯째, 사의적 대상으로 감상되던 궁궐 괴석은 근본적으로 수석과 동질적인 개념의 조형물 이었으며 감상되는 방법, 형태, 구성에서 같은 맥락으로 전개되었다. 일곱째, 연식으로 놓인 괴석은 짝수일 경우 균등분할 식으로 배치되며, 홀수일 경우 중심 괴석을 중심으로 나머지가 대칭하도록 배열하는 방법을 따랐다. 이상의 배석원칙은 조선 궁궐에서 괴석을 제작하고 활용했던 특징적인 방법으로 판단된다.