• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.83-88
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• 2023

Purpose: This study was to investigate the effect of forward head posture (FHP) and round shoulder posture (RSP) on changes in muscle activities according to shoulder flexion and abduction tasks. Methods: Twenty-two male subjects with no history of neurological, musculoskeletal surgery or injuries, or pain in the spine region within the previous 3-month periods were recruited for this study. Craniovertebral angle (CVA) and Scapula Index were measured before performing 90° abduction and flexion tasks holding a 3kg dumbbell. Muscle activities were measured during the tasks. All measurements except height of the acromion were carried out in a sitting position at the height of the subject's knee angle of 90 degrees, and two tasks were randomly performed with the arm that the subject mainly use to throw the ball. The abduction and flexion angles were checked by the examiner using a goniometer beside the subject. Results: Correlation coefficient analysis between Scapular Index and upper trapezius muscle activity during shoulder abduction task showed significant positive correlation. No significant correlation was observed between CVA, Scapular Index, and other muscle activities. Conclusion: FHP showed increased muscle activation, making it difficult to change muscle activity under lower loads, and RSP was correlated with UT activation in shoulder abduction. Therefore, in the RSP, the loaded shoulder abduction is considered a potential risk factor for increasing shoulder muscle tension. This paper proposes an approach to treating RSP before FHP.

• 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.126-140
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• 2006

본 연구는 '가설 생성 과정에서 귀추법 사용을 유도하는 틀', 즉 '귀추법 양식'을 고안하고, 그 틀을 사용하여 생성한 가설의 특징을 틀을 사용하지 않고 생성한 가설의 특징과 비교하여 분석하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. '귀추법 양식'은 Peirce가 제시한 귀추법의 의미와 형식에 관한 고찰을 통해 (i) 의심의 대상을 명기하는 단계, (ii) 의심의 대상을 믿음의 대상이 되게 하는 설명을 명기하는 단계, 그리고 (iii) 그 설명을 가설로 명기하는 단계로 구성되었다. 예비 교사 34명을 대상으로 하여 동일한 대상에게 두 가지 방법을 모두 사용하게 한 결과, 고안된 '귀추법 양식'을 사용하여 가설을 생성한 경우는, 첫째, 가설의 의미를 혼동하거나 충실히 반영하지 못한 경우로 볼 수 있는 유형들이 전혀 발견되지 않거나 상대적으로 적었고, 둘째, '부분적으로 유사성을 지닌 다른 현상이나 상황에 관한 기존 지식으로부터 유추하여 문제 상황의 원인에 관해 설명하는 유형'의 비율이 특정한 틀을 제공하지 않은 경우에 비해 두 배 이상 높았다. 결국, '귀추법 양식'을 사용하여 생성된 가설은 그렇지 않은 경우보다 상대적으로 '현상의 원인에 관한 설명과 지식의 확장 초래'라는 가설의 본래적 의미에 좀 더 충실한 특징을 가지고 있었다. 이는 '귀추법 양식'이, 그 형태가 비교적 간단함에도 불구하고, 과학 수업 현장에서 바람직한 형태의 가설이 생성되도록 돕는 하나의 방안이 될 수 있음을 보여주는 것이기도 한다.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.85-88
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of active abduction exercise of the great toe on the medial and lateral sesamoid bones in hallux valgus (HV) patients by measuring radiography. Methods: In this study 27 young subjects were separated into two groups (normal group and HV group). Two pictures were taken by radiography while maintaining resting and while holding maximal active abduction of the great toe in sitting position on an x-ray table. All radiographs were used to measure the distance of the medial and lateral sesamoid bone from the longitudinal axis of the first metatarsal bone, respectively. Paired t-test was used for analysis of the resting and active abduction exercise in groups. Independent t-test was used to evaluate statistical significance between normal group and HV group. The statistical significance level was p<0.05. Results: In active abduction exercise of the normal group, distance of the medial and lateral sesamoid bones was not significantly different compared to resting condition. In active abduction exercise of the HV group, change of distance of the medial and lateral sesamoid bones showed statistically significant difference compared to resting condition. The distance between the medial sesamoid bone showed a more significant decrease in the HV vs. normal group, while the distance between the lateral sesamoid bone was significantly greater in the HV vs. normal group. Conclusion: These findings suggest that active abduction exercises, to reduce or prevent deterioration of the HV angle, should be considered for sesamoid bone displacement to improve muscle balance in the great toe.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.68-75
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• 2016

Background: Shoulder horizontal adduction (HA) is performed in many activities of daily living. The limited range of motion (LROM) of HA is affected by the tightness of the posterior deltoid, infraspinatus, teres major, and posterior capsule of glenohumeral joint. The LROM of shoulder HA contributes to excessive scapular abduction. Objects: The aim of this study is to compare the scapular abduction distance and three-dimensional displacement of the scapula during shoulder horizontal adduction between subjects with and without the LROM of shoulder HA. Methods: 24 subjects (12 people in LROM group and 12 people in normal ROM group) participated. Subjects with less than $115^{\circ}$ of HA ROM were included in LROM group. Shoulder HA was performed 3 times for measuring scapular abduction distance and three-dimensional displacement of the scapula. Tape measure was used for measuring scapular abduction distance. Scapular abduction distance was normalized by dividing the scapular size. Polhemus Liberty was used for measuring the three-dimensional displacement of the scapula. Results: Normalized scapular abduction distance was significantly greater in LROM group than normal ROM group (p<.001). Three-dimensional displacement of the scapula during shoulder HA was greater in LROM group than normal ROM group (p<.05). Conclusion: LROM group had a greater scapular abduction and three-dimensional displacement of the scapula during shoulder HA compared to normal ROM group.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.11-18
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• 2022

Background: Muscle activities of gluteus maximus (GM) and hamstring (HAM) have important roles in the stability and mobility of the hip joint during various functional activities including bridge and prone hip extension exercises. Objects: The purpose of this study is to investigate muscle activities of GM, multifidus (MF) and HAM during three different bridge exercises in healthy individuals. Methods: Twenty healthy subjects were participated. Electromyography device was used to measure muscle activities of GM, MF and HAM. Each subject was asked to perform three different bridge exercises with hip abduction (0°, 15°, 30°) in random order. One-way repeated measures analysis of the variance and a Bonferroni post hoc test were used. Statistical significance was set at α = 0.01. Results: The muscle activity of GM was significantly different among three conditions (hip abduction 0°, 15°, 30°) (adjusted p-value [Padj] < 0.01). The muscle activity of GM was significantly greater during bridge exercise with hip abduction 30° compared to 0° and 15° (Padj < 0.01). There was no significant difference in the muscle activity of MF and HAM muscle (Padj > 0.01). The ratio of muscle activity (ratio = GM/HAM) during bridge exercise with hip abduction 30° was significant greater compared to the hip abduction angles 0° and 15° (Padj < 0.01). Conclusion: Bridge exercise with hip abduction 30° can be recommended to selectively facilitate the muscle activity of GM and improve the ratio of muscle activity between GM and HAM.

• 대한물리치료과학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.41-46
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• 2012

Background : The purpose of this study was to investigate the electromyographic(EMG) amplitude of the gluteus medius muscle bilaterally at various hip angles and motions(flexion, extension and abduction). Methods : Thirty young with a mean(SD) age of 21.03(1.69) years performed hip motions(flexion, extension and abduction) while the surface EMG activity of the gluteus medius muscles was recorded bilaterally. Subjects were instructed to use the right lower limb during moving 3 different direction. Differences in EMG amplitudes in according with movement direction and angle were assessed by use of paired t-test analyses of variance for the right and left lower extremities. The alpha level was set at .05. Results : Gluteus medius muscle EMG activities in the both side were significantly greater for abduction at angles of 30 degrees than those for other motions at other angles. Conclusion : Hip abduction at angles of 30 degrees on the standing position may be effective in activating the gluteus medius muscle.

• 대한수학교육학회지:수학교육학연구
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.275-290
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• 2002

This Study takes Peirce' abduction which is Phenomenology' first reasoning mode, as a part of mathematical reasoning with deduction and induction. Abduction(retroduction, hypothesis, presumption, and originary argument) leads a case through a result and a rule, while deduction leads a result through a rule and a case and induction leads a rule through a case and a result. Polya(1954) involved generalization, specialization, and analogy within induction, but this paper contain analogy in abduction. And metaphors and metonymies are also contained in abduction, in which metaphors are contained in analogy. Metaphors and metonymies are applied to semiosis i.e. the signification of mathematical signs. Semiotic analysis for a student's problem solving showed the semiosis with metaphors and metonimies. Thus, abductions should be regarded as a mathematical reasoning, and we must utilize abductions in mathematical teaming since abductions are thought as a natural reasoning by students.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.443-446
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• 2003

다축 하지 보조기의 설계는 정확한 내$.$외전력의 측정이 필요하다. 내$.$외전력 측정을 위해 정상아동과 장애아동들의 실험을 통해 내$.$외전력을 측정하였다. 내$.$외전력의 측정은 정지상태와 보행상태에서 측정되었으며, 다축하지 보조기의 측방지주에 장착된 변형률 게이지를 이용하여 측정하였다. 정지상태에서 경직성 뇌성마비 아동은 0.11 kgf부터 0.26 kgf까지 내전력만 나타났으나 보행상태에서 1.56 kgf의 내전력과 1.52 kgf의 외전력이 작용됨을 알 수 있었다.

• 국제물리치료학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.2173-2177
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• 2020

Background: Shoulder horizontal abduction in the prone position (SHAP) has been reported as an effective exercise to strengthen the lower trapezius. However, the effects of pre-emptive scapular posterior tilt on scapular muscle activity and scapulohumeral movements during SHAP have not been examined. Objectives: To examine the effect of the addition of scapular posterior tilt on muscle activity of the trapezius and posterior deltoid, and scapular posterior tilt and shoulder horizontal abduction, during SHAP. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Fifteen healthy male subjects performed two types of SHAP: general and modified SHAP (SHAP combined with pre-emptive scapular posterior tilt). To perform modified SHAP, pre-emptive scapular posterior tilt training was performed prior to the modified SHAP. Muscle activity of the middle and lower trapezius and posterior deltoid, and the amount of scapular posterior tilt and shoulder horizontal abduction, were measured during two types of SHAP. Results: Muscle activity of the lower trapezius and scapular posterior tilt was significantly increased during the modified SHAP, while muscle activity of the posterior deltoid and the amount of shoulder horizontal abduction were significantly decreased. However, the middle trapezius muscle activity did not change during the modified SHAP. Conclusion: The SHAP with pre-emptive scapular posterior tilt can be useful to strengthen the lower trapezius.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.282-287
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• 2022

Background: Muscular forces drive proximal humeral fracture deformity, yet it is unknown if arm position can help mitigate such forces. Our hypothesis was that glenohumeral abduction and humeral internal rotation decrease the pull of the supraspinatus and subscapularis muscles, minimizing varus fracture deformity. Methods: A medial wedge osteotomy was performed in eight cadaveric shoulders to simulate a two-part fracture. The specimens were tested on a custom shoulder testing system. Humeral head varus was measured following physiologic muscle loading at neutral and 20° humeral internal rotation at both 0° and 20° glenohumeral abduction. Results: There was a significant decrease in varus deformity caused by the subscapularis (p<0.05) at 20° abduction. Significantly increasing humeral internal rotation decreased varus deformity caused by the subscapularis (p<0.05) at both abduction angles and that caused by the supraspinatus (p<0.05) and infraspinatus (p<0.05) at 0° abduction only. Conclusions: Postoperative shoulder abduction and internal rotation can be protective against varus failure following proximal humeral fracture fixation as these positions decrease tension on the supraspinatus and subscapularis muscles. Use of a resting sling that places the shoulder in this position should be considered.