• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.51-59
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• 2016

The purpose of present study is to examine differences between habitual speech (HS) and clear speech (CS) in individuals with mild dysarthria. Twelve speakers with mild dysarthria and twelve healthy control speakers read sentences in two speaking styles. Formant and intensity related values, triangular area, and center of gravity of /a/, /i/, and /u/ were measured. In addition, formant-ratio variables such as vowel space area(VSA), vowel articulatory index (VAI), formant centralization ratio (FCR) and F2i/F1u ratio (F2 ratio) were calculated. The results of repeated-measures ANOVA showed a significant difference in F2 of vowel /i/ and F2 energy of vowel /a/ between groups. Regarding formant energy, F2 energy of vowel /a/ were observed as meaningful variables between speaking styles. There were significant speaking style-by-group interactions for F2 energy of vowel /a/. These findings indicated that current parameters could discriminate healthy group and mild dysarthria group meaningfully and that speaker with dysarthria had larger clear speech benefit than healthy talkers. We also claim that various acoustic changes of clear speech may contribute to improving vowel intelligibility.

• 한국추진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국추진공학회 2005년도 제24회 춘계학술대회논문집
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• pp.83-87
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• 2005

본 연구에서는 단일 포트 그레인 형상을 갖는 하이브리드 추진 시스템의 고체 연료 L/D 비 변화에 따른 연소 특성을 고찰하였다. 본 연구를 위해 그레인 포트 직경이 같은 경우와 그레인 길이가 같은 경우로 나누어 L/D 비 변화에 관한 실험을 수행하였다. 그레인 포트 직경이 같은 경우 L/D 비 변화에 따른 후퇴율은 큰 차이가 없었으며 L/D 비가 클수록 O/F 비는 낮았고 추력은 높았다. 그레인 길이가 같은 경우 L/D 비 변화에 따른 O/F 비와 추력은 큰 차이가 없었으며 L/D 비가 작을수록 후퇴율은 높았다.

• International Journal of Automotive Technology
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.385-390
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• 2006

A fast response $CO_2$ analyzer has been developed to study transient characteristics on an SI engine. The analyzer has the delay time of 4.5 ms and time constant of 2.8 ms, which is fast enough to measure $CO_2$ concentration on a transient condition. Wide range of A/F(Air/Fuel) ratio can be estimated using the analyzer with an additional switch type oxygen sensor. The results of measurement of $CO_2$ concentration and A/F ratio on a transient condition including rapid acceleration/deceleration and EGR(Ehxaust Gas Recirculation) on/off are presented and compared with a commercial exhaust gas analyzer and UEGO(Universial Exhaust Gas Oxyzen) sensor.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.13-24
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• 2023

Tunnels may undergo a larger or a smaller response compared with the free-field soil. In the pseudo-static procedure, the response of the tunnel is most often characterized by a curve that relates the racking ratio (R) with the flexibility ratio (F), where R represents the ratio of the tunnel response with respect to the free-field vibration and F is the relative stiffness of the tunnel and the surrounding soil. A set of analytical and empirical curves that do not account for the depth and the aspect ratio of the tunnel are typically used in practice. In this study, a series of dynamic analyses are conducted to develop a set of F-R_m relations for use in a frame analysis method. R_m is defined as an adjusted R where the rocking mode of deformation is removed and only the racking deformation is extracted. The numerical model is validated against centrifuge test recordings. The influence of aspect ratio, buried depth of tunnel on results is investigated. The results show that R_m increases with the increase of the buried depth and the aspect ratio. The widely used F-R relations are highlighted to be different compared with the obtained results in this study. Therefore, the updated F-R_m relations with proposed equations are recommended to be used in practice design. The rocking response decreases with either the decrease of the difference of stiffness between surrounding soil and tunnel or the larger aspect ratio of the tunnel section.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2000년도 추계학술대회논문집B
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• pp.105-111
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• 2000

A numerical study has been performed to obtain the heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics for shell-and-tube heat exchanger with various shapes of tubes. The Tubes have variation of Aspect Ratio, Pitch and Rotation. Results are presented as plots of Colburn j factor and friction factor f against Aspect Ratio, Pitch and Rotation. As Aspect Ratio increases, j factor and f factor decreases. As Pitch increases, j factor decreases. j/f have optimized Pitch for each Aspect Ratio. Accordingly, there is fitness of Aspect Ratio and Pitch fur most effective cases. The Rotation of tubes are of no meaning for both heat transfer and pressure drop.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제18권11호
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• pp.1932-1940
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• 2004

Although the previous researches evaluated the fatigue behavior of Al/GFRP laminates using the traditional fracture mechanism, their researches were not sufficient to do it : the damage zone of Al/GFRP laminates was occurred at the delamination zone instead of the crack-metallic damages. Thus, previous researches were not applicable to the fatigue behavior of Al/GFRP laminates. The major purpose of this study was to evaluate delamination behavior using the relationship between crack length (a) and delamination width (b) in Al/GFRP laminate. The details of investigation were as follows: 1) Relationship between the crack length (a) and the delamination width (b), 2) Relationship between the delamination aspect ratio (b/a) and the delamination area rate ((A$\_$D/)/subN// (A$\_$D/)$\_$All/), 3) The effect of delamination aspect ratio (b/a) on the delamination shape factor (f$\_$s/) and the delamination growth rate (dA$\_$D// da). As results, it was known that the delamination aspect ratio (b/a) was decreased and the delamination area rate ((A$\_$D/)$\_$N// (A$\_$D/)$\_$All/) was increased as the normalized crack size (a/W) was increased. And, the delamination shape factors (f$\_$s/) of the ellipse-II(f$\_$s3/) was greater than of the ellipse-I(f$\_$s2/) but that of the triangle (f$\_$s1/) was less than of the ellipse-I(f$\_$s2/).

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.125-130
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• 2014

This study used transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to investigate the micro-morphological features of two formaldehyde to urea (F/U) mole ratio liquid urea-formaldehyde (UF) resins with three hardener levels as a function of the curing time. The micro-morphological features of the liquid UF resins were characterized after different curing times. As a result, the TEM examination revealed the presence of globular/nodular structures in both liquid UF resins, while spherical particles were only visible in the low F/U mole ratio resins. The high F/U mole ratio liquid UF resins also showed extensive particle coalescence after adding the hardener, along with the appearance of complex filamentous networks. When the resins were cured with a higher amount of hardener and longer curing time, the spherical particles disappeared. For the low mole UF resins, the particles tended to coalesce with a higher amount of hardener and longer curing time, although discrete spherical particles were still observed in some regions. This is the first report on the distinct features of the crystal structures in low F/U mole ratio UF resins cured with 5% hardener and after 0.5 h of curing time. In conclusion, the present results indicate that the crystal structures of low F/U mole ratio UF resins are formed during the curing process.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.42-47
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• 2006

생물학적 고도처리는 혐기, 무산소, 호기의 조건을 반복하거나 재배열함으로서 이루어지는데 이때 혐기조와 무산소조에서는 유기산이 발생한다. 여기서 발생한 유기산은 질소와 인의 제거와 슬러지침강성에 중요한 인자로 작용한다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 하 폐수 고도처리 시 F/M비 변화에 따른 유기산의 발생정도와 잔류농도 변화와 기에 따른 유기물과 질소의 제거 특성과 처리효율 및 슬러지 침강성과의 관계를 모색하기 위해 특성을 검토 하였다. 고도처리를 위해 $A^2/O$ 공정을 사용하였고 MLSS의 농도의 변화로 F/M비를 조절하였다. F/M비를 $0.16{\sim}0.08$ kg-BOD/kg-MLSS/day로 변화 시켰을 때 F/M비에 감소에 따라 회분식 반응기에 의한 유기산의 생성량의 증가하였고 잔류 유기산 농도는 감소하였다가 증가하였다. F/M비가 $0.16kg/kg{\cdot}d$ 실험 조건에서 SVI와 SS는 높게 나타났으며 F/M비가 $0.11{\sim}0.13kg/kg{\cdot}d$로 높아짐에 따라 감소하여 양호한 상태를 보이다 F/M비가 증가함에 SVI와 SS도 지속적으로 증가하여 $0.08kg/kg{\cdot}d$에서 높은 SVI와 SS 농도를 나타내었다. 무산소조의 유기산 잔류 농도 그리고 탈질률을 비교한 결과 무산소조의 유기산 잔류량이 적을수록 탈질률은 증가하였다. 슬러지 침강성과 질소 제거효율을 고려한 최적의 유기산 잔류 농도는 $1.4{\sim}2.2$ mg/L이며 이때의 F/M비는 $0.11{\sim}0.13$ kg-BOD/kg-MLSS/day범위로 나타났다.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제13권4호통권35호
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• pp.55-62
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• 1999

Cold rolled steel has much plastic strain in the material surface produced by manufacturing process. The strain causes the variation of surface residual stress, in which influences the fatigue behavior under repeated loading. As experimental results, it was confirmed that the behavior of residual stress ${\sigma}_r$, with cycle N consisted of three stages except stress amplitude near fatigue limit in SPCC steel. On the first stage compressive residual stress decreased rapidly, on the second stage gradually, and on the last stage slightly. The relation between ${\sigma}_r$, and log N appeared linear behavior except the early part of cycle ratio $N/N_f$. The average gradient of ${\sigma}_r$, with respect to log N seemed to take a constant value without initial cycle ratio. On the other hand, the $N_f$ line was regressed by the first-order polynomial equation on ${\sigma}_r-log\;N_f$ diagram. Therefore, this study showed that both the gradient of ${\sigma}_r$, with respect to log N and the $N_f$ line was useful in predicting the cycle ratio $N/N_f$.

• 대한전기학회논문지:전기물성ㆍ응용부문C
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• 제54권6호
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• pp.274-278
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• 2005

Voltage transformer(VT) comparison measurement system is usually used for measurements of ratio error and phase angle error of VT made in industry. Both ratio error and phase angle error in VT are critically influenced by values of burden of VT used. External burden effects on both ratio error and phase angle error in VT are theoretically calculated. From the theoretical calculation, a method of evaluation for linearity of ratio error and phase angle error in VT measurement system have been developed using the standard capacitive burdens, with negligible dissipation factor less than 10$^{-4}$. These burden consists of five standard capacitors, with nominal capacitance of 1.1 $\mu$F, 1 $\mu$F, 0.1 $\mu$F, 0.01 $\mu$F, 0.001 $\mu$F. The developed method has been applied in VT measurement system of industry, showing in good consistency and linearity within 0.001 $\%$ between theoretical and measured values.