• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.164-173
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• 1993

This study was aimed to investigate whether abdominal obesity is associated with non-insulin dependednt diabetes. The distribution of body fat patterns was observed in 181 female patients with diabetes, aged 33 to 83 years, living in the Taegu area, Korea. The following anthropometric measuremetns were made on all participants from October 1 to November 25, 1991 : weight, height ; waist and hip circumferences in standing position. The waist hip circumference ratio was used as an index of abdominal obesity. The results were as follows; 1) The mean fasting blood glucose of diabetic subjects was 145$\pm$50.3mg/dl and the mean duration of diabetes was 4.7$\pm$7.5 years. 2) Obese subjects above the ideal body weight body weight of 120% in the investigation are presently 52%, but 63% of subjects were reported to be obese in the past. The mean BMI of the subjects is 24.57$\pm$3.15 and the past mean BMI was 27.13$\pm$3.26. One year after reaching their highest body weight, 47% of the subjects developed diabetes. Two years after reaching their peak body weight, 74% of diabetic subjects developed diabetes. 3) Using the waist-hip circumference ratio, subjects beloing to the upper body obesity(WHR>0.84) were 65.5%. 4) The average daily energy intake did not differ between the obese and non-obese diabetic subjects, whether they were assessed with BMI or with RBW. 5) The average daily energy intake was higher in the upper body obesity subjects than in the lower body obesity subjects. 6) Diabetics withing the regular exercise group had lower fasting blood glucose levels than the non-regular exercise group. Exercise did not effect the RBW, BMI, and WHR. 7) The waist-to-hip circumference ratio correlated significantly in positive with waist-circumference, but did not correlated with hip-circumference. Therefore, WHR may depended on the increased accumulation of abdominal fat in female diabetics. In conclusion, these findings suggest that caloric intake is more associated with abdominal fat accumulation in diabetic women. Blood glucose concentration is independently effected by exercise, and exercise does not affect the WHR. Therefore, control of caloric intake and development of specific exercises to change the WHR seems important for controling diabetes in female subjects.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.200-207
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of mechanical massage on abdominal region on the reduction of abdominal fat in obese middle aged women. 10 middle aged obese women were participated in as subjects and executed 20~30min's mechanical abdominal massage for 4 weeks. At the beginning and end of 4 week's treatment, measured body composition, waist circumference and abdominal fat area and analyzed using SPSS. As a result, there were significant decrease in body weight(p= .003), % bodyfat(p= .018), waist circumference(p= .029), VFA(p= .007), SFA(p= .045) and TFA(p= .007) according to 4 weeks' treatment. Considering these results, it can be suggested that mechanical massage treatment on abdominal region in middle aged obese women be a effective method to reduce abdominal fat and furthermore to prevent and cure cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome caused by obesity.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.61-67
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• 2006

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to determine what is useful index of abdominal visceral fat area among Korean obese adolescents. Methods : 35 obese adolescents who had visited Kirin Oriental Hospital from August 2004 to May 2006 were included in the study. Weight, height, waist and hip circumferences were measured. Abdominal visceral fat areas at L4-5 level were measured by computed tomography. The subjects were divided into two groups, according to sex. In each group, we investigated the correlation among waist circumference, waist/hip ratio, waist/height ratio, obesity degree and abdominal visceral fat area and evaluated that which one of these kinds of indices is the most useful predictor for visceral fat area in Korean obese adolescents. Results : There were significant correlation between waist circumference, waist/hip ratio, waist/height ratio and obesity index in both group. In boys waist/hip ratio had correlation with abdominal visceral fat area and in girls obesity index had significant correlation with abdominal visceral fat area. Conclusions : Our study suggests that waist/hip ratio in boys, obesity degree in girls can be a relatively good parameter for predicting abdominal visceral fat area.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.64-69
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• 2016

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Ganoderma lucidum pharmacopuncture and moxibustion on abdominal obesity. Five women with abdominal obesity were treated 6 times in 2 weeks with Ganoderma lucidum pharmacopuncture on abdominal fat followed by 30 minutes of moxibustion on abdominal area. Before treatment and after 6 treatments were finished, body weight, body mass index, body fat mass, waist circumference, hip circumference and waist-hip ratio were measured. After all treatments, all average measured values were reduced. Body weight and body mass index were reduced by 0.34 kg and $0.46kg/m^2$ respectively. Also, waist circumference and waist-hip ratio were reduced by 4.52 cm and 0.04 respectively. We suppose combined therapy of Ganoderma lucidum pharmacopuncture and moxibustion might be a time-effective treatment for abdominal obesity.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.133-137
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• 2016

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of wild ginseng complex (WGC) pharmacopuncture combined with hyperthermia on abdominal obesity in post-menopause women. Two post-menopausal women were treated 5 times in 2 weeks with WGC pharmacopuncture on abdominal acupoints and 30 minutes of hyperthermia on abdominal area. Before treatment and after 5 treatments were finished, body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI), body fat ratio, waist circumference (WC), waist hip ratio, thickness of abdominal subcutaneous fat (ASF) were measured. In case 1, BW, BMI, WC, and ASF were reduced by 0.6 kg, $0.2kg/m^2$, 6 cm, and 18 mm respectively. In case 2, BW, BMI, WC, and ASF were reduced by 0.4 kg, $0.17kg/m^2$, 4.6 cm, and 12 mm respectively. This suggest that combined therapy of WGC pharmacopuncture and hyperthermia might be an effective treatment for abdominal obesity in post menopause women.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.95-104
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• 2006

Objectives : This study was performed to assess the effect onf abdominal obesity treatment on changes in abdominal subcutaneous and visceral fat. Methods : The study was conducted on 61 abdominally obese patients (13 men and 48 women). Measures of body weight, waist circumference, abdominal subcutaneous and visceral fat area by CT scan, and V/S ratio (Viscero-subcutaneous fat ratio) were acquired before and after Kirindiet therapy. Paired t-test and Wilcoxon signed rank tests were used to est the effects of teatment. Results : Following a mean of 68 days of treatment, waist circumference (-15%), abdominal total fat (-40%), subcutaneous fat (-37.9%), visceral fat (-47.8%) and V/S ratio (-11.1%) were significantly reduced (p<0.05). The change in V/S ratio in female patients was not statistically significant (p=0.491) whereas the change in the V/S ratio in male patients was significant indicating a greater loss of visceral fat (p=0.017). Please check that my changes reflect what the study found Conclusions : The reduction in visceral fat was greater than for subcutaneous fat in male patients but not for female patients.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.30 no.12 s.159
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• pp.1690-1696
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to provide the basic data useful in designing apparel patterns for aged abdominal obese women. The body measurements of 318 women were taken at random, whose ages were over 60 and fields of action were colleges, sports centers, or business sites in Seoul and the neighboring districts. A total of 33 features in the upper body and lower body were used fer the anthropometric measurement and analysis using anthropometry. The collected measurement data were processed statistically using the SPSS 12.0 program for technical statistical analysis, t-test, frequency analysis, correlation analysis. The results of the study are as follows. 1. Subjects were classified into two groups as a result of analysis for measurement data. It was revealed that 251(about 79 percent) women of total subjects(n=318) have a characteristic of abdominal obese body type and elderly women of these group usually had big abdomen rather than hip. The criteria of abdominal obesity based on waist-hip ratio, WHR(=0.85). 2. Aged abdominal obese women have shown much larger size in most body measurements except items of some vertical length, such as bust ponit-bust point, font interscye, back interscye with circumference and depth of armscye, bust, waist, abdomen and hip while showing no difference in height, biacrominal breadth, hip width, neck shoulder point to breast point, crotch length. 3. Vervaeck index(=100.1) and Rohrer index(=1.7) indicated that the abdominal obese women were fat in overall body. And aspect ratio of waist(=0.86), abdomen(=0.92) and hip(=0.75) also appeared high that the shape of cross sections in those regions was similar to a figure of circle 4. In view of the correlation coefficient between hip circumference and the rest measurement items, and between hip circumference inclusively of the abdomen protrusion and the rest measurement items, there were found some differences for each group. In case of Group (abdominal obese group), the former is smaller than the other. 5. In case of Abdominal obese women, hip circumference inclusively of the abdomen protrusion is more mutually related to the rest items related to make apparel pattern as waist circumference, depth of armscye and so on than what hip circumference is. This result indicated which must be considered hip circumference inclusively of the abdomen protrusion to make apparel patterns for abdominal obese women unlike women of common body types.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.1 s.65
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• pp.138-145
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• 2006

Objectives : Waist circumference (WC) is the best simple anthropometric index of abdominal visceral adipose tissue accumulation and obesity-related health risks. We measured WC and other anthropometric indices to assess relationships between the abdominal fat distribution and Sasang constitution. Methods : 196 participants who completed a QSCC II were measured some anthropometric indicies - height, weight and WC. Collected data were stratified by sex and analysed by oneway analysis of variances among constitutional groups. Results : In men, there were significant differences in weight, BMI and WC among Constitutional groups (p<0.001). In women, there were significant differences in weight and BMI, but there were no significant difference in WC among Constitutional groups. Conclusions : There was a significant relationship between taeumin men md abdominal chesty. But, in women, there was no clear relationship between abdominal obesity and participant's constitution.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.47-59
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• 2008

Objectives: The objective of this study was held for prevention of coronary artery disease and improvement of health of local community residents by classifying the obesity types of their waist circumference and BMI, and appraising the coronary artery disease risk factors(CRF). Methods: We analyzed the data on the 1,914 adult cases (1,156 male and 758 female) during Nov, 2006 to Mar. 2007 on a general hospital in Daegu city, Korea. The obesity types in this research were classified into normal group, seeming obesity group, abdominal obesity group and obesity group. Also, CRF was classified by normal, mild, moderate, and severe, and each class was given the index from 0 to 3. The coronary artery disease risk factors index(CRFI) was defined as the sum of index, and we defined that if the sum is higher, higher chance of coronary artery disease risk exist. Results: According to the research, by the age group, normal group has higher percentage in age 30 to 40, and obesity group and abdominal obesity group has higher percentage in age 50 to 60. CRFI is increased by order of normal group, seeming obesity group, abdominal obesity group, and obesity group on both male and female groups, and male shows higher index than female on all four groups. CRFI will be influenced by order of obesity group, seeming obesity group, and abdominal obesity group on male, and obesity group, abdominal obesity group, and seeming obesity group on female according to the result of multiple regression between obesity type and CRFI. Conclusion: According to the result from our research, we have to have keen attention to not only seeming obesity group and obesity group, but also abdominal obesity group which has normal waist circumference influence to CRFI. So, those kinds of indexes have to be controled by controling their weight. Also, we believe that health behaviour can improve and CRF can be prevented by the early health care and early health education to those with no abnormal indication on clinical indicator but with abnormal BMI and waist circumference.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.55-60
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• 2004

Objective: Obesity is an established risk factor for Coronary Heart Disease, but its role as risk factor for Stroke remains controversial. And we examined association between Obesity indices and Stroke cross sectionally. Methods: The subjects were 30 stroke patients admitted in hospital. We measured obesity indices of BMI, waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio. Result: There was a significant correlation among BMI, waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio. 47% of subjects were obese in BMI and 93% of subjects were obese in waist-to-height ratio. Conclusion: Abdominal obesity measured by waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio may be a better predictor of stroke than BMI.