• 대한음성학회지:말소리
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• 제60호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2006

This paper investigated AV benefit of Korean and Japanese EFL learners' perception of the liquid contrast in English. In a perception experiment, the two English consonants /l/ and /r/ were embedded in initial and medial position in nonsense words in the context of the vowels /i, a, u/. Singletons and clusters were included in the speech material. Audio and video recordings were made using a total of 108 items. The items were presented to Korean and Japanese learners of English in three conditions: audio-alone (A), visual-alone (V) and audio-visual presentation (AV). The results showed that there was no evidence of AV benefit for the perception of the /l/-/r/ contrast for either Korean or Japanese learners of English. The results suggest that increasing auditory proficiency in identifying a non-native contrast is linked with an increasing proficiency in using visual cues to the contrast.

• 영어어문교육
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.135-148
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• 2005

This paper investigated the effect of audio and visual cues on Korean and Japanese EFL learners' perception of the lateral/retroflex contrast in English. In a perception experiment, the two English consonants /l/ and /r/ were embedded in initial and medial position in nonsense words in the context of the vowels /i, a, u/. Singletons and clusters were included in the speech material. Audio and video recordings were made using a total of 108 items. The items were presented to Korean and Japanese learners of English in three conditions: audio-alone (A), visual-alone (V) and audio-visual presentation (AV). The results showed that there was no evidence of AV benefit for the perception of the /l/-/r/ contrast for either Korean or Japanese learners of English. Korean listeners showed much better identification rates of the /l/-/r/ contrast than Japanese listeners when presented in audio or audio-visual conditions.

• 감성과학
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.15-30
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• 2019

자율주행차는 운전자의 부주의로 인한 사고를 줄일 수 있는 반면, 기계에 어느 정도의 자율성을 허용해야 할 것인지의 문제를 제기한다. 특히 돌발상황의 발생시에 운전자와 보행자 중에서 누구를 선택해야 할 것인지에 대한 의사결정은 모두가 합당하다고 생각하는 도덕적 원칙을 기반으로 일관적으로 실시되어야 한다. 본 연구(N = 103)에서는 한국 사회에서 자율주행차의 윤리적 의사결정을 프로그래밍한다고 가정했을 때, 의사결정과정에 영향을 끼칠 수 있는 개인적/상황적 변인을 검증하였다. 이에 따라 개인적 변인으로서 참가자의 자율주행차의 자동화 기술에 대한 수용도를 측정한 후, 상황적 변인으로 문장완성과제를 통해 참가자에게 성취 또는 배려의 가치를 활성화시켰다. 이후 자율주행차의 사고상황에서 공리주의 의사결정의 비율 및 자율주행차 구매의향이 어떻게 달라지는지를 설문지를 통해 비교하였다. 그 결과 연구참가자에게 성취의 가치를 활성화시켰을 때, 자신이 차 안의 운전자로 가정된 상황에서 다수의 보행자를 배려하는 공리주의 의사결정의 비율이 가장 낮게 나타났다. 또한 연구참가자가 자율자동차 기술을 긍정적으로 생각할수록 공리주의 원칙으로 설계된 자율주행차의 구매의향이 전반적으로 높았지만, 성취-운전자 조건에서 참가자의 구매의향이 다른 조건보다 유의하게 낮게 나타났다. 이 결과는 자율주행차의 사고상황에서 의사결정의 과정이 개인적 변인뿐만 아니라 특정 상황에서 활성화된 가치 및 관점의 차이에 따라 영향을 받을 가능성을 시사한다. 논의에서는 연구결과의 제한점 및 후속 연구방향에 관해 논의하였다.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.45-53
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• 1994

Suture microvascular anastomosis is time-consuming and tedious and demands long and continuous training. Techinique of anastomosis of microvessel was presented interrupted suture and continuous suture. Recently the unilink instrument system is created as a fast and simple method to achieve high patency rates without long and continuous training in the anastomosis of small vessels. The author experimentally studied the femoral artery of 20 mice(0.5-1.0mm, av. 0.7mm), the femoral vein of 20 mice(0.8-1.6mm, av. 1.2mm) after anastomosis with interrupted suture in 20 cases and continuous sutre in 20 cases. For the unilink apparatus we used the carotid arteries of 15 cases in 14 rabbits(1.0-1.6mm, av. 1.3mm) and facial veins of 12 cases in 14 rabbits(0.9mm-2.2mm, av. 1.5mm). A total of 27 arterial and venous anastomoses were performed. We examined the postoperative patency at immediate, 2 weeks, and 8 weeks. The results were as followings, 1. In the arterial anastomosis the rate of patency was 90%(18/20) in interrupted suture, 90%(18/20) in continuous suture and 93%(13/15) in unilink apparatus. In the venous anastomosis the rate of patency was 90%(18/20) in interrupted suture, 80%(16/20) in continuous suture and 100%(9/9) in unilink apparatus. 2. The mean time for completion of the arterial anastomosis were 12.2 minutes in interrupted suture group, 10.3 minutes in continouous suture group and 8.5 minutes in unillnk apparatus group. The mean time for completion of the venous anastomosis were 13.6 minutes in interrupted suture group, 11.0 minutes in continuous suture group and 6.2 minutes in unilink apparatus group. 3. At the histological examination of suture group, hyperplastic reaction of middle layer and subintimal hyperplasia were observed. In unilink apparatus group, the endothelium layer was continued and the thickness of vessel wall was decreased due to moderate atrophy of the media and mild degree of nonspecific chronic inflammation were seen around the unilink apparatus. 4. No significants was noticied in foreign body reaction among the interrupted, continuous and unilink apparatus group. 5. A case of the arterial anastomosis was released with acting out at 15 minutes after operation. 6. The important factors in the technical problems were accurate apposition of the cut vessel edges in suture group and the proper selection of the ring size and optimal fitting between two rings in unilink apparatus group. Even though the outer diamater of vessel in suture group was different from that in unilink apparatus group the unilink method provides a very safe, fast, and simple way to perform microvascular anastomoses especially in anastomosis of vein. But howerver suture was needed in vessels below 1 mm outer diamater. In that situation continuous suture was benefit than the interrupted suture in operation time.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.353-357
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• 2023

This study evaluated the effect of lignin biochar on Kimchi cabbage cultivation in an upland field. Each of the inorganic fertilizers (IF, applied at 32-7.8-19.8 kg/10a=N-P-K), lignin biochar (LBC, applied at 1,000 kg/10a), improved LBC (LBC+N, applied at 1,000 kg/10a), and LBC+IF treatments areas were separated by a control (Cn) treatment area. The fresh weight of Kimchi cabbage increased in the order LBC+N > IF > LBC+IF > Cn > LBC treatments, and the length and width of the leaf were ranged from 20.8-25.7 and 13.7-15.8 cm/plant in all treatments. After Kimchi cabbage harvesting in the LBC+N treatment, soil quality improved bulk density, pH, OM, TN, and Av-P₂O₅ than those other treatments. In addition, the total N₂O flux in LBC+N LBC+N was lower than in IF treatments. Therefore, improved lignin biochar application effectively improves Kimchi cabbage cultivation and can benefit the agricultural environment.