• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.77-91
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• 2014

This study was performed to provide basal data for effective nutrient control and productivity improvement of the Korean white pine stand. The objectives of this study were to investigate biomass and nutrient distribution in the unthinned Korean white pine plantation which is located in chuncheon, Gangwon province. Aboveground of the stand was estimated by the method of allometric relationship between tree component(kg) and diameter at breast height(DBH, cm). Total above ground biomass of the stand was 127.9t/ha. The relative ratio of stem, living branch, needle compared with total aboveground biomass were 57.9, 16.1, 12.7 and 13.3%, respectively. All nutrients were highly accumulated in needle and N had the largest proportion in the total amount of nutrient accumulation and followed by Ca, K, Mg, P. The amount of nutrient restoration in the Korean white pine was 6,852kg/ha for N, 1,916kg/ha for Ca, 889kg/ha for K, 518kg/ha for Mg, and 124kg/ha for P.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.97 no.6
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• pp.605-610
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• 2008

This study was carried out to investigate the short-term (3 years) effect of thinning on aboveground carbon storage for 34-year-old (site 1) and 45-year-old (site 2) Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Siebold et Zuccarini) plantations with different diameter class and site quality located in Gwangneung experimental forest. Thinning was manually carried out in consideration of basal area in 2004 (site 1 : 30% and 60% of basal area removed and site 2 : 60% of basal area removed). In 2004 and 2007, DBH and tree height were measured to analyze the changes in carbon storage after thinning. In the sites of 60% of basal area removed, although the mean DBH of site 1 was higher than that of site 2, mean annual carbon storage increment in site 2 ($6.5Mg\;C\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$) was about 3 times higher than that in site 1 ($2.3Mg\;C\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$). The reason for this result was probably due to higher stem density and site quality in site 2 compared to site 1. In site 2, mean annual carbon storage increment in thinned plot ($6.5Mg\;C\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$) was about 1.3 times higher than that in control ($5.2Mg\;C\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$). The results suggest that the stem density and site quality may be much more related to the aboveground carbon storage compared to diameter class. In addition, it is needed to consider these two factors for determining whether thinning is a feasible management alternative for the increase in aboveground carbon sequestration.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.567-579
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• 2011

Scirpus planiculmis is one of the most dominant species found in the Nakdong River estuary. In order to understand the recent changes in S. planiculmis and the environmental characteristics of the estuary, from 2005 to 2010, an analysis of the density, total dry biomass, tuber biomass, and distribution pattern of S. planiculmis as well as an analysis of the temperature, salinity, precipitation, barrage discharge, and soil texture of the estuary were conducted. In 2006, the density ranged from 10.1 to $87.6no./m^2$, but in 2009, it ranged from 0.4 to $2.2no./m^2$ in 2009 and drastic reductions were observed throughout the sampled areas in the Nakdong river estuary. In 2010, S. planiculmis was observed on the tidal flats of Myungji and Mangummerydeung, at a density of $18.3{\pm}7.7no./m^2$ and $17.5{\pm}20.7no./m^2$, respectively. Hence, S. planiculmis is considered to be in a recovery phase. The aboveground/belowground ratio reduced from $4.54{\pm}0.70$ in 2005 to $1.91{\pm}0.35$ in 2009, clearly showing a large decrease in the biomass amount of the aboveground than of the belowground. Tubers were distributed in the soil, with only 36.0% at the 0~15 cm depth but 64.0% at the 15~30 cm depth. Apparently, tubers were more likely to be found at 15~30 cm below the soil in the Nakdong River estuary. A drastic reduction in the S. planiculmis biomass in 2009 is possibly due to the high salinity in S. planiculmis habitats.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.259-267
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• 2012

Biomass changes, net primary production and transfer dynamics of dry matter in four subtropical humid montane grasslands at Ebbenadu, Korakundah, Thiashola and Wenlockdown in Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (NBR), the Western Ghats, India, were investigated. Despite the early report of a higher density and dominance of $C_4$ species over $C_3$ species in these grasslands, no functional study of matter production had previously been carried out. Therefore, in order to determine the roles played by these two groups of species, the present study was attempted. The study revealed that the dry matter and net primary production contributed by $C_4$ species were much greater than those of its $C_3$ counterpart in all the grasslands. The turnover rate of aboveground dry matter for both $C_3$ and $C_4$ species was generally rapid, whereas it was slow for belowground parts, and litter components of $C_3$ and $C_4$ species together. In all grasslands, generally about 60% and 10% of the input were channeled to aboveground and belowground parts, respectively, by the $C_4$ species, whereas the $C_3$ species transferred only about 22% and 8% of dry matter to aboveground and belowground parts, respectively. The total disappearance of dry matter was 2.73, 2.10, 3.19, and $1.96\;g\;m^{-2}\;day^{-1}$ in Ebbenadu, Korakundah, Thiashola and Wenlockdown grasslands, which was 48.83%, 44.30%, 54.81%, and 41.09% of the total input, respectively, in these grasslands. This resulted in a considerable surplus dry matter production in all the grasslands studied. This balance sheet of dry matter in community function indicates that all the four studied grasslands were supporting the existing wild animals adequately in terms of pasture supply. The study further revealed that the stronger establishment of $C_4$ species rather than their $C_3$ counterparts, in terms of higher density and dominance, has driven them to play major roles in matter dynamics and system transfer functions in all the four grasslands studied. This fact evidenced that pasture from $C_4$ species for wild animals was determined to be higher in comparison to that of $C_3$ species.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.99 no.1
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• pp.62-67
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• 2010

This study was carried out to develop local allometric biomass regression equations and to estimate aboveground biomass of red pine (Pinus densiflora S. et Z.) stands among three regions (Hadong, Hamyang, Sancheong) from the western regions of Gyeongnam province. We selected three natural red pine stands with similar stand ages (about 40-year-old) from each region. The allometric regression equations were significant in all tree components (P<0.05) and the determination of coefficient ($R^2$) ranged 0.87 from 0.99. There was a significant difference (P<0.05) in the biomass of tree components among three regions. The biomass was 173.3 Mg/ha in Hadong, 131.0 Mg/ha in Sancheong, and 66.5 Mg/ha in Hamyang. The proportion of biomass was 70.4-77.1% in stemwood, 10.9-15.2% in branch, 8.9-10.4% in stembark, and 3.1-4.4% in needle. The results indicated that red pine stands in the western Gyeongnam regions showed the significant difference of aboveground biomass which was attributed to site quality and stand density.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.597-605
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• 2012

This study was conducted in order to determine changes in the growth responses of Quercus serrata and Q. aliena which are potential natural vegetation of riverine in Korea under four light gradients within ambient and elevated $CO_2$ concentration and temperature levels. As a result, growth responses of two species were affected by light factor. Aboveground, belowground, plant biomass and root:shoot ratio of two species grown under the control and treatment were increased in the highest light level. Plant biomass and root:shoot ratio of two oak species were not significantly affected by elevated $CO_2$ and temperature, while aboveground biomass of them was lower in the treatment than control. Belowground biomass of Q. serrata was lower in the treatment than control under the gradients that are more than 70% of light level. As light intensity increases, elevated $CO_2$ and temperature promoted root growth of two oak species but had a negative effect on aboveground growth. According to the principal component analysis(PCA), two oak species were discriminatively arranged based on factor 1 and 2. Also, the reactions towards the ambient and elevated $CO_2$ and temperature were slightly different. It is clearly visible that all features relied on axis 1 and axis II are highly correlated with most variables except for stem and shoot length.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.16-33
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• 2012

The aim of this study is to estimate aboveground biomass carbon stocks using ordinary kriging(OK) which is the most commonly used type of kriging and regression kriging(RK) that combines a regression of the auxiliary variables with simple kriging. The analysis results shows that the forest carbon stock in Danyang is estimated at 3,459,902 tonC with OK and 3,384,581 tonC with RK in which the R-square value of the regression model is 0.1033. The result of RK conducted with sample plots stratified by forest type(deciduous, conifer and mixed) shows the lowest estimated value of 3,336,206 tonC and R-square value(0.35 and 0.18 respectively) is higher than that of when all sample plots used. The result of leave-one-out cross validation of each method indicates that RK with all sample plots reached the smallest root mean square error(RMSE) value(22.32 ton/ha) but the difference between the methods(0.23 ton/ha) is not significant.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 1987

This study was carried out to estimate the aboveground biomass of Cryptomeria japonica and Chamaecyparis obtusa which was planted in Changsong district, the southern part of the Korean peninsula. Nine sample trees at each plot(20m x 20m drom C. japonica of 20-year-old and C. obtusa of 25-year-old, according to DBH distribution. were felled to measure the dry weights of stem, branches and leaves sectioned respectively. Since it is very difficult to separate leaves from twigs. all green parts including pure leaves and twigs were tentatively treated as 'leaves'. 1. The logarithmic regression equations between dry weight of each component (stem. branches. leaves land the variable of $(DBH)^2{\cdot}H$ were obtained (Table 6). The aboveground standing crops was estimated 108. 75ton/ha in C. japonica and 112.56 ton/ha in C. obtusa. Percentage of each part based on the aboveground standing crop in stand was and in order of stem >leaves>branches for C. japonica and in order of stem> branches> leaves for C. obtusa repectively. 2. Net production of each stand was estimated as 1:3.32ton/ha/yr in C. japonica and 11.69ton/ha/yr in C. obtusa. and its composition was in order of stem>leaves>branches for both species. 3The net assimilation rate was estimated as 1.10 and 1.2lkg/kg/yr, the efficiency of leaves to produce stem was 0.71 and 0.75 kg/kg/ha and biomass accumulation ratio was 8.16 and 9.63kg/kg/yr in each stand of C. japonica and C. obtusa respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.90 no.6
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• pp.774-780
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• 2001

Aboveground carbon storage and increment of a 31-year-old pitch pine (Pinus rigida) stand were measured for five years (1997~2001) in the Jungbu Forest Experiment Station, Gyeonggi-do, Korea. The carbon concentration in each component of aboveground and soil depth decreased in the order of needle>branch>stembark>stemwood>forest floor>0-15cm soil depth>15-30cm soil depth. The carbon storage except for root carbon was 140,600kgC/ha and the tree accounted for 61%, soil 31% and forest floor 8% of the stand carbon storage. Due to high tree mortality by Fusarium subglutinans infection and spring drought in 2001, carbon increment except for 2001 data was 3,233kgC/ha/yr and was in the order of stemwood>branch>stembark>needle. Carbon storage and increment were attributed to stand density and site quality. Carbon storage and increment were higher in the high site quality than in the lower site quality plot on similar tree density. Also, the high tree density site on similar site quality showed more carbon storage and increment compared with the lower tree density. The results suggest that site quality and tree density are a key factor determining carbon storage and increment in this pitch pine stand.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2009

This study was conducted to examine the biomass, allometric equations, net primary production, above and total biomass expansion factors and stem density values for 27 years old Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis Siebold et Zuccarini) plantation at the Gangneung National Forest. After considering of the diameter distributions in the $20m{\times}20m$ plot measurement, a total of 5 representative sample trees were destructively sampled to measure green weights and dry weights of the four(root, stem, branch and foliage) protions of Korean pine trees. According to the results of this study, total dry weights were 117.6 kg/tree and 59.9 ton/ha. Aboveground biomass and total (above and belowground) biomass for this species were 59.9 and 82.4 ton/ha, respectively. Ratios of root to aboveground biomass were 0.38. Net primary production of aboveground biomass and belowground biomass were 9.4 and 11.3 ton/ha, respectively. Stem density was $0.49g/cm^{3}$. Above and total biomass expansion factors were 1.78 and 2.19, repectively. This information could be very useful to calculate carbon sequestrations by applying stem desity values and biomass expansion factors for Korean pine species.