• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제21권11호
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• pp.1307-1320
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• 2012

The purpose of this paper is to provide information on planting construction for healthy plant growth. To achieve this purpose, this study analyzed the planting type, planting density, withering rate, soil characteristics, and cambium electrical resistance (CER) of withered trees in an apartment complex with a high withering rate. The major plant groups examined consisted of native broad-leaved tree species (39.3%), native narrow-leaved tree species (24.2%), and native broad-leaved - exotic narrow-leaved tree species (16.4%). The planting density of the green area, where trees were planted from 0.0 to 0.3 trees per unit area, was measured as 98.4%. Withered trees were found in 19 of the 20 planted species, and the withering rate was 41.8% (610 withered/1,461 planted). Withering rates for tree species were measured as follows: Sophora japonica and Salix babylonica (100.0%), Magmolia denudata (84.3%), Lindera obtusiloba (74.7%), cornus kousa (69.3%), acer triflorum (69.2%), diospyros kaki (66.7%), Prunus yedoensis (62.8%), Acer palmatum (52.6%), Prunus armeniaca (51.1%), Chaenomeles sinensis (43.7%), Ginkgo biloba (40.9%), Zelkova serrata (31.0%), Cornus officinalis (28.6%), Taxus cuspidata (25.6%), Pinus densiflora (21.4%), Pinus parviflora (15.2%), Pinus strobus (14.6%), and Abies holophylla (10.3%). Soil chemical analyses for 18 samples revealed that as the withering rate increased, the following occurred: (a) the ratio of silt and clay in soil increased; (b) the soil pH, organic matter rate, nitrogen, available phosphorus, and cation exchange capacity (CEC) in samples were graded as "inadequate," based on the plant grading evaluation; and (c) the NaCl and cation exchange capacity were evaluated as "somewhat satisfactory." The measurement of CER for withering rate shows electrical resistance for higher withering rate are higher, which could predict that a tree will not grow well.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.39-45
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• 1974

지위지수추정시 발생되는 오차를 감소시키기 위하여 수고생장과정에 적합한 실험식과 기타 정보를 얻고자 이 연구를 착수한 것이다. 11개 실험식으로 물오리나무, 일본잎갈나무, 잎갈나무, 잣나무, 젓나무, 리기다소나무, 상수리나무와 갈참나무의 수고생장 추정식을 계산하였다. 계산결과에 의하면 수종간에는 적합실험식의 종류가 서로 다르며 지위지수는 임령에 따라 항상 일정한 것이 아니고 변동하는 경우가 있으므로 지위지수추정시 수간석해 또는 다변형지위지수 곡선을 이용함이 합리적인 것으로 생각된다.

• Mycobiology
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.179-182
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• 2003

A total of 187 endophytic fungi were isolated from 11 plant species, which were collected from 11 locations in Korea. Their antifungal activities were screened in vivo by antifungal bioassays after they were cultured in potato dextrose broth and rice solid media. Antifungal activity against plant pathogenic fungi such as Magnaporthe grisea(rice blast), Corticium sasaki(rice sheath blight), Botrytis cinerea(tomato gray mold), Phytophthora infestans(tomato late blight), Puccinia recondita(wheat leaf rust), and Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei(barley powdery mildew) was determined in vivo by observing the inhibition of plant disease development. Twenty(11.7%) endophytic fungi fermentation broths were able to control, by more than 90%, at least one of the six plant diseases tested. Among 187 liquid broths, the F0010 strain isolated from Abies holophylla had the most potent disease control activity; it showed control values of more than 90% against five plant diseases, except for tomato late blight. On the other hand, fourteen(7.5%) solid culture extracts exhibited potent disease control values of more than 90% against one of six plant diseases. The screening results of this study strongly suggested that metabolites of plant endophytic fungi could be good potential sources for screening programs of bioactive natural products.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.427-451
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• 1992

전국 국립공원 및 산지에서 154종의 수목을 대상으로 선충 종류 및 분포를 조사한 결과 수목과 관련이 있는 선충은 총 28속 73종이 밝혀졌다. Meloinema kerongens는 내장사 굴피나무, 느릅나무, 신나무에서 채집됨으로 새로운 기주식물로 밝혀졌다. 소나무재선충(Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)은 부산 금정산 일대에서만 발견되었고, 어리소나무재선충(B. mucronatus)은 제주도, 경남 마산, 진해 등지에서 발견되었고, 곤충기생성선충인 Prothallonema intermedium은 대구시 대덕산 리기다소나무, 제주도 제주시, 남원읍, 구좌읍, 애월읍 소나무에서 채집되었다. 수목별 기생선충 종류는 소나무가 32종으로 가장 많았고, 전나무 24종, 느티나무 20종, 감나무 19종, 상수리나무 18종 등의 순이었다. 선충종류별 분포지역은 Criconemella informis가 81지역에서 검출되어 가장 넓게 분포하고 있었으며, X. americanum 74, Tylenchorhynchus claytoni 51, C. macrodora 35, Hemicriconemoides varionodus, O. serratum이 31, Pararotylenchus pini 25, Hemicycliophora koreana 24, Aphelenchus avenae, C. pseudohercyniensis 22지역 등의 순으로 검출되었다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제95권5호
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• pp.556-561
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• 2006

This study was conducted to choose end-members and tracers for application of End Member Mixing Analysis (EMMA) model for the coniferous forest catchment, Gwangneung Gyeongi-do near Seoul metropolitan of South Korea (N $37^{\circ}$ 45', E $127^{\circ}$ 09'). This coniferous forest of Pinus Korainensis and Abies holophylla was planted at stocking rate of $3.0stems\;ha^{-1}$ in 1976. Thinning and pruning were carried out two times in the spring of 1996 and 2004 respectively. We monitored two successive rainfall events during ten days from June 26, 205 to July 5, 2005. Two storm events were selected to determine the end members and natural traces for hydrograph separation. The event 1 amounts to 161.9 m for two days from June 26 to 27, 2005. The event 2 precipitates to 139.2 mm for one day of July 1, 205. Throughfall, groundwater, soil water and stream water of the two events above were sampled through the bulk and automatic sampler. Their chemical properties were analyzed for prediction of the main tracer. The end members that contribute to the stream runoff were identified from the three components including groundwater, soil water and throughfall. Each component and stream water in the two events formed the suitable mixing diagram in case of chloride-nitrate ion and sulfate-potassium ion. Especially, chloride-nitrate ion was found to be the most suitable tracers for EMMA model in the two events.

• 인간식물환경학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.333-345
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• 2020

Background and objective: The purpose of this study was to provide basic data on trees that can be used for planting design and construction for permanently shaded areas by grasping the growth status of trees according to the daylight conditions of the outdoor spaces of apartment complexes. Methods: On the recently completed apartment complexes, daylight conditions were analyzed by using daylight simulations utilizing Solar Access Analysis of Ecotect Analysis. With a criteria for assessment of tree condition, the defect rate of trees planted in permanently shaded areas and green spaces with good daylight conditions was analyzed to suggest trees applicable to permanently shaded areas. The first tree survey was conducted from November 18, 2019 to February 15, 2020, focusing on trees planted in permanently shaded areas, and the second tree survey of all the trees planted on the study sites including permanently shaded areas was conducted from March 16 to March 30, 2020. Results: Evergreen trees which are classified as shade intolerant trees including Pinus densiflora, Thuja occidentalis, and Abies holophylla showed a higher defect rate of trees among the trees planted in permanently shaded areas. Taxus cuspidata, Zelkova serrata, Cornus kousa, Chionanthus retusus and Acer palmatum which are classified as shade tolerant trees and shade moderate tolerance trees seemed to be able to be used in the plant design of permanently shaded areas in apartment complexes because the trees showed good growth and a low tree defect rate. In addition, although it was excluded from the analysis due to a small number of samples, Sorbus commixta and Prunus cerasifera var. atropurpurea also can be used for planting in permanently shaded areas. Conclusion: The daylight simulation technique used to analyze permanent shaded areas in this study can be used as an analysis tool considering the daylight environment at the stages of design and construction, and additional research will be required to analyze tree growth according to daylight conditions through data accumulation and monitoring by managing records throughout the entire life cycle of trees in the process of planting and maintenance.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.48-69
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• 1987

외생균근(外生菌根)버섯의 기주범위(寄主範圍)와 기주선택성(寄主選擇注)을 구명(究明)하고 주요(主要) 조림수종(造林樹種)의 균근균(菌根菌) 선택성(選擇性)을 상호비교(相互比較)하기 위하여 1981년(年)부터 1986년(年)까지 전국(全國)의 여러 곳에서 12개수종(個樹種)의 순림(純林)(소나무, 리기다소나무, 잣나무, 종비나무, 일본잎갈나무, 젓나무, 현사시, 밤나무, 갈참나무, 상수리나무, 신갈나무, 자작나무)를 대상(對象)으로 균근(菌根)버섯을 채집(採集)하여 분석(分析)을 비교(比較)하였다. 6년(年)동안 총(總) 48리(履) 196종(種) 8 품종(品種)의 균근(菌根) 버섯을 동정(同定)하였으며 그 중 Russla가 31종(種) 1 품종(品種), Amanita가 22종(種) 5 품종(品種), Lactarius가 18종(種) 1 품종(品種)이었다. 기주범위(寄主範圍)가 넓은 종(種)은 Russula, Amanita, Lactarius, Laccaria, Cantharellus 속(屬)에 속(屬)해 있있다. Laccaria Laccata는 12개조사수종중(個調査樹種中)에서 12개수종전분의 임분(林分)에서, Amanita vaginata group은 11개수종(個樹種)에서, Labtarius gerardii와 Russula sororia는 9 개수종(個樹種)에 서, Amanita agglutinata, Cantharellus cibarius, Russula bella, Russula bella, Russula virescens는 8개수종(個樹種)의 침개엽수임분(針開葉樹林分)에서 채집(採集)되어 기주(寄主)의 범위(範圍)가 넓은 버섯으로 분류(分類)되었다. Amanita citrina, Boletus bicolor, Boletus erythropus, Lactarius piperatus, L. subzonarius, Russula pseudodelica는 침개활수(針葉闊樹)의 $4{\sim}5$개수종(個樹種)에서 채집(採集)되어 기주(寄主)의 범위(範圍)가 중간(中間)정도(程度)인 버섯으로 분류(分類)되었으며 특히 Suillus grevillei는 잎갈나무에서서만 채집(採集)되어 기주(寄主)의 범위(範圍)가 가장 좁은 버섯으로 판명(判明)되었다. 12개수종(個樹種)의 임분중(林分中)에서 균근(菌根)버섯의 종류(種類)가 가장 많은 젓나무림(林)으로써 83종(重)의 균근(菌根)버섯을 채집(採集)했으며, 소나무(赤松)림(林)에서 66종(重)을, 리기다소나무림(林)에서 50종(種)을, 잣나무림(林)에서 49종(重)을, 갈참나무림(林)에서 46종(種)을 채집(採集)했다. 일본잎갈나무림(林)에서는 23종(種)의 균근(菌根)버섯을 채집(採集)했는데 다른 임분(林分)과 달리 Amanita, Lactarius, Russula 는 적고 대신 Laccaria 가 많이 관찰(觀察)되었다. 본(本) 실험(實驗)에서 조사(調査)된 12개수종(個樹種)의 대부분(大部分)은 다양(多樣)한 균근(菌根)버섯과 공생(共生)하는 듯하며 균선택성(菌選擇性)이 적은 것으로 사료(思料)된다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.1-15
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• 1987

This experiment was undertaken for the purpose of investigation of relative durability about thirty sorts of the korean native wood and nine sorts of the wood destroying fungi Polystictus versicolor, Irpex consors. Poria vaporaria, Merulius lacrymans, Schizophyllum commune, Trametes pini, Lenzites betulina, Paxillus panuoides by means of a laboratory methods. The results obtained are; (from the table 2 to 10) 1. By measuring the percentage of loss in weight with regard to Polystictus versicolor, the sap wood contained in Junipeus chinesis was calculated at 18.2%, therefore it is much higher durability than any others and the sap wood contained in Pinus densiflora was measured at 44.10%, therefore it is much lower durability than any others. 2. By measuring the percentage of loss in weight with regard to Irpex consors, the heart wood contained in Butula schmidtii was calculated at 1.23%, therefore durability is very high and the heart wood contained in Quercus dentata was calculated at 26.79%, therefore durability is very low. 3. By measuring the percentage of lass in weight with regard to Lenzites betulina, the heart wood contained in Betula schmidtii was calculated at 5.33%, therefore it is much higher durability than any others and the sap wood with regard to Abies holophylla was measured at 45.48%, therefore durability is very low. 4. By measuring the percentage of loss in weight with regard to Poria vaporaria, the sap wood contained in Fraxinus rhynchophylla was calculated at 5.57%, therefore durability is very high and the sap wood contained in Paulownia coreana was calculated at 35.6%, therefore it is much lower durability than any others. 5. By measuring the percentage of loss in weight with regard to Merulius lacrymans, the heart wood contained in Castanea crenata was measured at 0.09% and in the next place, the heart wood contained in Abies holophylla calculated at 0.15% did not decay almost and the sap wood contained in Cornus controversa was measured at 32.88%, therefore it is lower durability than any others. 6. By measuring the percentage of loss in weight with regard to Schizophyllum commune, the sap wood cantained in Junipensis chinensis was calculated at 1.09%, therefore durability is very high and the sap wood contained in Populus deltoides was calculated at 36.87%, it is much lower durability than any others. 7. By measuring the percentage of loss ill weight with regard to Trametes pini, the sap wood contained in Robinia pseudo-acacia was calculated at 1.33%, therefore durability is very high and the sap wood contained in Comus controversa was calculated at 33.19%, it is much lower durability than any others. 8. By measuring the percentage of loss ill weight with regard to Paxillus panuoides. the heart wood contained in Zelkova serrata was calculated at 1.73%, therefore durability is very high and the sap wood contained in Populus deltoides was calculated at 42.30%, therefore durability in very low. 9. By measuring the percentage of loss in weight with regard to Dardalea quercina, the heart wood contained in Castanea crenata was calculated at 0.92%, therefore durability is very high and the sap wood contained in Cornus controversa was calculated at 32.00% therefore durability is very low. The above results are summarized as follows 1. Durability between the heart wood and the soft wood find that it is nonsignificant, while durability is higher heart wood than sap wood. 2. Special sorts including in the element like Castanea cenata, Robinia pseudo-acacia, Juniperus chinensis and heart wood like Betula schmiditii and Styrax obasia are highly durable and soft wood like Cornus controversa, Populus davidiana, Salix koreensis, Celtis jessensis are lowly durable in general. 3. Among the wood destroying fungi Paxillus panuoides is highly durable and as follows. Poria vaporaria, Lenzites betulina and the Daedalea quercina is less in general and Irpex consors, Mersulius lacrymans are a middle degree.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.47-57
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• 1981

1979년 및 1980년에 경기도 광릉과 양주군 수동면에서 저적면적계의 빈도분포의 skewness와 kurtosis를 검정하기 위하여 총 46개의 단일종 조림지에서 개목의 주변장을 흉고에서 재었다. 이들 조림지는 10~50년된 것이며 수종은 잣나무, 낙엽송, 전나무 및 리기다소나무이다. 각 지소에서의 측정수는 70~110이며 저적면적계의 수는 Sturge의 방식에 따랐으며, 5~10계였다. 수동에 있어서 나이(년)와 개목 저적면적($\textrm{cm}^2$)은 각각 10~20 및 27.60~383이었으며, 광릉에서는 15~47 및 102.15~619.14이었다. 한 곳을 제외하고 모든 곳에서 +g$_1$값을 나타냈고, 6개소를 제외하고는 그 값이 0.3~2.2였다. 23곳에서는 유의한 +g$_1$값을 나타냈다. 이들의 저적면적계수는 6~9였다. 이상의 사실은 종내경쟁이 약 10년된 조림지에서도 시작되며 약 50년까지도 계속됨을 시사한다. 24개소에서 -g$_2$값을 나타내며 이들의 값은 -0.12~-0.83의 범위였다. 약 20곳에서는 +g$_2$값을 나타냈으며 그 범위는 +0.13~+3.841이었다. 22개의 +g중 11채는 매우 유의한 것이었다. 단지 5만이 유의한 Kolmogorov-Smirnov 검정결과를 나타냈다. 4종중 낙엽송이 가장 나이 어린 시절에 종내경쟁을 시작하고 그 다음이 전나무 그리고 잣나무의 순으로 경쟁을 시작하는 것 같다. 이 자료는 저적면적계의 빈도분포를 통하여 종내경쟁을 탐지하고자 할 때 적정 계(급)수는 12이상이 아니고 6~9이며 적정 관측목수는 100이상이 아니고 약 80임을 시사한다. 필자는 저적면적의 빈도분포가 종내경쟁이 있을 때에는 bimodal 분포라기 보다는 trimodal 분포를 나타내고 있다고 생각하며 또한 종내경쟁이 약화되어 저적면적빈도분포가 정상분포 단계에 도달되기 전에 바로 platykurtic분포로 되는 것이 아니고 leptokurtic 분포적 단계를 거친다고 본다

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.28-39
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• 2017

본 연구는 조경식재과목 20문항 중 2006년부터 2016년까지 최근 11년 동안 시간적 추이에 따른 학명의 영역별 출제문제 유형과 연도별 출제 문항 수 변화추이 그리고 11년 동안 출제 빈도수를 파악 분석하여 조경기사 필기시험 중 식재과목의 학명시험문제 출제경향을 분석하고자 하였다. 2006년부터 2016년까지 최근 11년 동안 축적된 국가기술자격검정 조경기사 필기시험 중 조경식재 문항을 분석하여 고찰한 학명문제의 출제경향은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 최근 11년 동안 출제된 학명 문제는 234개 문항이었으며, 유형별로는 학명, 과 속 종, 특징, 수피, 뿌리, 단풍, 꽃, 열매, 성상, 원산지, 줄기, 잎, 용도 등 13개 항목을 묻는 문제가 출제되었으며, 그 중 수종의 특징을 묻는 질문이 가장 많았다. 둘째, 연도별 출제 현황을 분석해 본 결과, 출제 문항수가 가장 많이 출제된 연도는 2013년도로써 56.6%를 차지하였으며, 학명을 묻는 출제 문항수 비율이 2013년까지 증가하다가 조경분야의 지속적인 노력으로 2014년부터 점차 감소하고 있다. 셋째, 기출문제에서 나타난 출제빈도 수 분석에서 가장 출제빈도가 높은 수종은 자작나무(Betula platyphylla)와 주목(Taxus cuspidata)이었으며, 소나무(Pinus densiflora), 단풍나무(Acer palmatum), 개나리(Forsythia koreana), 박태기나무(Cercis chinensis), 아까시나무(Robinia pseudoacacia), 산수유(Cornus officinalis), 느티나무(Zelkova serrata), 전나무(Abies holophylla), 동백나무(Camellia japonica), 회화나무(Sophora japonica), 모과나무(Chaenomeles sinensis) 등이 10회 이상 출제되어 자주 출제되고 있는 수종으로 나타났다. 넷째, 문항 및 보기에 출제된 수종은 240개 수종에 806회였으며, 이 중 5회 이상 꾸준히 출제된 수종은 66개 수종에 486회로 27.5%를 차지하였다. 다섯 번째, 2009년 이전에는 출제되지 않았던 수종이 2009년부터 출제되고 있는 신규 수종은 출제된 240개 수종 중 가시나무(Quercus myrsinaefolia) 등 119개 수종으로 49.58%를 차지하였으며, 이처럼 신규 수종의 출제빈도가 점차 늘어나고 있음을 확인하였다. 여섯 번째, 최근 11년 동안 출제된 수목의 교목과 관목, 상록과 낙엽을 비교 분석해 본 결과, 교목이 관목보다 낙엽이 상록보다 많이 출제되었다.