• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.203-213
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• 2005

Oxytetracycline, tetracycline, chlortetracycline and doxycycline in honey were separated by solid phase extraction (SPE) and determined with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV/Visible detector. Analysis was carried out using following conditions: XTerra $C_8$ column $(3.9\times150mm\;i.d. 5{\mu}m)$, mobile phase composed of 0.01M oxalic acid : methanol : acetonitrile (820 : 80 : 100, v/v/v), isocratic pump at a flow rate of 0.9 ml/min. and $50{\mu}l$ of injection volume, UV/Visible detector with wavelength of 360nm. The calibration curves of four tetracyclines showed linearity $(\gamma^2>0.999)$ at concentration range of $100\~1,000 ng/ml$. The recoveries in fortified honey represented more than $70\%$ with low coefficient of variation $(<10\%)$ for concentration range of four tetracyclines. The detection limits for oxytetracycline, tetracycline, chlortetracycline and doxycycline were 13.8, 14.6, 26.2 and 24.9ng/g in acacia honey. respectively. We also monitored tetracyclines residue in domestic honey [n : 38, acacia (20), wild flower (18) ] and foreign honey [n=22, legally distributed (13), illegally distributed (9)] using modified Charm II screening and HPLC confirmation methods. Seven of the 60 samples $(11.7\%)$ were suspect positive using modified Charm II screening test. Chlortetracycline residue was found in one foreign honey (illegally distributed) tested at concentrations of 0.22 ppm. Conclusively, for more effective control of tetracyclines used in beekeeping should be further survey for residues in honey and also national guidelines (maximum residue limit : MRL) and methods should be obligatory.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.263-268
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• 2008

This study was carried out to investigate the quality characteristics of various honeys originating from different sources, and to identify factors potentially useful for distinguishing the honey sources. The sugar composition, moisture content and total acidity of twenty six honey samples were analyzed. The moisture contents were lowest in honeys from Acacia and were not greatly different with regard to honey sources. Fructose content was highest, followed by glucose, sucrose and maltose in all kinds of honey. Sugar composition did not show any reliable criterion useful for identifying the sources of honey samples. The fructose/glucose ratio did not differ among samples, however the ratios in honeys from Acacia and Chestnut were higher than honey from poly floral sources. The total acidity of honeys ranged 10.30-12.45 meq/kg regard-less of the source, thus acidity is not a useful criterion for identifying the honey source.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.241-249
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• 2011

This study was conducted to analyze ash content, mineral composition, hydroxy methyl furfural (HMF) content, stable carbon isotope ratio, and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis patterns to investigate the quality characteristics of various honeys harvested from different sources and to identify differences useful for distinguishing honey sources. Ash content was 0.046-0.012% in acacia honey, 0.565-1.318% in chestnut honey, 0.06-0.582% in polyfloral honey, and 0.237-0.893% in native bee honey. Potassium content was high in order of chestnut honey>native bee honey>polyfloral honey>acacia honey. The Na/K ratio was 0.92-1.97 in acacia honey, 0.02-1.59 in chestnut honey, 0.02-5.30 in polyfloral honey, and 0.22-0.51 in native bee honey. The HMF content was 9.60-12.85, 10.15-25.75, 9.7-33.5, and 6.25-21.5 mg/kg in acacia, chestnut, native bee, and polyfloral honeys, respectively. HMF content was the highest in native bee honey. A 59 kDa protein band was revealed in all samples by SDS-PAGE analysis. Protein bands of 32.1, 31.9, and 33.5 kDa were revealed in some chestnut honeys, and protein bands of 32.3 and 32.5 kDa were shown in native bee honeys. A protein band of 72 kDa was also confirmed in some chestnut honeys.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.589-601
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• 2023

Malaysian honey is rich in nutrients and bioactive compounds, which can be a healthy alternative to refined sugar in food production. However, liquid honey's viscous and sticky nature makes it unpreferable in industrial handling. This study, an atomization system coupled with vacuum drying to produce honey powders to overcome the problem. Three types of Malaysian honey, namely Acacia, Gelam, and Tualang, were encapsulated in Ca-alginate gel beads using the atomization system. The density viscosity, and surface tension of the honey-alginate solutions were measured, and the concentration of honey and alginate influenced the physical properties of the solutions. Honey-encapsulated gel beads in the size range of 2.16-2.92 mm were produced using the atomization system with the air-liquid mass flow rate ratios of 0.22-0.31, Weber number (We) of 112-545, and Ohnersorges number (Oh) of 0.35-10.46. Gel bead diameter can be predicted using a simple mathematical model. After vacuum drying, the honey gel powder produced was in the size range of 1.50-1.79 mm. Results showed that honey gel powders with good encapsulation efficiency and high honey loading could be produced using the atomization system and vacuum drying.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.87-94
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• 1977

The rheological properties of some honey-ginseng powder mixturs, used as pharmaceutical pills, were studied extensively by employing five kinds of honey, acacia, chestnut, buckwheat, green perilla and bush clover. Relation between the viscosity of the sample mixtures and the concentrations of ginseng powder and the temperature effect on the internal change of the structure were studied. The results obtained are as follows: 1) A complete gel formation of honey-ginseng mixtures was observed when about 50 days have passed after the sample preparation. 2) The viscosity of honey-ginseng powder mixtures was related with the concentration of ginseng powder, the temperature and the period of time required in gel formation as shown in the following equation. n=noexp$[{\kappa}_{1}c^{n1}+{\kappa}_{2}(T-273)^{-n2}+{\kappa}_{3} t^{n3}]$

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.660-664
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• 2018

Honey is known to have a variety of health-promoting effects. Ethyl acetate fractions (EAFs) of four Korean domestic honeys from basswood, Korean raisin, chestnut, and acacia as well as a New Zealand manuka honey were analyzed comparatively to evaluate their antioxidative and antimelanogenic effects. The EAFs of basswood, Korean raisin, and chestnut honey had higher antioxidant capacities and tyrosinase inhibition activities than those of manuka honey. Pretreatment of B16F1 melanoma cells with EAFs at $100{\mu}g/mL$ resulted in relative retention of melanin contents as follows: acacia honey (141.0%)>basswood honey (134.3%)>manuka honey (131.5%)>Korean raisin honey (107.3%)>chestnut honey (88.0%). Intracellular tyrosinase activities of B16F1 melanoma cells were significantly (p<0.05) lowered by EAFs of Korean raisin and chestnut honey than by EAF of manuka honey. Consequently, these results suggest that Korean domestic honeys from different floral sources serve as good sources of antioxidative and antimelanogenic agents.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.67-81
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• 2020

The physicochemical parameters of honey are used to determine the botanic origin of honey and to specify the composition criteria for honey in regulations and standards. The parameters of honeydew and blossom honeys from Korean beekeepers were determined to investigate whether they complied with the composition criteria for honey in the food code legislated by Korean authority and to establish the parameters which should be subjected to principal component analysis for improved differentiation of honeys. The fructose and glucose contents of the honeydew honey did not comply with the composition criteria. The ash content of the honey was closely correlated with CIE a^* and CIE L^* The principal component analysis of fructose to glucose ratio, CIE a^*, CIE L^*, ash content, free acidity, and fructose and glucose contents enabled classification of honeydew, chestnut, multifloral, and acacia honeys. Additional advantage of the principal component analysis (PCA) is that the physicochemical parameters, such as fructose to glucose ratio (F/G) and color, can be determined using the analytical instruments for composition criteria and quality control of honey. This study suggested that composition criteria for honeydew honey should be established in the food code in accordance with international standards. The principal component analysis reported in this study resulted in improved classification of the honeys from Korean beekeepers.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.867-879
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• 2015

To confirm basic nutrient contents of Korean honey as a food material, we assessed New Zealand Manuka honey by measuring proximate components, vitamin C and minerals of 16 kinds of honey harvested in South Korea. The proximate composition of each honey sample was as follows: moisture content 18.45~29.84%, crude protein 0.10~0.95% (vs Manuka honey 0.23%), crude fat 0.02~0.60% (vs Manuka honey 0.34%), crude ash 0.01~.52% (vs Manuka honey 0.24%) and carbohydrate 67.90~80.94% (vs Manuka honey 79.39%), respectively. In the case of free sugars analyze by HPLC, fructose showed a content of 26.12~49.84% which was highest in acacia honey and lowest in sorbus honey. Content of glucose was 19.38~36.12% and lowest in chestnut honey, whereas sucrose, lactose, maltose were absent. Total sugar contents were 64.16% which was less than Manuka honey (70.23%) and vitamin C was not detected in all samples. Minerals were detected 15~25 kinds, including K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, Cu, Mo and so on. Ca was high in order of linden > canola > codonopsis > hedysarum honey, and K was higher than in Manuka honey in order of chestnut > hedysarum > codonopsis > jujube honey. Especially, these results suggest that Korean honey have a better nutrient content profile than Manuka honey.

• Mycobiology
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.317-320
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• 2011

Honey production from approximately 1.6 million colonies owned by about 199,000 Korean beekeepers was almost 23,000 metric tons in 2009. Nosema causes significant losses in honey production and the virus decreases population size. We initiated a survey of honey bee colonies on the blooming period of Acacia to determine the prevalence of Nosema and virus in 2011. Most Korean beekeepers have moved from the south to north of Korea to get Acacia nectar for 2 mon. This provided a valuable opportunity to sample bees originating from diverse areas in one location. Twenty hives owned by 18 beekeepers were sampled in this year. Nosema spore counts ranged from zero to 1,710,000 spores per bee. The average number of nosema spores per bee was 580,000. Approximately 95% of the colonies were infected with Nosema, based on the presence of spores in the flowering period of Acacia. This indicates that Nosema is the predominant species affecting honeybee colonies. Also, the seven most important honeybee viruses were investigated by reverse transcription-PCR. Among them, four different viruses were detected in samples. Black queen cell virus was present in all samples. Chronic bee paralysis virus was detected in 10% of samples. Deformed wing virus was present in only 5% of the samples. Prevalence of Sacbrood virus was 15%. However, Cloudy wing virus, Israel acute paralysis virus and kashmir bee virus were not detected in any of samples.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.102-109
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• 1991

Quality of three kinds of honey from acacia, chestnut and polyflower sources, was evaluated by physicochemical and GC-MS analysis in respect to some chemical composition. The average contents of moisture, ash, HMF(hydroxy methyl furfurol) and free acidity were 19.7% , 0.028% , 18.28mg/kg and 8.85meq/kg , respectively, in acacia honey, 19.1% , 0.05% , 18.47mg/kg and 10.24 meq/kg , respectively, in polyflower honey, and 18.9% , 0.050% , 20.21mg/kg, 12.28meq/kg respectively, in chestnut honey. The average contents of glucose and fructose ranged from 31.0 to 32.0% and from 35.0 to 36.0% , respectively, in all three kinds of honey. The average ratio of fructose to glucose was 1.14 in all three kinds of honey. Fatty acid composition in honey identified by GC-MS analysis was dodecanoic acid, 10-hydroxy-2-decanoic acid, 6,9-undecadienoic acid, tetradecanoic acid, 12-(acetyl oxy) -9-octadecenoic acid and 14-octadecenoic acid. The content of 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid was about 10% in three kinds of honey.