• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.412-417
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• 2018

Agroforestry is emerged as climate smart agriculture system and known to help in maintaining soil nutrient sustainability but its rate of expansion is still not appreciable. The present paper incorporates the different species under various agroforestry practices its density, growth and growing stock. The most dominated agroforestry practices in Bilaspur district identified as boundary tree based agri- silviculture (32%) followed with inside field tree based agri-silviculture (21%). Agri-horti-silvicultural system found merely in 5% farmer's field while silvo-pastoral practice in 8% fields. The result depicts that the most prevailing agroforestry tree species in non-forest area of Bilaspur comprises Acacia nilotica 36%, Butea monosperma 22%, Albizia spp 16%, Terminalia arjuna 7%, Azadirachta indica 3.5% and other species 15.5%. More than 90% farmer allows tree species growing naturally in their fields mainly for fuel wood, timber and as source of additional income as these species need not require special attention and care, while only 5% farmer's has adopted Tectona grandis, Dalbergia sissoo etc commercially for higher future return. The paper also discusses the constraints on agroforestry for enabling development of agroforestry in future.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.21 no.5_3
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• pp.603-631
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• 1998

Flora and distribution of vascular plants included introduced species of Mt. Nam park in Seoul were investigated from 1997 to 1998. The flora was composed of 112 families, 338 genera, 487 species, 1 subspecies, 60 varieties, 11 forma or 559 taca. Whole taxa of Mt. Nam calculated with the other reports were recorded 125 families, 461 genera, 832 species, 2 subspecies, 115 varieties, 14 forma or 963 taxa. Mt. nam area has lost its properties because of road and promenade construction, several park reclaimation, introduction of foreign species and exotic plants, and so on. The urbanized index (UI) was comparatively high at 18.3%. Eupatorium rugosum which shown high shade tolerance comparatively was occupied dominantly in road sides. The natural ecosystem and biodiversity of Mt. Nam were under threatened by introduced species. DBH mode of Pinus densiflora community was shown bell shape but that of Quercus mongolica was shown reverse J shape, therefore, it will be occupied in the future this area dominantly by Q. mongolica community. However the vegetation of Mt. nam park area are repressing by superior position in their growth of introduced species included R. pseudo-acacia, Ailanthus altissima and E. rugosum, etc.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.324-335
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• 2019

Timber from plantation forests has inferior physical and mechanical properties compared to timber from natural forest because it is mostly from fast-growing tree species that are cut at a young age. Filling cell voids with methyl methacrylate (MMA) can improve the wood properties. The purpose of this study was to determine the physical and mechanical properties of MMA-impregnated wood from three fast-growing wood species, namely jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq.), mangium (Acacia mangium Willd) and pine (Pinus merkusii Jungh. & de Vriese). Wood samples were either immersed in MMA monomer or impregnated with it and then heated to induce the polymerization process. Jabon, which was the lowest density wood, had the highest polymer loading, followed by pine and mangium. The physical and mechanical properties of samples were affected by wood species and the presence of MMA, with higher-density wood having better properties than wood with a lower density. Physical and mechanical properties of MMA wood were enhanced compared to untreated wood. Furthermore, the impregnation process was better than immersion process resulting the physical and mechanical properties. Based on MOR values, the MMA woods were one strength class higher compared to untreated wood with regard to Strength Classification of Indonesian Wood.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.439-457
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• 1993

The present study was undertaken to classify and describe the forest vegetation on Imha-dam area, located at the northern part of Kyungsang-pookdo, Korea by the phytosociological method of the Z-M school. The field investigations were carried out in 60 plots around the dam area from May 1, 1991 to October 10, 1992. The vegetation data obtained were classified by the table comparison method. As a result, the following vegetation units were recognized: A. Pinus densiflova community A-a. Miscanthus sinensis group A-b. Carex humilzs group A-c. Typical group B. Quercetum variabili-serratae Kobayashi, Muranaga et Takeda 1976 C. Robinin pseudo-acacia-Conzmeli~ta comnzultis community D. Larix leptolepis community The vascular plant species of these forest communities consist of 63 families, 144 genera, 191 species and 30 varieties. Also the relationship of the vegetation units with their environments such as altitude, slope, topography and soil condition was discussed here. On the basis of the floristic composition, life-form spectrum and soil analysis, a sere for the forest vegetation was proposed as follows: Rohinia pseitdo-acacia-Conz~neli~za communis community and Larix leptolepis community $\rightarrow$ Pinus densiflora community $\rightarrow$ Quercetunz variahili-serratae $\rightarrow$ Quercus mongolica community. Lastly, relating to the nature conservation of dam area, some of plans were discussed.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.527-538
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• 2009

A village grove is the one fostered and protected for a district's traditional life near the vicinity of a ruderal village. This research is done to grasp potential natural vegetation, to use a basis data needed for its management and preservation as well as restoration project by examining the vegetation and flora targeting a village grove of the southern district of Gyeonggi-do which has been seriously damaged subsequent to a rapidly progressing city development. According to the survey, there appeared an outgrowth flora of Pteridophyta consisting of 69 families, 136 genera, 20 varieties, 3 forms, 170 species-totalling to 193 taxa. Urbanization index was revealed to 4.55% and naturalization rate 6.74%. In life-cycle pattern, perennials were found to show the highest distribution rate; in infiltration-multiplication strategies, human wave tactics type was found to be the highest 51%, consisting of 98 species, and naturalization rate also was revealed to be 6.74%. The vegetation unit was divided into a total of 11 patterns, such as a community of Pinus densiflora community, Pinus densiflora-Pinus rigida community, Pinus densiflora-Castanea crenata community, Pinus rigida community, Pinus rigida-Castanea crenata community, Pinus rigida-Quercus acutissima community, Castanea crenata community, Castanea crenata-Quercus acutissima community, Quercus acutissima community, Quercus acutissima-Robinia pseudo-acacia community and Robinia pseudo-acacia community. Quercus acutissima community is of a community type dominated by Quercus acutissima, in place of Pinus densiflora community selected by natural succession.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.139-148
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• 1993

The present experiments have been conducted to find out the plant's growth environments habitate, mode of life, characteristic of photosynthesis, habit of growth and propagation. The results of this study are as follows: 1. Sambucus williamsii var. Coreana distributes around all sides of native site without having any relation to altitude, inclination and direction. 2. In the native site, Robinia pseudo - acacia and its neighboring species were Prunus yedoensis, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Lindera obtusiloba and Staphylea bumalda. From 21 to 41 types of species were located in the vegetation of the quadrat area. 3. According to the variation of leaf temperature with the result of the change of net photosynthetic rate, the optimum temperature for growth is $25^{\circ}C$. 4. The rooted rate of vegetative propagation was the highest at 100ppm IBA plot and the lowest at 200ppm BA plot. 5. The rooted rates of Sambucus williamsii var. coreana in perlite 50% bed, vermiculite bed and peatmoss 50%+sand 50% bed are higher than others.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.382-391
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• 2004

This study was conducted to establish the effective and systematic counter plan of conservation by analyzing vegetation on Korean endemic plants and rare and endangered plants, Abeliophyllum distichum, habitats and to present the raw data and direction on counter plan of restoration. The dominant species of tree layers were Platycarya strobilacea(Goesan-gun Chujeom-ri I), Pinus densiflora(Goesan-gun Songdeok-ri II and Yulji-ri III), Robinia pseudo-acacia(Yeongdong-eup Maechon-ri IV), Quercus variabilis(Jincheon-gun Yongjeong-ri V) and Pinus densiflora$.$Quercus variabilis(Buan-gun Junggye-ri Ⅵ). Subtree layers were dominated by Quercus dentata(1st site), Quercus serratu(2nd site), Quercus acutissima(3rd site), Robinia pseudo-acacia(4th site), Zelkova serrata(5th site) and Quercus variabilis(6th site). And the dominant species of shrub layers were Lindera obtusiloba(1st and 5th site), Lespedeza bicolor(2nd site), Stephunandra incisa(3rd site), Quercus aliena(4th site) and Rhododendron schlippen-bachii(6th site). The dominant species of herb layers were surveyed Humulus japonicus$.$Pueraria thunbergiana(1st site), Oplismenus undulatifolius(2nd and 4th site), Carex siderosticta$.$Pueraria thunbergiana(3rd site), Streptolirion cordifolium$.$Humulus japonicus(5th site) and Sasa borealis(6th site). Among the surveyed sites, the Goesan-gun Yulji-ri supremely abounded in species and individuals, and there was surveyed each 21 species and 116 individuals. As well, this site showed the highest H'(1.123) and H'$_{max}$(1.322). Therefore, Goesan-gun Yulji-ri formed diverse vegetation and Yeongdong-eup Maechon-ri and Buan-gun Junggye-ri showed relatively poor vegetation.ation.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.77 no.2
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• pp.223-228
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• 1988

To select $SO_2$-resistant tree species, leaf disks of 6mm in diameter, cut from the leaves of 6 species (Wistaria floribunda, Magnolia obovata, Rosa multiflora, Liriodendron tulipifera, Robinia pseudo-acacia and Acer palmatum) were floated on 25ml of testing medium and placed on laboratory under fluorescent lamp (1,500 Lux) for 20 hours. Chlorophyll content and acidity of the testing medium were measured. Testing medium was prepared by diluting $H_2SO_4$, $H_2SO_3$ and $Na_2SO_4$ with distilled water for various stoichiometric $SO_2$ concentrations, 0, 25, 50, 100 and 250 ppm. Total chlorophyll content was more decreased after treatment than before treatment, and was decreased more severely in $H_2SO_3$ sources, followed by $H_2SO_4$ and $Na_2SO_4$, sources. Decreasing rate of total chlorophyll content was generally large in Acer palmatum. Magnolia obovata and Wistaria floribunda, and was relatively small in Rosa multiflora, Liriodendron tulipifera and Robinia pseudo-acacia. Decreasing rate of chlorophyll content may be useful index for judging susceptifility of the leaf to $SO_2$. The acidity of the testing medium was generally decreased after treatment, and it means that cell leakage was occurred during treatment. The differences in medium acidity between before and after treatment may be poot index for susceptibility of the leaf to $SO_2$ owing to the difference among tree species in development of leaf mesophyll, acidity maintaining mechanism and butter capacity of the leaf tissue.

• Mycobiology
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.317-320
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• 2011

Honey production from approximately 1.6 million colonies owned by about 199,000 Korean beekeepers was almost 23,000 metric tons in 2009. Nosema causes significant losses in honey production and the virus decreases population size. We initiated a survey of honey bee colonies on the blooming period of Acacia to determine the prevalence of Nosema and virus in 2011. Most Korean beekeepers have moved from the south to north of Korea to get Acacia nectar for 2 mon. This provided a valuable opportunity to sample bees originating from diverse areas in one location. Twenty hives owned by 18 beekeepers were sampled in this year. Nosema spore counts ranged from zero to 1,710,000 spores per bee. The average number of nosema spores per bee was 580,000. Approximately 95% of the colonies were infected with Nosema, based on the presence of spores in the flowering period of Acacia. This indicates that Nosema is the predominant species affecting honeybee colonies. Also, the seven most important honeybee viruses were investigated by reverse transcription-PCR. Among them, four different viruses were detected in samples. Black queen cell virus was present in all samples. Chronic bee paralysis virus was detected in 10% of samples. Deformed wing virus was present in only 5% of the samples. Prevalence of Sacbrood virus was 15%. However, Cloudy wing virus, Israel acute paralysis virus and kashmir bee virus were not detected in any of samples.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.251-259
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• 2005

Three different floras(M. sinsinsis, A. vulgaris, Robinia pseudo-acacia) were collected from the granite(GR) and coal bearing shale area(CB) and analysed for their heavy metal elements with the representative soils. Regardless of the flora species, the CB were high in average contents. Among the correlation relationships, the CB were more distinctive than the GR, and the A. vulgaris showed higher correlations than the M. sinsinsis. In the same soils, the A. vutgaris showed high contents than the M. sinsinsis and Robinia pseudo-acacia, and the M. sinsinsis were high relative to the Robinia pseudo-acacia. In the comparisons of the flora, root parts were high in most of the elements except for Zn. In the soils, the CB were high in most of elements while As and Mo showed different contents between the GR and CB. In the comparison between soil and flora, soils of the GR were high in the V and Sc contents and low in Zn and Cu, while those of the CR were high in the Cr, V and Sc contents, and low in the Zn contents, Comparing with the soil contents, the M, sinsinsis in the GR were similar to Co and V contents while, in the CB, the M. sinsinsis were similar to the Ni, Cr, Co, Zn, Mo contents, and the Robinia pseudo-acacia were similar to the Ni, Zn, Cu contents. Overall results suggested that the M. sinsinsis and A. vulgaris should be eligible for the bioremediation of the soils polluted by heavy metal such as the CB.