• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.631-634
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• 2004

The oils of Acorus gramineus, Cinnamomum sieboldii, Eugenia aromatica, and Inula helenium were tested for their acaricidal activity against Dermatophagoides farinae and D. pteronyssinus. Responses varied according to dose and mite species. As compared to the oils, the oil most toxic to D. farinae and D. pteronyssinus was E. aromatica, followed by C. sieboldii, A. gramineus, and I. helenium. On the basis of $LD_{50}$ values of the oils in A. gramineus, C. sieboldii, and E. aromatica, the compound most toxic against D. farinae and D. pteronyssinus was eugenol congeners (isoeugenol>eugenol>acetyleugenol) followed by benzyl benzoate, salicylaldehyde, safro1, DEET, cinnamyl alcohol, and 3-carene. As a naturally occurring acaricide, these oils and eugenol congeners could be useful as new acaricidal agents against Dermatophagoides spp.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제59권2호
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• pp.125-128
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• 2016

The chemical compositions of the essential oil extracted from Albizziae julibrissin barks were analyzed by Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry spectrometry. Fourteen components were identified, representing 89.23 % of the total oil composition. The analysis of the essential oil revealed that the essential oil contains 14 compounds, accounting for 89.23 % of the total oil. Hexanoic acid was the principal component (41.43 %) of the essential oil, followed by 4,4,6-trimethyl-cyclohex-2-en-1-ol (11.16 %), palmitic acid (9.00 %), 2-pentylfuran (5.66 %), 2-butyl-2-octenal (4.12 %), linoleic acid (3.10%), amyl hexanoate (3.01%), (E,E)-2,4-decadienal (2.49 %), 2-hexylthiophene (2.47 %), caprylic acid (2.13 %), ${\delta}-undecalactone$ (1.52 %), heptanoic acid (1.27 %), 3,5-octadien-2-ol (0.99 %), and 2-octenal (0.88 %). The acaricidal activity of the A. julibrissin oil was tested against Dermatophagoides farina, D. pteronyssinus and Tyrophagus putrescentiae by the fumigant bioassay. Based on the $LD_{50}$ values, the essential oil exhibited strong acaricidal activities against D. farinae ($LD_{50}$, $4.88{\mu}g/cm^3$), D. pteronyssinus ($2.44{\mu}g/cm^3$), and T. putrescentiae ($1.22{\mu}g/cm^3$). These results indicate that A. julibrissin oil could be a source of acaricidal agents for mite control.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.263-268
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• 2009

닭진드기 성충에 대한 대회향 열매에서 유래한 추출물들의 살비활성 직접접촉법을 이용해서 조사하였다. 실내시험에서 대회향 메탄올 추출물의 높은 활성이 관찰되었기 때문에 그것의 살비활성 본체를 탐색하였다. 그 결과를 현재 사용되고 있는 살비제들인 디클로르보스, 다이아지논 그리고 카바릴과 비교하였다. 칼럼크로마토그라피를 이용해서 대회향 열매의 살비활성 본체를 분리하였고 이것을 GC-MS를 이용해 (E)-아네톨로 규명하였다. 이 활성물질과 비슷한 구조를 갖고 있는 12종의 화합물들의 살비활성과 아네톨의 활성을 $LD_{50}$ 값을 기준하여 비교하였다. 그 결과 2종의 네오멘솔 이성체들이 아네톨보다 강한 활성을 보였고 (0.01 $mg/cm^2$), 2종 멘솔 이성체들, (${\pm}$-이소보르네올, (-)-멘손, 그리고 (1S)-엔도-(-)-보르네올이 비슷한 활성을 보였으며 (0.02 $mg/cm^2$), (1R)-(+)-캠퍼와 (+)-멘손은 아네톨 보다 약한 활성을 나타냈다. 이들 화합물 모두는 각각 0.05 그리고 > 0.2 $mg/cm^2$의 값을 보인 다이아지논과 카바릴보다 더 우수한 활성을 보였지만, 디클로르보스의 활성 (0.0002 $mg/cm^2$)에는 미치지 못했다. 이상의 결과들은 대회향 열매 유래 물질들과 시험한 물질들이 닭진드기의 야외 개체군들을 방제하는데 유용할 수 있다는 것을 보여준다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.314-321
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• 2008

Acaricidal effects of materials derived from Diospyros kaki roots against Dermatophagoides farinae and D. pteronyssinus were assessed using impregnated fabric disk bioassay and compared with that of the commercial benzyl benzoate. The observed responses varied according to dosage and mite species. The $LD_{50}$ values of the chloroform extract of Diospyros kaki roots were 1.66 and $0.96{\mu}g/cm^2$ against D. farinae and D. pteronyssinus. The chloroform extract of Diospyros kaki roots was approximately 15.2 more toxic than benzyl benzoate against D. farinae, and 7.6 times more toxic against D. pteronyssinus. Purification of the biologically active constituent from D. kaki roots was done by using silica gel chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. The structure of the acaricidal component was analyzed by GC-MS, $^1H-NMR,\;^{13}C-NMR,\;^1H-^{13}C$ COSY-NMR, and DEPT-NMR spectra, and identified as plumbagin. The acaricidal activity of plumbagin and its derivatives (naphthazarin, dichlon, 2,3-dibromo-1,4-naphthoquinone, and 2-bromo-1,4-naphthoquinone) was examined. On the basis of $LD_{50}$ values, the most toxic compound against D. farinae was naphthazarin $(0.011{\mu}g/cm^2)$ followed by plumbagin $(0.019{\mu}g/cm^2),$ 2-bromo-1,4-naphthoquinone $(0.079{\mu}g/cm^2)$, dichlon $(0.422{\mu}g/cm^2)$, and benzyl benzoate $(9.14{\mu}g/cm^2)$. Additionally, the skin color of the dust mites was changed from colorless-transparent to dark brown-black by the treatment of plumbagin. Similar results have been exhibited in its derivatives (naphthazarin, dichlon, and 2-bromo-1,4-naphthoquinone). In contrast, little or no discoloration was observed for benzyl benzoate. From this point of view, plumbagin and its derivatives can be very useful for the potential control agents, lead compounds, and indicator of house dust mites.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제17권8호
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• pp.1394-1398
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• 2007

Acaricidal activity of the active constituent derived from Pyrus ussuriensis fruits against Dermatophagoides farinae and D. pteronyssinus was examined and compared with that of the commercial benzyl benzoate. The $LD_{50}$ value of the ethyl acetate fraction obtained from the aqueous extract of P. ussuriensis fruits was 9.51 and $8.59{\mu}g/cm^3$ against D. farinae and D. pteronyssinus, respectively. The active constituent was identified as quinone by spectroscopic analyses. On the basis of $LD_{50}$ values with quinone and its congeners, the compound most toxic against D. farinae was quinone ($1.19{\mu}g/cm^3$), followed by quinaldine (1.46), benzyl benzoate (9.32), 4-quinolinol (86.55), quinine (89.16), and 2-quinolinol (91.13). Against D. pteronyssinus, these were quinone ($1.02{\mu}g/cm^3$), followed by quinaldine (1.29), benzyl benzoate (8.54), 4-quinolinol (78.63), quinine (82.33), and 2-quinolinol (86.24). These results indicate that the acaricidal activity of the aqueous extracts can be mostly attributed to quinone. Quinone was about 7.8 and 8.4 times more toxic than benzyl benzoate against D. farinae and D. pteronyssinus. Additionally, quinaldine was about 6.4 and 6.6 times more toxic than benzyl benzoate against D. farinae and D. pteronyssinus, respectively. Furthermore, the skin color of the dust mites was changed from colorless-transparent to dark brown-black by the treatment of quinone. These results indicate that quinone can be very useful as potential control agents, lead compounds, or the indicator of house dust mites.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제61권4호
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• pp.423-428
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• 2018

산해박 뿌리 정유 추출물에 대한 장내 미생물 5종(Bifidobacterium bifidum, B. longum, C. perfringens, E. coli 및 L. casei)의 항균활성 및 작은소피참진드기(Haemaphysalis longicornis)의 살비활성을 검정하였다. 산해박 정유는 20.0 mg/disc에서 유해균 2종(C. perfringens 및 E. coli)에 대해 항균활성을 확인하였으나, 작은소피참진드기에는 살비활성을 나타내지 않았다. GC-MS 분석을 통해 얻어진 구성성분 중에 2'-hydroxy-5'-methoxyacetophenone이 유해균 2종에 대해서 10.0 mg/disc에서 각각 12.1 및 12.0 mm의 inhibition zone이 나타난 것을 확인하였다. 이와 같은 결과로 인하여 2'-hydroxy-5'-methoxyacetophenone 유도 화합물들의 구조에 따른 항균활성을 검정하고자 acetophenone 계열 유도체 10종(acetophenone, 2'-hydroxyacetophenone, 4'-hydroxyacetophenone, 2'-methoxyacetophenone, 4'-methoxyacetophenone, 2',4'-dihydroxyacetophenone, 2',5'-dihydroxyacetophenone, 2',4'-dimethoxyacetophenone, 2',5'-dimethoxyacetophenone 및 2'-hydroxy-4'-methoxyacetophenone)과 비교 실험한 결과, methyl group이 포함된 acetophenone 유도화합물에서는 유해균 2종에 대해 항균활성을 나타내었으며, 장내유익균에 대해서는 영향을 미치지 않았다. 그러나 hydroxyl group이 포함된 acetophenone 유도화합물에서는 장내 미생물에 대해 항균 활성이 전혀 나타내지 않았다. 이상의 결과를 통해 산해박 정유와 구성성분 2'-hydroxy-5'-methoxyacetophenone 및 그 유도체는 천연 장내 세균총 개선제로서의 가능성을 제시하였다.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.87-92
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• 2009

The avoidance of the allergen of the house dust mite is one of the challenges to reduce and treat the symptoms of allergic diseases. Accordingly, various acaricidal agents are being used to kill the mite, but just killing it leaves the remains of it, which still act as the allergen. Therefore expelling the mite is thought as best policy to avoid the mite allergen. For this, some materials have been applied to repellent agents against the mite. Among them, a material with natural origin, known as the phytoncide, is being used for its repellent activity, as well as for its benefits for health. In this experiment, essential oils extracted from Korean white pine (Pinus koreaiensis S. et Z.) and hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa), which are widely used as the source of phytoncide products, are studied for demonstration of the repellent effect against the house dust mites, Dermatophagoides farinae and D. pteronyssinus. Direct contact method was used to evaluate the repellent effect (%). And the results suggest the oils have a significant effect enough to be used as a source of repellent agent. For the repellent effect, the most effective concentration was $0.5{\mu}l/cm^2$ at 45 minutes both in the white pine and the hinoki oil.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제7권
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• pp.39-51
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• 1969

The study involved determination of resistance levels of spider mites ta argano-phosphates using topical application and slide dip techniques; laboratory serening tests of alternative acaricides using an O/P resistant strain and a field trial of the screened materials. 1. Strains of Tetranychus were from Timaru(TR), Havelock Narth (HNR), Lincaln (LN). Germany (GR, GN). Comparisons of the resistant strains and normal strains at the LD50 and LC50 levels were as follows : (a) Using the topical application tochnique; with Parathian. resistant levels of the GR. TR and HNR strains of T. urticae were respeativuly, 1035. 484 and 452 times as resistant' as the LN strain. (b) Using the slide dip technique; with Phosdrin, resistant of GR, TR and HNR strains of T. urticae were 635, 274 and 266 times greater respeativuly, than the GN strain. 2. The laboratory sereaning tests were carried out far their contact plus stomach and residual effect to assess the toxicities of eleven alternative materials which would be used far control of O/P resistant strain of T. urticae. The acaricide groups represented were 3 organo-chlorines (Spidex, Kelthane and C 8514), 2 nitrophenyls (UC 19786 and Morocide), 2 cyclic carbonates(Eradex and Morestan). I carbamate (UC2004 7A), 1 mixture of carbamate and orano-chlorine and 2 other chemicals (C 8677 and M2527). From all acaricide tested. Kelthane and Morocide were the most effective, folowed by Spidex and M2527. Morestan, C8514. C8677 and RS 143 were intermediate, but Eradex, UC 19786 and UC 20046A were poor. 3, The number of sapmles required for estimation of the population in the field evaluation of acaricidal effects was one giving the highest practical precision. It was decided, after preliminary sampling trials. to use samples of 30 leaves per replicate which gave a $5.7\%$ standard error. 4. In the field trials, Morocide applied at the $0.05\%\;and\; 0.04\%$ a. i. conc. to black currant trees gave excellent control of O/P resistant population of T. urticae for about 12 days, but Morocide 0.025 and Kel thane $0.02\%$ a. i. cone. gave efficient control for about 6 days. In other words. first applications of Kel thane ane Moroeide gave very high degrees of control of O/P resistant population of the two-spotted spider mite. However, the results indicate that secondary application would sometimes be necessary. There was no foliage damage of black Currants and strawberries by either acaricides at the concentrations used. Acknowledgment ... The authors are grateful to: Dr. R. P. pottinger, Senior Lecturer in Agricultural Zoology. Lincoln college. New Zealand. for his helpful assistance in aiding with the organization of thd field work. Department of agriculture officers for mite colonies. Mr. D. A. Slade, Technical Advisor. Fruitgrowers' Federation (now at Massey University) for his assistance and provision of mites for testing. Mr T. McRae of Timaru for permission to use his crops for field tests. The following chemical companies and I or their New Zealand agents for so readily supplying samples of acarides; Ivan Watkins-Dow Limited. Fruitgrowers Chemical Company Limited. Henry H. York & company (New Zealand). Shell Oil (New Zealand) Limited.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.137-150
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• 2007

피톤치드란 '산림향' 이라고 부르는, 나무가 갖는 특유의 향을 발산하는 휘발성 화학물질로서, 우리 몸을 쾌적하게 해 줄 뿐만 아니라 항균, 방충, 소취 등 다양한 기능을 가지고 있다. 치주질환과 구취를 유발시키는 중요한 원인균인 P. gingivalis에 대한 피톤치드의 항균효과와 항균작용을 연구하기 위하여, 편백 피톤치드와 함께 P. gingivalis 2561을 배양한 후 P. gingivalis 2561의 성장정도, 생존력 및 형태적, 분자생물학적 변화를 관찰하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 피톤치드는 P. gingivalis에 매우 강한 항균력을 보였고, 이 항균력은 살균작용에 의한 것으로 나타났다. P. gingivalis에 대한 피톤치드의 최소억제농도는 0.008%, 최소살균농도는 0.01%로 결정되었다. 2. 피톤치드와 함께 배양된 P. gingivalis는 ampicillin, cefatoxime, penicillin, tetracycline에 대한 감수성이 변하지 않았으나 amoxicillin에 대한 감수성은 증가하였다. 3. 피톤치드와 같이 배양된 P. gingivalis를 투과전자현미경으로 관찰한 결과, 핵이 뚜렷해지고 전자밀도가 높은 과립이 증가하였고 리보솜이 세포질 가장 자리로 분포하였으며, 피톤치드 양이 증가할 수록 유령세포, 특히 소포가 특징적으로 크게 증가하였다. 4. RT-PCR 분석 결과, 피톤치드는 P. gingivalis의 superoxide dismutase의 발현을 억제하는 것으로 나타났다. 5. SDS-PAGE와 immunoblot 분석 결과, 피톤치드는 P. gingivalis의 단백질 발현에 큰 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과로 미루어 피톤치드는 P. gingivalis에 대해 강한 항균효과를 갖고 있으며 이것은 살균작용에 의한 것으로 판단된다. 즉, 피톤치드는 단백질 발현에는 영향을 미치지 못하지만 P. gingivalis의 항산화물질 생산능력을 감소시키거나 아직 밝혀지지 않은 기전을 통해 스트레스 상황을 유도하여 생존능력을 억제하여 결과적으로 세균세포의 구조적 형태 변화와 함께 사멸을 유도하는 것으로 사료된다.