• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.382-390
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• 2008

This study was performed to evaluate the acute toxicity and residual toxicity of the 69 kinds of agrochemicals (41 insecticides, 18 fungicides, and 10 acaricides) against honeybee, Apis mellifera and bumblebee, Bombus terrestris. According to the IOBC standard, the toxicity showed below 30% was classified as non-toxic. Among 41 insecticides, five insecticides (acetamiprid, chlorfenapyr, thiacloprid, milbemectin, and buprofezin+amitraz) against the honeybee; eight insecticides (methomyl, thiodicarb, acetamiprid, chlorfenapyr, thiacloprid, abamectin, spino sad, buprofezin+amitraz) against the bumblebee did not show any toxic effect. Therefore, it thought to being safe. Other 18 fungicides and 10 acaricides were safe against the honeybee and bumblebee. In residual toxicity against the honeybee, eight insecticides (dichlorvos, methomyl, imidachlorprid, emamectin benzoate, spinosad, cartap hydrochloride, chlorfenapyr, and endosulfan) among 41 insecticides tested were safe at three days after treatment; however, sixteen insecticides (dimethoate, fenitrothion, fenthion, methidathion, phenthoate, pyraclofos, fenpropathrin, clothianidin, dinotefuran, thiamethoxam, abamectin, acetamiprid+ethofenprox, acetamiprid+indoxacarb, bifenthrin+imidacloprid, ethofenprox+phenthoate, imidacloprid+methiocarb) still remain high toxicity at eleven days after treatment. Against the bumblebee, residual toxicity showed as safe in seven insecticides (dimethoate, methidation, a-cypermethion, ethofenprox, indoxcarb, chlorpyrifos+a-cypennethrin, esfenvalerate+fenitrochion) at three days after treatment; however, eight insecticides (fenitrothion, pyraclofos, clothianidin, fipronil, acetamiprid+ethofenprox, chlorpyrifos+bifenthrin, ethofenprox+phenthoate, imidacloprid+methiocarb) still showed high toxicity at seven days after treatment. From above results, it will be useful information to select insecticides being safe and effective against the honeybee and bumblebee.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.328-333
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• 1995

Susceptibilies of tow-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) collected at 6 locations were assessed to 15 acaricides. The response to acaricides were almost similar in female adults and eggs. There were considerable difference in susceptibility depending on the acaricide treated and the region from which the population was collected. The population showing resistance ratio of more than 20 with respect to certain acaricide was regarded as a resistant population to the acaricide. The resistant populations in terms of female adult were as follows: Suwon population to azocyclotin, cyhexatin, and fenbutatin-oxide; Taejon population to dicofol and fenbutatin-oxide; Chongju population to dicofoll Chinju populatin to cyhexatin, dicofol, and fenbutatin-oxide. The resistant populations in terms of egg were as follows; Suwon population to bifenthrin, clofentezine, hexythiazox, and tetradifon; Kunwi, Chongju, and Kwangju populations to bifenthrin; Taejon population to amitraz and bifenthrin; Taejon populatin to amitraz and bifenthrin; Chinju population to amitraz, bifenthrin, clofentezine, dicofol, and tetradifon. However, the female adults and eggs of all field populations were susceptible to abamectin, chlorfenson, and fenpyroximate. This tendency was also reported previously in the susceptible strain from laboratory.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.230-236
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• 1994

Dicofol susceptible two-spotted spider mite(S) which was selected by 150 times of dicofol treatment showed 27 5-fold increase in resistance as compared to S strain. Inheritance of resistance and crossresistance in selected strain($R_d$) were investigated. There were differences oi susceptibility in the dicofol concentmtion-moltaliity relationships between $F_1$ progenies (R♀, XS♂, R♂, XS♀) obtained from reciprocal cross with the S strain and $R_d$, strain. Degree of dominance of the $F_1$ progenies (R♀, XS♂, R♂, XS♀) were -0.29 and -0.72 in adult females and -0.42 and -0.93 in adult males, respectively. These results suggest that inheritance of dicofol resistance is controlled by an incomplete recessive. $R_d$ strain exhibited a high level of cross resistance to amitraz, and also showed cross resistance to pyrethrotd acaricides, acrinathrin and bifenthnn. $R_d$ strain showed non-cross reslstancz to abamectin, chlolfenson, clofentezine, cyhexatm, fenbutatin oxlde, fenpyroximate, hexythiazox, monocrotophos, propargite and tetradifon, but negatively correlated cross-resistance to azocyclotin and fenbutatin oxide belonging to tin acaricides.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.7
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• pp.39-51
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• 1969

The study involved determination of resistance levels of spider mites ta argano-phosphates using topical application and slide dip techniques; laboratory serening tests of alternative acaricides using an O/P resistant strain and a field trial of the screened materials. 1. Strains of Tetranychus were from Timaru(TR), Havelock Narth (HNR), Lincaln (LN). Germany (GR, GN). Comparisons of the resistant strains and normal strains at the LD50 and LC50 levels were as follows : (a) Using the topical application tochnique; with Parathian. resistant levels of the GR. TR and HNR strains of T. urticae were respeativuly, 1035. 484 and 452 times as resistant' as the LN strain. (b) Using the slide dip technique; with Phosdrin, resistant of GR, TR and HNR strains of T. urticae were 635, 274 and 266 times greater respeativuly, than the GN strain. 2. The laboratory sereaning tests were carried out far their contact plus stomach and residual effect to assess the toxicities of eleven alternative materials which would be used far control of O/P resistant strain of T. urticae. The acaricide groups represented were 3 organo-chlorines (Spidex, Kelthane and C 8514), 2 nitrophenyls (UC 19786 and Morocide), 2 cyclic carbonates(Eradex and Morestan). I carbamate (UC2004 7A), 1 mixture of carbamate and orano-chlorine and 2 other chemicals (C 8677 and M2527). From all acaricide tested. Kelthane and Morocide were the most effective, folowed by Spidex and M2527. Morestan, C8514. C8677 and RS 143 were intermediate, but Eradex, UC 19786 and UC 20046A were poor. 3, The number of sapmles required for estimation of the population in the field evaluation of acaricidal effects was one giving the highest practical precision. It was decided, after preliminary sampling trials. to use samples of 30 leaves per replicate which gave a $5.7\%$ standard error. 4. In the field trials, Morocide applied at the $0.05\%\;and\; 0.04\%$ a. i. conc. to black currant trees gave excellent control of O/P resistant population of T. urticae for about 12 days, but Morocide 0.025 and Kel thane $0.02\%$ a. i. cone. gave efficient control for about 6 days. In other words. first applications of Kel thane ane Moroeide gave very high degrees of control of O/P resistant population of the two-spotted spider mite. However, the results indicate that secondary application would sometimes be necessary. There was no foliage damage of black Currants and strawberries by either acaricides at the concentrations used. Acknowledgment ... The authors are grateful to: Dr. R. P. pottinger, Senior Lecturer in Agricultural Zoology. Lincoln college. New Zealand. for his helpful assistance in aiding with the organization of thd field work. Department of agriculture officers for mite colonies. Mr. D. A. Slade, Technical Advisor. Fruitgrowers' Federation (now at Massey University) for his assistance and provision of mites for testing. Mr T. McRae of Timaru for permission to use his crops for field tests. The following chemical companies and I or their New Zealand agents for so readily supplying samples of acarides; Ivan Watkins-Dow Limited. Fruitgrowers Chemical Company Limited. Henry H. York & company (New Zealand). Shell Oil (New Zealand) Limited.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.192-196
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• 2008

This study examined the acaricidal activity of a new compound, K16776 against honeybee mite, Varroa destructor which is ecto-parasite of Apis mellifera. Acaricidal activity was performed using six acaricides, two Chinese commercial acaricides and one newly synthesized K16776 against V. destructor in the small container and in the bee hive. K16776 and amitraz exhibited 100% acaricidal activity against V. destructor without insecticidal toxicity to A. mellifera in the small container. The other acaricide was not activity. Applied to the bee hives, K16776 showed acaricidal activity as 98.7% ($250{\times}$) and 88.6% ($500{\times}$) and amitraz showed as 100% ($500{\times}$) and 90% ($1,000{\times}$), respectively. Made in China, Cao Suan Sha Man Pian and Wangs showed acaricidal activity as 56.9% and 66.7%, respectively. The result indicates that K16776 can be potentially useful control agent against honeybee mite, V. destructor.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.18-26
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• 2004

This study evaluated the impact of an AI heifer calf rearing scheme on dairy stock development, in a coconut grazing and a peri-urban smallholder dairy production system in the Western Province of Sri Lanka. The heifer rearing scheme included free advice on calf rearing, drugs, acaricides, minerals and subsidised concentrates for 30 months. The farmers in the coconut growing area integrate dairying with their plantation, they sell their milk to the main processors. The peri-urban farmers are intensive milk producers, who sell their milk at informal markets. To estimate the effect of the heifer rearing scheme on dairy replacement stock development, scheme farmers were compared with farmers who did not participate in the scheme. Calf mortality was twice as high in non-scheme farms (23-28%) as in scheme farms (12-14%). The scheme had a positive effect on weight development and scheme heifers calved 4.5 months earlier than non-scheme heifers. The calf rearing package is cost effective in both farming systems, however, the required cash inputs are a major constraint. The costs per in-calf heifer under the scheme are much lower than the production of such animals by either multiplication in state farms or importing them. The coconut grazing system showed the highest potential for producing surplus dairy stock.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.693-698
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• 1996

Haemaphysalis longiscornis is the common cattle tick of great economic importance in Korea. Chemical control using dips or sprays has been the traditional method of attempting to kill these ticks during the infestation period. However, the presence of resistant forms to chemical, the rising costs of acaricides and environmental problems have made it almost impossible to use these chemicals on a regular basis according to the pest problem. For this reason, vaccination against ticks and breeding for host resistance against ticks are being studied. In order to determine the common proteins and antigens according to developmental stages, SDS-PAGE and western blotting were performed. In SDS-PAGE 103.3kD and 98.3kD proteins were observed as common proteins, and these proteins were observed as common antigens in western blotting. Unimmunized rabbits were infestated three times with H longicornis. The weight of the second and the third engorged ticks were 0.153g and 0.104g respectively. This weight is 69% and 47% of the first engorged ticks weight respectively. Immunized rabbits by adult ticks antigen and control were infested with H longicornis. The control taked 3-4 days to fully engorge, but the immunized rabbits taked about 7 days. So adult tick antigen may be effective to render the immunity to host.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.37.1-37.5
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• 2020

Poultry red mites (PRMs), Dermanyssus gallinae, are one of the most harmful ectoparasites of laying hens. Because of their public health impact, safe, effective methods to eradicate PRMs are greatly needed. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) was shown to eradicate phytophagous mites; however, there is no evidence that PRMs can be eradicated by CO₂. Thus, the efficacy of CO₂, applied by direct-spraying and dry ice-generated exposure, for eradicating PRMs was investigated. Both treatments eradicated > 85% of PRMs within 24 h and 100% of PRMs by 120 h of post-treatment. Therefore, these novel approaches may be useful for eradicating PRMs in clinical settings.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.11
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• pp.1663-1670
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to determine the perceptions and knowledge of farmers of heat stress and tick resistance in cattle. A cross-sectional survey was conducted and 110 farmers in four villages in the sour and sweet velds of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa were interviewed. The associations among area (municipality), gender, age, level of education, employment and religion were computed using Chi-square tests. The majority of the respondents had on average 4 bulls, 4 cows, 4 heifers, 4 calves, and 4 oxen. Milk was considered as the major (28.3%) reason for keeping cattle. Most farmers owned non-descript (72.6%), and Nguni (45.3%) cattle because of their heat tolerance (54.7%), tick resistance (54.7%), and milking ability (28.2%) traits. Excessive panting (56.6%) and disease transmission (76%) were regarded as the major effects of heat stress and tick infestation in cattle, respectively. About 50% of the respondents agreed that hair length influences tick resistance and 47.17% considered coat colour when acquiring cattle. In the sampled areas, ticks were prevalent in the summer season (93%), and 77.36% of the respondents use acaricides every fortnight. Gall sickness was reported to be a major problem in the cattle herds by 36.79% of the respondents. Our results showed that farmers in the two municipalities had knowledge of cattle adaptation to heat stress and tick resistance.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.355-360
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• 2016

The insecticidal activities of the essential oils of Artemisia vulgaris, Achillea millefolium, Anethum graveolens, Cimicifuga heracleifolia, Citrus paradisi, Chrysanthemum indicum, Eucalyptus dives, Neroli bigard, Nigella sativa, and Ruta graveolens against stored-grain insects, Plodia interpunctella and Tribolium castaneum larvae and adults were evaluated using fumigant and contact bioassays. Based on the $LD_{50}$ values in fumigant bioassay, A. millefolium ($0.12{\mu}g/cm^3$) and A. graveolens ($93.14{\mu}g\;cm^{-3}$) oil were most effective against P. interpunctella and T. castaneum adults. In addition, N. bigard ($139.11{\mu}g\;cm^{-3}$) and A. graveolens ($52.87{\mu}g\;cm^{-3}$) oil exhibit strong insecticidal activities against P. interpunctella and Tribolium castaneum larvae in contact bioassay. These results indicate that A. millefolium, A. graveolens, N. bigard, and A. graveolens oils could be effective natural acaricides for managing stored-grain insects, P. interpunctella and T. castaneum.