• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.32 no.7
• /
• pp.542-549
• /
• 2022

Polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) are flavonoids mainly found in citrus fruits and have been reported to exhibit a wide range of bioactivities, including anti-obesity, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammatory actions. To utilize PMFs as functional materials, it is necessary to develop a simple method of obtaining PMFs from citrus tissues containing a large amount of PMFs. It has been reported that Jinkyool (C. sunki Hort ex. Tanaka) peel contained a large amount of PMFs, but there are no studies on PMFs isolated from its leaves. In this study, we established a simple procedure for obtaining the PMF-rich fraction (PRF) from the leaves of Jinkyool and investigated the effects of PRF on lipid metabolism in 3T3-L1 cells. PRF inhibited lipogenesis during the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. It decreased the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR𝛾) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (CEBP𝛼), FAS, and adipocyte fatty-acid-binding protein 2 (aP2). In mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes, PRF increases the phosphorylation of protein kinase A (PKA)/hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), which are key factors involved in lipolysis. Moreover, it increases the phosphorylation of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) involved in fatty acid oxidation. These results suggest that PRF from Jinkyool leaves can be used as an anti-obesity agent with the action of inhibiting lipogenesis and promoting lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
• /
• v.29 no.1
• /
• pp.45-52
• /
• 2014

Objectives : The aim of this study was to investigate the effects water extract of fermented new korean medicinal mixture, combinations of Mori Folium, Adenophorae Radix, Phllostachyos Folium and Citri Pericarpium (F-MAPC), on adipocyte differentiation, adipogenesis and glucose uptake using undiffernentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes and L6 myoblasts. Methods : Each herb and those mixture were respectively fermented and then extracted with water. We carried on MTT assay for check-up on cell toxicity, Oil Red O staining for determination of cell differentiation and intracelluar adipogenesis. Western blot analysis for measurement of pAMPK and pACC, $C/EBP{\alpha}$, $PPAR{\gamma}$ and Glut-4 protein expressions were performed. Results : F-MAPC showed significant inhibitory activity on adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes without affecting cell toxicity as assessed by measuring fat accumulation, and this effect was 2 fold higher in 0.2 mg/ml F-MAPC than that of the same dose of each fermented herbal extract alone. In addition, these effects were associated with modulation of adipogenic transcription factors, such as $C/EBP{\alpha}$, $PPAR{\gamma}$, as well as stimulated phosphorylations of AMPK and ACC. Translocation of Glut-4 was significantly increased by 10.2% in L6 cells treated with 0.2 mg/ml F-MAPC compared with that of control. Conclusions : These results demonstrate that F-MAPC may be an ideal candidate for therapy of obesity and diabetes by disturbing the differentiation into adipocytes, as well as the inducement of intramuscular glucose uptake from blood.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
• /
• v.32 no.2
• /
• pp.19-36
• /
• 2022

Objectives This study is to investigate the effects and mechanisms of Imyo-san (IMS) on the obese mice model induced by high-fat diet. Methods Antioxidative capacity was measured by in vitro method. C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned into 5 groups (n=7). Normal group was fed general diet (Normal). The other 4 groups were fed high fat diet (HFD) with water (Control), with Garcinia gummi-gutta (GG, Garcinia gummi-gutta 200 mg/kg), with low-dose IMS (IMSL, Imyo-san 0.54 g/kg) and with high-dose IMS (IMSH, Imyo-san 1.08 g/kg). Results IMS showed high radical scavenging activity. After 6 week experiment, body weight, food intake, food efficiency ratio (FER), epididymal fat and liver weight, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1), phospho-acetyl-CoA carboxylase (p-ACC), fatty acid synthase (FAS), stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1), SREBP-2, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR), phospho-liver kinase B1 (p-LKB1), phospho-AMP-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor 𝛼 (PPAR𝛼), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor 𝛾 coactivator-1𝛼 (PGC-1𝛼), uncoupling protein-2 (UCP-2), carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT-1A), and histology of liver and epididymal fat were measured and analysed. Body weight gain, FER, liver and epididymal fat weight of IMS groups were significantly decreased. There were significant improvements in blood lipids with less TG, TC, LDL-cholesterol, VLDL-cholesterol and more HDL-cholesterol. Proteins associated with lipid synthesis (SREBP-1, p-ACC, FAS, SCD-1) and cholesterol (SREBP-2, HMGCR) was improved. Factors regulating lipid synthesis and lipid catabolism (p-LKBI, p-AMPK, PPARα, PGC-1α, UCP-2, CPT-1A) were increased. In histological examinations, IMS group had smaller fat droplets than control group. All results increased depending on concentration. Conclusions It can be suggested that IMS has anti-obesity effects with improving lipid metabolism.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.55 no.1
• /
• pp.36-46
• /
• 2022

Purpose: Quercetin is a polyphenolic flavonoid abundant in many fruits and vegetables. It has potential health-beneficial properties, such as antioxidant, anti-obesity, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the lipid metabolism improvement effect of quercetin affected the regulation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity and microRNA (miR)-21 expression in the liver of mice fed a high-cholesterol diet. Methods: Male C57BL/6J mice were fed with normal diet, quercetin-free diet and diets containing 0.05% or 0.1% quercetin for six weeks. Hypercholesterolemia was induced by adding 1% cholesterol and 0.5% cholic acid to all diets. Serum and liver triglyceride (TG), and total cholesterol (TC) concentrations were analyzed using a commercial enzymatic colorimetric kit. AMPK activity was quantified using an AMPK kinase assay kit. The levels of miR-21 and genes involved in lipid metabolism were measured by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results: Supplementation of quercetin reduced serum and hepatic TG and TC levels without changing body weight and food intake. Dietary quercetin significantly inhibited the mRNA levels of hepatic sterol-regulatory element binding protein-1c, acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 and fatty acid synthesis, which are involved in hepatic lipogenesis. Dietary quercetin enhanced AMPK activity and suppressed miR-21 expression, promoting hepatic lipid accumulation. Conclusion: These results suggest that the lipid-lowering effect of quercetin on the serum and liver of mice may be partially mediated by the regulation of lipogenic gene expression, AMPK activity and miR-21 expression in the liver of mice fed a high-cholesterol diet.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
• /
• v.32 no.4
• /
• pp.1-8
• /
• 2022

Objectives This study is to investigate the effects and mechanisms of Gastrodia elata extract (GEE) on the high-fat diet-induced obesity model. Methods C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned into 5 groups (n=10). Control group was fed normal diet (ND). Obesity group was fed 60% high fat diet (HFD). The other three groups were fed HFD with 100, 200, 500 mg/kg GEE. After five weeks, body weight, liver and epididymal fat weight, triglyceride concentration in liver and serum, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid synthase, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor 𝛾 (PPAR-𝛾), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein 𝛼 (C/EBP-𝛼) expression level, insulin concentration in serum were measured. Results The GEE (100, 200, and 500 mg/kg)-treated animals exhibited substantial decreases in body mass, liver weight and epididymal white adipose tissue collate to the HFD-fed group. GEE treatment also reduced hepatic and serum triglyceride level. Furthermore, GEE treatment significantly inhibited adipogenesis in the GEE group by reducing the protein expression of SREBP-1, ACC and the messenger RNA expression of PPAR𝛾, C/EBP-𝛼, which are adipocyte differentiation-related genes. Conclusions These research outcomes recommend that GEE is possibly valuable for the prevention of HFD-induced obesity via modification of various pathways related with adipogenesis and adipocyte differentiation.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
• /
• v.29 no.1
• /
• pp.187-194
• /
• 2024

In this study, we examined the effects of Rubus crataegifolius leaf on the inhibition of differentiation and adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes to confirm their potential for use as an anti-obesity functional material. Rubus crataegifolius leaves water extracted using hot water were then concentrated for use, with an extract yield of 4.76%. The result of measuring the rate of 3T3-L1 cell survival of Rubus crataegifolius leaf extract (RCLE) showed growth inhibition of 13% at a concentration of 1,000 ㎍/mL. Thus, in this study, experiments were performed using RCLE treatment concentrations up to 500 ㎍/mL. Production of triglycedie in 3T3-L1 cells showed a dose-dependent decrease, and the rate of reduction was 28.7, 40.8, and 51.6% at concentrations of 100, 300, and 500 ㎍/mL, respectively, compared to the control group. In addition, the results confirmed that suppression of lipogenesis was achieved by suppressing the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR γ), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBP α), sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), fatty acid synthase (FAS), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), and increasing the expression of p-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK). Based on these results, it is believed that Rubus crataegifolius leaf extract can be used in the effort to manage obesity by regulating factors related to adipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis.

• Herbal Formula Science
• /
• v.31 no.4
• /
• pp.231-243
• /
• 2023

Objectives : Jasminum officinale L. var. grandiflorum is used as a traditional or folk remedy in China to treat arthritis, hepatitis, duodenitis, conjunctivitis, gastritis, and diarrhea. In this study, we aimed to study the hepatocyte protective activity and molecular mechanism of Jasminum officinale L. var. grandiflorum aqueous extract (JGW) using HepG2 hepatocyte cell lines. Methods : HepG2 cells were pretreated with diverse concentrations of JGW, and then the cells were exposed to tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP) for inducing oxidative stress. Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) production, glutathione (GSH) concentration, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and cell viability were measured to investigate hepato-protective effects of JGW. Phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinases (AMPK), acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC) and effects of compound C on cell viability were examined to observe the role of AMPK on JGW-mediated cytoprotection. Results : Pretreatment with JGW (10-300 ㎍/mL) significantly suppressed cytotoxicity induced by tBHP in a concentration dependent manner and reduced the expression of cleaved PARP and cleaved caspase-3 proteins related to apoptosis in HepG2 cells. In addition, pretreatment with JGW significantly prevented the increase in H₂O₂ production, GSH depletion, and lower MMP induced by tBHP. Treatment with JGW (30 minutes of incubation and concentrations of 100 and 300 ㎍/mL) increased the phosphorylation of AMPK and ACC and treatment with compound C, a chemical inhibitor of AMPK, inhibited the cytoprotective effect of JGW. Conclusions : Our results demonstrated that JGW may protect hepatocytes from oxidative stress via activation of AMPK.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.57 no.2
• /
• pp.196-210
• /
• 2024

Purpose: This study investigated the anti-obesity effects of a combination of Syzygium aromaticum L. and Sorbus commixta Hedl. (SS) in vitro and in vivo. Methods: The extracts of Syzygium aromaticum extract (SA) and Sorbus commixta extract (SC) were prepared individually using distilled water. They were mixed in a 1:2 ratio for use in the experiment. To assess the anti-obesity potential of SS in vitro, we examined cell proliferation, cellular triglyceride (TG), and total cholesterol (TC) levels, as well as lipogenesis and β-oxidation in 3T3-L1 cells. To confirm its anti-obesity potential in vivo, C57BL/6J mice were fed a 60% high-fat diet (HFD) to induce obesity. SA alone, SC alone, and their combination compound, SS (at a dosage of 200 mg/kg) were orally administered for 6 weeks. Thereafter, to conduct a comparative evaluation, serum analysis, western blotting of liver tissues, and histopathological analysis were performed. Results: Both SS200 and SS400 significantly inhibited the cellular TG and TC contents in the 3T3-L1 cells. Furthermore, treatment of the cells with SS (at a dose 200 and 400 ㎍/mL) also led to a noticeable regulation of key lipogenic and β-oxidation factors. Treatment of obese mice with SS resulted in a greater reduction in serum leptin and TG levels compared to treatment with the individual compounds (SA and SC). Furthermore, activation of AMP-activated protein kinase α by SS treatment resulted in the suppression of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBP)-1, leading to the inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) expression. Conclusion: Our results suggest that SS may have the potential to prevent obesity through a reduction in the TG and TC levels and regulation of lipogenesis and β-oxidation.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
• /
• v.25 no.8A
• /
• pp.1124-1133
• /
• 2000

Advanced Intelligent Network Intelligent Peripheral (AIN IP) is one of the AIN elements which consist of Service Control Point (SCP), Service Switching Point (SSP), and IP for AIN services, such as play announcement, digit collect, voice recognition/synthesis, voice prompt and receipt. This paper, featuring ISUP/INAP protocols, describes the procedures for call setup/release bearer channels between SSP/SCP and IP, todeliver specialized resources through the bearer channels, and it describes the structure and procedure for AIN services such as Automatic Collect Call (ACC), Universal Personal Telecommunication (UPT), and teleVOTing(VOT). In this environments, the delay characteristics of If system is investigated as the performance analysis, Policy establishment.

• Animal cells and systems
• /
• v.5 no.4
• /
• pp.341-346
• /
• 2001

Hypertension is a complex disease with strong genetic influences. Essential hypertension has been shown to be associated with insulin resistance. To clarify the genetic basis of insulin resistance in Hypertension, case-control association studies were performed to examine candidate genes for insulin resistance in hypertension. Polymorphisms investigated were the BstO I polymorphism of the $\beta$3-adrenergic receptor (ADRB3) gene, the Xba I Polymorphism of the glycogen synthase (GSY) gene, the Dde I polymorphism of the protein phosphatase 1 G subuit (PP1G) gene, the BstE II polymorphism of the glucagon receptor (GCG-R) gene, the Pst 1 polymorphism of the insulin (INS) gene and the Acc I polymorphism of the glucokinase (GCK) gene. No significant differences were observed in the distribution of alleles and genotypes of the ADRB3, GSY PP1G, GCG-R, INS, and GCK genes between hypertensive and normotensive groups. Although the frequencies in each of these polymorphisms were not significantly different between essential hypertensive and normotensive individuals, our results may provide additional information for linkage analysis and associative studies of disorders in carbohydrate metabolism or in cardiovascular disease.