• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 1971

Body volume, density and %fat were calculated by means of formulas using body height, weight, and surface area in 1,732 children aged between 6 and 12 years. Skinfold thicknesses on back, arm, waist and abdomen were measured by means of a Lange caliper. The course of increase in body volume was identical to those of body height, weight, relative weight and surface area. Curves of boys and girls showed a cross at the age of between 10 and 11 years. Body density of boys increased with the age and it decreased in girls. Total body fat showed a progressive decrease from the age of 6 in boys. In girls body fat increased progressively with the age. Skinfold thickness increased both in boys and girls with the age. At the same age skinfold thicknesses on all sites were greater in girls than boys.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.151-163
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• 1981

This study was to investigate the changes of shape of the surface square measurements, the rate, measurements of expansion and contraction and correlation. In this study was found the following: 1. According to the developmental illustration of the shell it was revealed that there was a great change in the thigh area of the body. When the leg was raised and the waist bent forward the front sections of the abdomen were contracted and the center back of the hip was expanded. 2. It was found that the contraction was present in the girth of the back section and front section was expanded in the rate of the body surface. In the length from the middle waist to hip the front area showed a great deal of contraction the back area of the hip & thigh revealed a great deal of expansion. 3. By the somatometry, the measurements of the expansion and contraction of the body surface, there was a great change in waist and hip. It revealed that the maximum expansions of waist and hip line in the chair were 1.8cm and 4.08cm respectively. Therefor, when slacks are made at least the amount of ease of 1.8cm of waist line and 4cm of hip line must be made and the allowance of the center back of hip area must be made. 4. It revealed that there was a correlation between waist and hip girth.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.12 no.7
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• pp.821-826
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• 2018

This study was performed randomly from all the patients who visited the University Hospital in Gyeonggi-do from January 1, 2018 to June 30, 2018 for the abdominal CT scan. We divided the patients into three groups and evaluated the extent of effective dose and image quality according to the area of the abdominal CT image. As a result, the effective dose was 7.34 mSv in the average area group, 8.39 mSv in the average area and 5.89 mSv in the average area. For the analysis of image quality, ROI was plotted in the same three regions according to the abdominal area. As a result, CT values were significantly different in the abdominal area classified into 3 groups (p <0.05). The results of this study can be used as a basic data for the development of a protocol that can be applied in actual clinical practice. It is thought that it can help to reduce the image quality and the radiation dose.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.547-554
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to delineate the optimal time of venous revascularization for preventing the flap necrosis due to venous occlusion, and to clarify the usefulness of tissue oxygen pressure ($TcpO_2$) in the determination of the point of time for venous revascularization. Methods: Thirty-six, $3{\times}3\;cm$ sized epigastric island flap was elevated in left abdomen of male Sprague-Dawley rat weighing 250 gram. Flaps were randomly assigned to six groups of six flaps according to the duration of venous occlusion with microvascular clamp; 10 minutes in the group I as the control, 60 minutes in the group II, 2 hours in the group III, 3 hours in the group IV, 4 hours in the group V, and 6 hours in the group VI, respectively. Just before removal of clamp after flap was reposed in situ, the ratio of $TcpO_2$ (tissue oxygen pressure) of the island flap to that of right abdomen was calculated in each group, and tissue specimen was harvested from the distal area of the flap for histological evaluation of vascular change. Five days later, survival area of the flap was estimated, and evaluated the correlation between the tissue oxygen pressure and the rate of flap survival. Results: The $TcpO_2$ and the survival rate of flap were decreased proportionally with the duration of venous occlusion. The ratio of the $TcpO_2$ of the flap is decreased abruptly to below sixty percentile compared to the $TcpO_2$ of normal tissue, and the survived area of the flap is decreased to nine-tenth of the designed size after three hours of total venous occlusion. Histologically, the number of congested vessels was increased according to venous occluded time, and proportionally increased after 3-hours of occlusion significantly. Conclusion: There is a close correlation between the $TcpO_2$ and the survival rate of flaps according to the duration of venous occlusion. Therefore, the $TcpO_2$ represents the hemodynamic changes within the flap, and thought to be an alternative effective tool in the flap monitoring for venous revascularization.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.69-81
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to find out apparel fit satisfaction according to item(jacket, pants, skirt) by body perception and body satisfaction. This research was done by a survey method. Descriptive Statistics, Pearson's Correlation, Crosstabs were used for data analysis. The results of this study are as follows. 1) Correlation between body perception and body satisfaction : The subjects were less satisfied with larger or thicker girth of upper body. The subjects were less satisfied with thicker upper arm, lower arm, waist and lower abdomen. The subjects were more satisfied with taller height. The subjects were less satisfied with larger or thicker girth of lower body. The subjects were less satisfied with thicker hips. thighs, calves, ankles, and longer crotch length. However, they were more satisfied with longer legs. 2) Apparel fit by body perception and body satisfaction: The subjects who were less satisfied with thicker upper arm, waist, thighs and wider hips were less satisfied with the upper arm area, waist area. hip area of jacket. The subjects who were more satisfied with longer arms were more satisfied with the sleeve length of jacket. The subjects who were less satisfied with wider shoulder width were less satisfied with the upper back width of jacket. It means the shoulder width affected more the upper back width of jacket than shoulder width of jacket. The subjects who were less satisfied with wider hips were less satisfied with the hip area of pants and skirt. The subjects who were less satisfied with thicker thighs were less satisfied with the thigh area and the hip area of pants and skirt. The subjects who were less satisfied with longer crotch length were less satisfied with the crotch length of pants. 3) Difference between actual body and perceived body by Rohrer Index: Rohrer Index 109 calculated by average of the ideal height(165.83cm) and weight(49.78kg) of the subjects ranged in thin body type(below 120). The subjects tended to perceived their bodies fatter than their actual bodies. Also, the subjects tended to perceived their lower bodies fatter than upper bodies.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.11-21
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• 1991

The study has been intended to find out meaningful information about the development of a prototype of enhanced maternity girdle. The girdles of three different models which were available in the market have been carried out by three six-month pregnant women and three nine-month pregnant women. The results of the study are as follows. 1. All three girdles showed improved wear effects in order of model A, model B, model C. Body surface area measurement and two body surface angles of abdomen are significantly dicreased by wearing and type of girdles. It is presumed that the reasons of good wear effect of model A is low expansion rate of the material and tight fitness of the model. Model B is made of material whose expansion rate is higher than model A. Also abdominal part of the model B is bias cut which is considered to result better stretch and consequently lower wear effect. 2. For wear comfort, subjects preferred in order of model B, model C, and model A. All subjects feel more comfortable after wearing girdles 30 minutes than after wearing girdles 1 day. Comparing 2 subject groups, 6-month pregnant group feel more comfortable about wearing girdles than 9-month pregnant group. 3. The girdles are expanded as a whole in order of model B, model C and model A. Considering the expansion rate of some specific area of the girdles, abdominal area expands more than hip area which expands more than thigh area. The expansion rates of girdles worn to 6-month pregnant group are very low at all area, while the expansion rates of girdles worn to 9-month pregnant group are very high.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.63-69
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• 2013

Comparing with film-screen system, flat-panel detector has extensive dynamic range. Focusing flat-panel detector, whole body human phantom PBU-50 (Kyoto, kagaku, Japan) was used to perform comparative study of the estimate of image quality and exposure dose. the exposure condition was 81kV and 20mAs, which is used for Abdomen supine exam in clinical area. As a result of the kV change of the interpreted medical image which has over 30dB of PSNR value, the value of DAP shows the difference of 19.6 times. Moreover, the result of comparing kV change with effective dose of ICRP 103 shows that stochastic effect was increased by over exposure. Therefore, it is significantly necessary that digital radiation technical chart will be used to obtain high quality image and make the standard of dose by educating radio-technologist continually.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.213-226
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• 2015

Objectives : This study was aimed to show the effect of electroacupuncture combined with magnetic acupuncture on abdominal obesity without patient dieting, exercise or use of herbal medication. Methods : Women over 85 cm in waist circumference were treated with electroacupuncture combined with magnetic acupuncture. Acupuncture points were located at the abdomen ($CV_{12}$, $CV_6$, $ST_{25}$, $ST_{21}$, $SP_{15}$, $SP_{14}$), extremities ($LI_4$, $LI_{11}$, $ST_{36}$, $ST_{44}$) and were stimulated 30 minutes with 2.1~3 Gaus, 500 Hz, tolerable strength. The Interference wave forms were by Whata 153 (Medi Lab, Korea). Two or three treatment sessions per week (five or ten sessions in total) were done. Before treatment, and after the last treatment, we measured waist circumference, hip circumference, waist hip ratio, thickness of abdominal subcutaneous fat, body weight, body mass index, body fat ratio, visceral fat area, free fat mass, body fat mass and skeletal muscle mass. We also measured the subcutaneous temperature of the abdomen($CV_{12}$, $ST_{25}(Rt)$, $ST_{25}(Lt)$, $CV_6$) by using digital infrared thermal imaging(DITI). Results : In this study, significant reductions were shown in waist circumference, hip circumference, thickness of abdominal subcutaneous fat, body weight, body mass index, body fat ratio and body fat mass. There were no significant differences in waist hip ratio, free fat mass or skeletal muscle mass. There were also significant increases of the subcutaneous temperature on $CV_{12}$, $ST_{25}(Rt)$, $ST_{25}(Lt)$. Conclusions : From the above results, electroacupuncture combined with magnetic acupuncture might be an effective treatment for abdominal obesity.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.153-158
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• 2004

With considerable development of comfortable and functional clothing in recent years, we need to evaluate the effects of garment pressure in daily wear on each parts of human body because the garment pressure is important to design the clothing. This study was designed to examine the effects of body postures on garment pressure on each parts of human body in the actual clothing conditions. All the data were collected from 50 volunteered subjects. The Garment pressure was measured in lune and December with 8 points CPMS clothing pressure system from scapular, upper am, elbow, under arm, front waist line, side waist line, abdomen, crista ilica, upper hip, middle hip, front thigh, back thigh, front knee and back knee. The postures of subjects were controlled with 3 positions such as standing (posture 1), sitting on the chair (posture 2), and sitting on the floor (posture 3) during measurement of clothing pressure. Clothing weights were more in men than in woman. It showed that clothing weights had no effects on the garment pressure. In this study, however, just the garment pressures on scapular and top of the hip increased significantly by clothing weight (p<. 05). Clothing horizontally pressed on scapular and top of hip but not on other parts. When subjects stood up, the garment pressure was the highest on the side waist. Especially, clothing pressure on the front waist point was lower than that of the left side waist. On the upper parts of the human body, the garment pressure of left side waist was the highest, and followed by front waist, crista ilica, and abdomen in order. When subjects were sitting on the chair, the garment pressure on the lower parts of the human body was the highest on the top of hip. When the subjects were sitting on the chair or on the floor, the surface area on their skin of hip and waist parts increased by postures. In addition, it showed that men felt more comfortable than women on higher clothing pressure level.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.62-69
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• 2020

Background Cryolipolysis, a preferred method for minimally invasive body contouring, involves the noninvasive cooling of adipocytes to induce lipolysis without damaging other tissues. This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of cryolipolysis for the treatment of excessive fat tissue. Methods Between May 2014 and December 2017, 231 patients with 448 areas of interest were enrolled and their records were retrospectively reviewed. We used five different vacuum applicators, and the best-fitting applicator was used for each area. One cycle of cryolipolysis was applied at a cooling intensity factor of 41.6. The efficacy was evaluated 12 weeks after treatment via review of clinical photographs, the pinch test, and ultrasonographic measurements of fat thickness. The occurrence of any complications was also assessed. Results The volume was reduced in all of the areas to which cryolipolysis was applied. The rate of reduction of the fat layer as measured via the pinch test was 19.2%, and the rate of the decrease in fat layer thickness as measured via ultrasonography was 22.8%. Fat reduction of the upper arm differed significantly from that of the abdomen and flank, but no significant difference was found between sexes. The side effects were limited to erythema, edema, bruising, and numbness at the treatment site and resolved without treatment. Conclusions Cryolipolysis, with new and better-fitting applicators, is safe, fast, and effective for the reduction of excessive fat tissue on the abdomen, back, flank, and extremities. It is a good option for treating excess adipose tissue in Asian patients.